ESlide Unit 9 E

Mastering
Chemistry
• Book 1B
• Topic 2 Microscropic
World I
Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

Unit 9 Relating the properties of substances to structures and bonding 2
Content
9.1 Why do different substances have
different properties?
9.2 Giant ionic structures
9.3 Properties of ionic compounds
9.4 Giant covalent structures
9.5 Properties of substances with giant
covalent structures
9.6 Applications of graphite
9.7 Simple molecular structures
Continued on next page

Content
9.8 Properties of substances with simple
molecular structures
9.9 Giant metallic structures
9.10 Properties of metals
9.11 Relationship between structures and
physical properties of substances
Key terms
Summary
Unit Exercise
Topic Exercise
9.1 Why do different substances have different

properties? (p.142)
 The properties of a substance can be determined by its
structure.
 Consider these substances:
- sodium chloride;
- quartz;
- iodine; and
- copper.
 For example, copper conducts electricity in solid state, but the

others do not. The melting point of iodine is low while those of
the others are high. This is because the four substances have
different structures. Comparing the properties of
substances with different
structures
9.2 Giant ionic structures (p.143)

 Sodium chloride, an ionic compound, consists of sodium ions
and chloride ions packed together in a regular arrangement
called a lattice.
 A tiny part of the structure is shown below. Billions of sodium
ions and chloride ions are arranged in this way to make up a
giant ionic structure ( 巨型離子結構 ).


 Ionic bonding (electrostatic forces of attraction between
oppositely charged ions) extends throughout the whole
structure.
 In the structure, each sodium ion is surrounded by 6 chloride
ions and each chloride ion is surrounded by 6 sodium ions.
 The ions in sodium chloride are arranged in a cubic pattern, so
sodium chloride crystals are cubic in shape.
Sodium chloride
crystals
Giant ionic structure─

sodium chloride Ref.

 Not all ionic compounds form the same structure.
 In the structure of caesium chloride (CsCl), the caesium ions
form a cubic arrangement with the chloride ions sitting at the
centres of the cubes. Each chloride ion is surrounded by 8
caesium ions while each caesium ion is also surrounded by 8
chloride ions

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

 The table lists the physical properties of some ionic
compounds.


 Ionic compounds
- are hard but brittle;
- have high melting points and boiling points;
- are usually soluble in water;
- conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water.
 The properties of ionic compounds reflect their structures as

well as their bonding.


Hardness and brittleness
 Ionic compounds are hard because the relative motion of the
ions is restricted by the strong ionic bonds between the ions.
 Ionic compounds are brittle. When an external force is applied,
- the layers of ions may move relative to each other;

- ions of the same charge get close to each other;
- repulsion between the ions results and the lattice splits.


Melting point and boiling point
 There are strong ionic bonds between the ions with opposite
charges.
 In order to melt and boil ionic compounds, lots of the strong
ionic bonds between the ions have to be overcome. This takes
a lot of heat, so ionic compounds have high melting points and
boiling points.
 All ionic compounds are crystalline solids at room temperature
and pressure.


Solubility
 In order for a substance to dissolve in a solvent, the following
two conditions must be met:
- the attractive forces between its particles and the solvent
particles are strong enough to overcome the attractive forces
between particles in the pure substance;
- particles in the substance must separate from each other and
become surrounded by the solvent particles.
 Most ionic compounds are soluble in water. Some ionic

compounds (e.g. calcium carbonate) are insoluble in water
because the ionic bonding within the lattice is stronger than the
attraction between the ions and the water molecules.


 The process of dissolving sodium chloride in water:
Dissolving sodium chloride

(NaCl) in water Ref.

 Ionic compounds are usually insoluble in non-aqueous
solvents ( 非水溶劑 ), such as cyclohexane (C6H12).
 It is because the ionic bonding within the lattice is stronger
than the attraction between the ions and the solvent molecules.
The solvent molecules cannot pull the ions out of the lattice.


Electrical conductivity
 Two conditions must be met for a substance to conduct
electricity:
- it must contain charged particles;
- these particles must be mobile ( 可自由流動的 ).
 Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state as the

ions are in fixed positions and are not free to move around.


 When an ionic compound is melted, the ions are able to move
freely throughout the liquid. When electricity is passed through
the molten compound,
- cations move towards a negative electrode;
- anions move towards a positive electrode;
- conduction of electricity becomes possible.
 Most ionic compounds are soluble in water. Aqueous solutions

of ionic compounds can conduct electricity because
- the ions are free to move around in aqueous solutions.


 Electrical conductivity of an ionic compound, NaCl:


Practice 9.1
Caesium is a Group I metal in the Periodic Table. It combines with iodine to
form caesium iodide. Ionic bonding exists in caesium iodide.
a) Draw the electron diagram of caesium iodide, showing electrons in the

outermost shells only.


b) Electrolysis is an experiment which you can perform using an aqueous
solution of caesium iodide to provide evidence for the presence of ionic
bonding.
i) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up that you can use for this
experiment.


ii) Suggest how your result can show that the bonding is ionic.
The light bulb lights up.
iii) Discuss, with explanation, the electrical conductivity of caesium iodide
with reference to the type and property of particles in it.
Caesium iodide does not conduct electricity in solid state as the ions
are in fixed positions and are not free to move around.
Caesium iodide can conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in

water because the ions are free to move around in molten caesium
iodide or caesium iodide aqueous solution.

9.4 Giant covalent structures (p.150)

 Atoms can join together by covalent bonding to make simple
molecules.
 Atoms can also be joined by covalent bonding to form a giant
covalent structure ( 巨型共價結構 ).
 This type of structure is shown by some elements, such as
silicon and carbon (in the forms of diamond ( 鑽石 ) and 　　
graphite ( 石墨 )). Some compounds (e.g. silicon dioxide) also
 have suchand
Diamond structure.
graphite are different forms of carbon. Different
forms of the same element are called allotropes ( 同素異形
體 ).
Allotropes are two forms of the same element in which
the atoms or molecules are arranged in different ways.

Carbon in the form of diamond
 In diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four
neighbouring carbon atoms. All the carbon atoms are arranged
 tetrahedrally.
The strong covalent bonds extend in all directions throughout
the structure.


Carbon in the form of graphite
 In graphite, carbon atoms are
- arranged in flat layers (billions of carbon atoms in each);
- arranged in hexagons (1 carbon connected to 3 other);
- covalently bonded in a layer, giving a giant covalent structure.
 Only weak van der Waals’ forces ( 范德華力 ) exist between
the layers of carbon atoms.


 With three covalent bonds formed between carbon atoms
within the layers, an unbonded outermost shell electron is
present on each atom.
 These unbonded electrons become delocalised along the
layers of carbon atoms.


Silicon dioxide
 Quartz ( 石英 ) is a mineral that contains mainly silicon dioxide.
-It is the second

a structure mosttoabundant
similar mineral in the Earth’s crust.
that of diamond;
- 1 Si bonded to 4 O; 1 O bonded to only 2 Si;
- Si and O are held together by strong covalent bonds;
- Si : O = 1 : 2, with the chemical formula SiO2.

9.5 Properties of substances with giant covalent

structures (p.152)
 The table lists some properties of diamond, graphite and
quartz.


structures (p.152)
 Giant covalent substances
- are very hard (except graphite);
- have high melting points;
- are insoluble in water or non-aqueous solvents;
- do not conduct electricity (except graphite).


structures (p.152)
Hardness A diamond-studded cutting head
 In giant covalent substances, used in mining
strong covalent bonding extends
throughout the structure. Relative
motion of the atoms is restricted.
This makes the substances very
hard and useful as abrasives.
 For example, sand paper is coated
with grains of quartz. Diamond is

the hardest substance known. It is
used for cutting and grinding hard
materials such as glass and stone.

structures (p.152)
Melting point
 In order to melt a giant covalent substance,
- a lot of heat is needed to break lots of strong covalent bonds;
- thus these substances have high melting points.

Solubility
 Giant covalent substances are neither soluble in water nor in
non-aqueous solvents.
- Attraction between their atoms and solvent molecules is not
strong enough to overcome the strong covalent bonds that
hold the atoms together.


structures (p.152)
 In most giant covalent substances,
- all the outermost shell electrons are either held by individual
atoms or used to form covalent bonds;
- there are no mobile electrons or ions;
- thus these substances do not conduct electricity (except
graphite).

9.6 Applications of graphite (p.154)

 Graphite has
- van der Waals’ forces between layers;
- delocalised electrons along layers.
 The properties of graphite determine
its uses.
As a lubricant
 Graphite can be used as a solid
lubricant ( 潤滑劑 ) since the layers of
carbon atoms can slide past each

other easily.


Pencil ‘leads’
 Graphite (mixed with clay) is used in pencil ‘leads’. As you
move a pencil across a piece of paper, layers of carbon atoms
flake off the structure, so pencil marks appear on the paper.


 The presence of delocalised electrons along the layers allows
graphite to conduct electricity (along a layer but not across
layers) when a voltage is applied.
 Graphite is used to make brushes in electric motors and
electrodes in dry cells


Practice 9.2
The structures of silicon and silicon dioxide are shown below.


Explain why
a) silicon has a high melting point;
In order to melt silicon with a giant covalent structure, lots of strong
covalent bonds between atoms have to be broken. A lot of heat is
needed. Thus, silicon has a high melting point.
b) silicon dioxide can be used as an abrasive.

Due to the strong covalent bonds in silicon dioxide, relative motion of the
atoms is restricted. Thus, the oxide is hard and strong.

9.7 Simple molecular structures (p.156)

 In most non-metals, atoms are joined together to form small
molecules. Examples include
- nitrogen (N2) in Group V;

- oxygen (O2) in Group VI; and
- the halogens in Group VII, which are all diatomic.
 Compounds of most non-metals also have simple molecular
structures ( 簡單分子結構 ). Examples include
- ammonia (NH3);
- water (H2O); and
- carbon dioxide (CO2).

 Simple molecular substances have strong covalent bonds
joining their atoms within each molecule.
 Only weak attractive forces exist among the molecules.


Structure of iodine
 Iodine is a black crystalline solid. It contains a regular
arrangement of iodine molecules held closely together by
weak van der Waals’ forces.


Structure of dry ice
 Under room conditions, carbon dioxide is a gas.
 At temperatures below –78.5 °C, carbon dioxide gas changes
to a solid (dry ice) directly without going through the liquid
state.
 In each carbon dioxide molecule, strong covalent bonds hold
the carbon atom and oxygen atoms together.
 Dry ice contains a regular arrangement of carbon dioxide
molecules held closely together by weak van der Waals’
forces.


9.8 Properties of substances with simple molecular

structures (p.158)
 The table lists the properties of some simple molecular
substances.


structures (p.158)
 Simple molecular substances
- are soft if they are solids;
- have low melting points and boiling points;
- are often slightly soluble or even insoluble in water but 　
　
soluble in non-aqueous solvents;
- do not conduct electricity.


structures (p.158)
Hardness
 Simple molecular solids are usually soft
- due to the weak attractive forces (i.e. van der Waals’ forces)
among the molecules;
- it is easy to break the solids.


structures (p.158)
Melting point and boiling point
 Very little heat is needed to overcome the attractive forces
among the molecules and separate the molecules. Thus,
simple molecular substances have low melting points and
boiling points.
 This explains why
- simple molecular substances are liquids or gas (at r.t.);
- many of the liquids are volatile ( 揮發性 ) 。


structures (p.158)
 The van der Waals’ forces among iodine molecules
are so weak that iodine changes directly from solid to vapour
(i.e. it sublimes) on gentle warming.


structures (p.158)
Solubility
 Simple molecular substances are usually soluble in non-
aqueous solvents, but slightly soluble or even insoluble in
water.
 Iodine is very soluble in cyclohexane (C6H12), a non-aqueous
solvent, but only slightly soluble in water
Iodine is added to cyclohexane

(left) and water (right)


structures (p.158)
 Iodine + cyclohexane
- attractive forces exist between molecules of the two substances;
- attractive forces are much the same as that in the pure substances;
- mix together easily


structures (p.158)
 Iodine + water
- little interaction between molecules of iodine and water;
- attractive forces among water molecules are strong;
- attractive forces between iodine molecules and water molecules are
weak in comparison;
- iodine molecules and water molecules do not mix easily.


structures (p.158)


structures (p.158)
 Simple molecular substances do not contain mobile ions or
delocalised electrons, so they cannot conduct electricity.


structures (p.158)
Q (Example 9.1)
Neon and oxygen are elements in the same period of the Periodic Table.
a) Draw electron diagrams for molecules of neon and oxygen respectively,

showing electrons in all shells.
b) Name the attractive forces that exist among oxygen molecules.
c) The boiling points of neon and oxygen are listed below.
Explain why the boiling point of oxygen is higher than that of neon.


structures (p.158)
A
a)
b) Van der Waals’ forces

c) Neon exists as monatomic molecules while oxygen exists as diatomic
molecules. An oxygen molecule has a larger size than a neon molecule.
Thus, stronger van der Waals' forces exist among oxygen molecules.


structures (p.158)
Practice 9.3
Solid silicon dioxide (SiO2) melts at 1 710 °C while solid silicon tetrachloride
(SiCl4) melts at –70 °C. Neither of the liquids formed conducts electricity.
a) i) Draw the electron diagram of silicon tetrachloride, showing electrons in

the outermost shells only.
ii) What type of structure does silicon tetrachloride have?

Simple molecular structure


structures (p.158)
b) Explain the difference in melting points of the two compounds.
Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure. Lots of strong covalent
bonds between atoms have to be broken in melting.
Silicon tetrachloride has a simple molecular structure. Weak attractive
forces exist among the molecules.
The covalent bonds in silicon dioxide are much stronger than the
attractive forces among silicon tetrachloride molecules. Thus, silicon
dioxide has a higher melting point than silicon tetrachloride.
c) Explain why neither of the liquids of the two compounds conducts

electricity.
Liquids of the two compounds do not contain mobile ions or delocalised
electrons.

9.9 Giant metallic structures (p.162)

 Metals form giant metallic structures ( 巨型金屬結構 ) in
which a regular three-dimensional arrangement of positive
metal ions is surrounded by a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons.
The metal ions are packed closely together.
The structure of metals Ref.

9.10 Properties of metals (p.163)

 The table lists the properties of some metals.

 Most metals
- have high densities;
- have high melting points and boiling points;
- are good conductors of electricity and heat;
- are malleable (i.e. can be hammered into shapes);
- are ductile (i.e. can be drawn into wires).


Density
 Metals usually have high densities because the positive metal
ions are very closely packed in the structures of metals.
The density of gold

is 19.3 g cm-3


Melting point
 In a piece of metal, there are strong attractive forces between
their positive metal ions and the ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons.
 To melt the metal, a lot of heat is needed to overcome the
attractive forces. Hence metals usually have high melting
points. Metals, apart from mercury, are solids at room
temperature and pressure.
The melting point of

gold is 1 064 oC


 Metals conduct electricity due to the delocalised electrons
within their structures.


Heat conductivity
 When a piece of metal is heated,
- the kinetic energy of electrons in the structure increases;
- delocalised electrons in the heated region move around
faster and conduct the heat rapidly to other parts.


Mealleability and ductility
 When you apply a force to a piece of metal,
- layers of metal ions slide over each other to new positions;
- delocalised electrons are free to move in the structure;
- ions still held in their new positions by the ‘sea’ of electrons;
- the metal now has a different shape (malleable and ductile).

9.11 Relationship between structures and physical

properties of substances (p.166)
 You should be able to deduce the physical properties of
substances from their structures and bonding, and vice versa.
Deducing the structures of

substances from their
properties


Q (Example 9.2)
Consider the experimental set-up shown below.


In the above experiment, the bulb lights up when solid strontium bromide
becomes molten.
a) Strontium (Sr) is a Group Il element below calcium in the Periodic Table. It
combines with bromine to form strontium bromide.

i) Draw the electron diagram of strontium bromide, showing electrons in
the outermost shells only.
ii) What type of structure does strontium bromide have?
b) i) Explain why the bulb lights up when solid strontium bromide becomes
molten.
ii) State and explain the observation at the carbon electrode X.
c) Explain why solid strontium bromide is brittle.


A
a) i)
ii) Strontium bromide has a giant ionic structure.
b) i) Strontium bromide conducts electricity in molten state because the ions
are free to move..

ii) A reddish brown gas is observed.
Negative bromide ions are attracted to the positive electrode X. At this
electrode, these ions lose electrons to become atoms. The atoms then
join in pairs to form molecules. 2Br-  Br2 + 2e-
c) In strontium bromide, the ions are held together by strong ionic bonds.
When a force is applied, the layers of ions may move relative to each
other. This can bring ions of the same charge close to each other,
resulting in repulsion. Thus, the lattice splits.

Q (Example 9.3)
Explain why quartz (SiO2) is harder than dry ice (CO2).
A
Quartz has a giant covalent structure. Strong covalent bonding extends
throughout the structure. Relative motion of the atoms is restricted. This
makes quartz very hard.
Dry ice consists of discrete carbon dioxide molecules. The molecules are
held together by weak van der Waals' forces. Relative motion of the
molecules is easy when a force is applied. Hence dry ice is less hard
compared with quartz.


Practice 9.4
1 Copper(II) chloride, carbon (in the form of diamond), iodine and copper
have different properties. These differences are the results of different
types of structure and different forces or bonds between the particles in the
structures.
Complete the table below.


Copper(II) Carbon Iodine Copper
chloride (diamond)
Structure giant ionic giant covalent simple molecular giant metallic
Particles positive metal
oppositely atoms small molecules ions in sea of
charged ions covalent bonds between delocalised e
-
Forces or bond atoms in molecule;

ionic bonds covalent bonds van der Waals’ forces metallic bonds
among molecules
m. p. high very high low high
Forces or bond
overcome on ionic bonds covalent bonds van der metallic bonds
melting Waals’
forces
Solubility in
soluble insoluble slightly soluble insoluble
water
Electrical good conductor non-conductor non-conductor good conductor
conductivity when molten or
dissolved in water


2 Study the properties of four substances (W, X, Y and Z) listed in the table
below. Decide the type of structure that is likely to be present in each
substance.
W has a giant metallic structure.

X has a simple molecular structure.
Y has a giant covalent structure.
Z has a giant ionic structure.

Key terms (p.170)

giant ionic structure 巨型離子結構 van der Waals’ 范德華力
forces
non-aqueous solvent 非水溶劑 quartz 石英
mobile 可自由流動的 lubricant 潤滑劑
giant covalent 巨型共價結構 simple molecular 簡單分子結構

structure structure
diamond 鑽石 volatile 揮發性
graphite 石墨 giant metallic 巨型金屬結構
structure
allotrope 同素異形體

Summary (p.171)
1 The following table summarises the properties of
substances with the four types of structures: giant ionic,
giant covalent, simple molecular and giant metallic.

Summary (p.171)

Summary (p.171)

Summary (p.171)

Summary (p.171)
2 Allotropes are two or more forms of the same element in
which the atoms or molecules are arranged in different
ways.
3 a) In graphite, only weak van der Waals’ forces exist
between the layers of carbon atoms.
b) Graphite can be used as a solid lubricant as the layers
of carbon atoms can slide past each other easily.

c) The presence of delocalised electrons along the layers
allows graphite to conduct electricity when a voltage is

applied.

Summary (p.171)
4 The flow diagram below shows how to determine the
structure and bonding in a substance based on some of
its physical properties.

Unit Exercise (p.173)
Note: Questions are rated according to ascending level of

difficulty (from 1 to 5):
question targeted at level 3 and above;

question targeted at level 5.
‘ * ’ indicates 1 mark is given for effective communication.


PART I KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
1 Complete the following concept map.

(a)9metallic
Unit Relating the properties of substances to structures and bonding 80
(k) dissolved in water
(b) ionic
(l) simple molecular
Unit
(c) covalent Exercise (p.173) (m) low
(d) metallic
(n) non-conductors
(e) high
(o) van der Waals’ forces
(f) solid
(p) covalent
(g) molten
(q) high
(h) ionic
(r) non-conductors
(i) high
(j) molten


PART II MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
2 Which of the following diagrams shows the giant ionic structure of sodium
chloride?
Answer: D


3 Which of the following compounds has a giant ionic structure?
A N2O 4
B HNO3
C NCl3
D NH4NO3
(HKDSE, Paper 1A, 2014, 2)
Answer: D


4 Which of the following is the worst conductor of electricity?
A Mg(s)
B SiCl4(l)
C MgCl2(l)
D C(graphite,s)
Answer: B
Explanation:
SiCl4 has a simple molecular structure.


5 Which of the following correctly describes the ability of potassium bromide
to conduct electricity?
Solid Molten
potassium potassium Potassium
bromide bromide bromide in water
A does not does not conducts
conduct conduct
B does not conducts conducts
conduct Answer: B
C conducts does not does not conduct
conduct
D conducts conducts does not conduct


6 Which of the following combinations about the structure and bonding of
silicon dioxide is correct?
Structure Bonding
A Silicon dioxide has Each oxygen atom Answer: B
a simple molecular is covalently bonded
structure. to two silicon atoms.
B Silicon dioxide has Each oxygen atom
a giant covalent is covalently bonded
structure. to two silicon atoms.
C Silicon dioxide has Each silicon atom
a simple molecular is covalently bonded
structure. to two oxygen atoms.
D Silicon dioxide has Each silicon atom
a giant covalent is covalently bonded
structure. to two oxygen atoms.


7 Which of the following statements describes the attractive forces between
molecules (intermolecular forces)?
A They are strong covalent bonds which hold molecules together.

B They are strong ionic bonds which hold molecules together.
C They are weak forces formed between covalently bonded molecules.
D They are weak forces which hold ions together in a lattice.
(Cambridge IGCSE, Paper 2, 0620/23, Jun. 2016, 6)
Answer: C


8 Silicon carbide has a structure similar to that of diamond. It has a high
melting point because
A the silicon-carbon covalent bonds are strong.

B the attractive forces between silicon carbide molecules are strong.
C the attractive forces between silicon ions and carbide ions are strong.
D the silicon carbide molecules have a tetrahedral shape.
Answer: A


9 Neon exists as a gas at room temperature and pressure because
A neon is chemically inert.
B neon molecules are monoatomic.
C the attractive force between neon atoms is weak.
D the outermost electron shell of a neon atom has an octet structure.
Answer: C


10 Which of the following describes the appearance of iodine under the
stated conditions?
Solid Dissolved in cyclohexane

A purple bluish black
B brown bluish black
Answer: C
C shiny black purple
D shiny black brown


11 Solid X has a high melting point, does not conduct electricity as a solid,
but does when it is dissolved in water. What might solid X be?
A Calcium chloride
B Hydrogen chloride
C Silver
D Silicon
Answer: A
Explanation:
X has a giant ionic structure.


12 The structures of diamond and
graphite are shown.
diamond graphite
Which statement about diamond and graphite is INCORRECT?

A Diamond is used in cutting tools because the strong covalent bonds
make it very hard. Answer: D
B Graphite acts as a lubricant because of the weak forces between the
layers.
C Graphite conducts electricity because the electrons between the layers
are free to move.
D Graphite has a low melting point because of the weak forces between
the
layers.

13 Which of the following substances is hard, with a high melting point and
does NOT conduct electricity in any physical state?
A Silicon dioxide
B Magnesium
C Copper(II) chloride
D Lead(II) bromide
Answer: A
Explanation:
Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure


14 Which of the following exists as discrete molecules?
A Aluminium
B Graphite
C Oxygen
D Silicon
Answer: C


Directions: Questions 15–17 refer to some physical properties of four
substances W, X, Y and Z listed below.


15 Which of the substances could be mercury?
AW
BX
CY
DZ
Answer: D
Explanation:
Z is a liquid at room temperature. It has a giant metallic
structure as it conducts electricity both as solid and as
liquid.


16 Which of the substances could be silicon dioxide?
AW
BX
CY
DZ
Answer: A
Explanation:
Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure. It
has high melting and boiling points. It does not
conduct electricity.


17 Which of the substances could be hydrogen bromide?
AW
BX
CY
DZ
Answer: B
Explanation:
Hydrogen bromide has a simple molecular structure. It
has low melting and boiling points. It does not conduct
electricity.


18 The diagram shows the set-up
of an experiment:
Which of the following methods may light up the light bulb?

(1) Heating the sodium bromide powder until molten
(2) Adding deionised water to the sodium bromide powder
(3) Replacing the sodium bromide powder with bromine liquid
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) Answer: A


19 A substance has a high melting point and conducts electricity in solid
state. It may be
(1) an element with simple molecules.
(2) an element with giant metallic structure.
(3) a compound with giant ionic structure.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only
Answer: B
Explanation:
(3) A compound with giant ionic structure does NOT conduct electricity
in solid state.


PART III STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
20 Complete the table to show the bonding and structure for each of the
three
elements in the third period of the Periodic Table.
Element Magnesium Silicon Chlorine
Bonding metallic bonding covalent bonding
covalent bonds join the (3)
atoms within the molecules;
van der Waals’ forces exist
among molecules
Structure giant metallic giant covalent simple molecular structure (3)

structure structure


21 Argon and chlorine are elements in the same period of the Periodic Table.
a) Draw the electron diagram for a molecule of argon, showing electrons in
all shells.
b) What is the type of intermolecular force in chlorine gas?
(HKDSE, Paper 1B, 2015, 1(a)–(b))
Answers for the questions of the public examinations in Hong

Kong are not provided (if applicable).


22 Complete the table below for properties of compounds of some Period 3
elements.
Compound of Compound of
Compound of
sodium and phosphorus and
sulphur and oxygen
oxygen chlorine
Formula of (3)
compound
Na2O PCl3 SO2
State at room
temperature and solid liquid gas (1)
pressure
Type of structure
giant ionic simple molecular simple molecular
structure structure structure (3)


23 Explain the following in terms of the structure and bonding of the
substances being heated.
a) When a few iodine crystals are gently warmed, a purple vapour is
observed.
Iodine has a simple molecular structure. (1)
There are only weak van der Waals’ forces among iodine molecules so the
force of attraction is easily overcome by gentle heating, allowing I2 molecules
to escape from its lattice. (1)
b) When a few potassium chloride crystals are gently warmed, no change
is
Potassium
observed. Very chloride has aprolonged
strong and giant ionic heating
structure.is(1)
required to melt the
There are strong ionic bonds between the ions with opposite charges. It takes
crystals.
a lot of heat to separate the ions in melting. (1)
Silicon dioxide
c) Very strong heatinghas a giant
fails covalent
to melt structure.
a sample (1) dioxide.
of silicon
Lots of strong covalent bonds between atoms have to be broken in melting. A
lot of heat is needed. (1)


24 Aluminium fluoride and silicon tetrachloride differ markedly in their melting
points.
Deduce the type of bonding present in each of these compounds, and

draw an electron diagram to illustrate the bonding and structure of each
compound.
Ionic bonding is Covalent
present in bonding is
aluminium present in
fluoride. (1) silicon
tetrachloride.
(1)
(1) (1)

25 Both caesium (Cs) and sodium (Na) are elements in Group I of the
Periodic Table. Caesium reacts with chlorine to form caesium chloride.
a) Solid caesium chloride has a giant ionic structure.

i) Draw a diagram to show the structure of caesium chloride.
ii) Explain why solid caesium chloride is brittle.
b) Predict, with ONE reason, whether sodium or caesium is more reactive
towards chlorine.
(HKDSE, Paper 1B, 2013, 8(b)–(c))



26 The table shows the melting points of the elements in Period 3 of the
Periodic Table.


a) State the type of structure and bonding in each of the following elements:
i) Aluminium
ii) Silicon
iii) Sulphur


b) i) Draw electron diagrams for molecules of chlorine and argon
respectively, showing electrons in outermost shells only.
ii) Name the attractive forces that exist among chlorine molecules.
Van der Waals’ forces (1)
iii) Explain why the melting point of chlorine is higher than that of argon.
Argon exists as monatomic molecules while chlorine exists as diatomic
molecules. A chlorine molecule has a larger size than an argon molecule. (1)
Thus, stronger van der Waals’ forces exist among chlorine molecules. (1)


27 Magnesium oxide is a compound formed by the reaction of magnesium
with oxygen. The table below lists the melting points of these three
substances.


In terms of structure and bonding, explain why
a) magnesium oxide has a very high melting point;
Magnesium oxide has a giant ionic structure. (1)
There are strong ionic bonds between the ions with opposite charges. Lots
of the strong ionic bonds between the ions have to be overcome in
melting. This takes a lot of heat. (1)
b) oxygen has a very low melting point;
Oxygen has a simple molecular structure. (1)
Weak attractive force exist among oxygen molecules. Very little heat is
needed to overcome the attractive forces among the molecules and
separate the molecules in melting. (1)
c) magnesium has a high melting point.
Magnesium has a giant metallic structure.
In magnesium, there are strong attractive forces between the positive
metal ions and the ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons. A lot of heat is needed to
overcome the attractive forces in melting. (1)


28 This question is about three substances: copper, sodium chloride and
water.
a) Complete the table below to show some properties of the three
substances.
yes (1)
yes yes (2)
no (1)


b) Explain whether solid copper conducts electricity.
Solid copper conducts electricity due to the mobile delocalised electrons in
the structure. (1)
c) Explain whether solid sodium chloride is brittle.
Solid sodium chloride is brittle.
Sodium chloride forms a lattice of alternating positive and negative ions.
The ions are held by strong ionic bonds. (1)
When an external force is applied, the layers of ions may move relative to
each other. This can bring ions of the same charge close to each other and
result in repulsion between the ions. As a result, the lattice splits. (1)
d) Explain why liquid water does NOT conduct electricity.

Liquid water has NO mobile electrons or ions. (1)


29 The graph shows the variation in melting temperatures of the elements
across Period 3 (Na to Ar) of the Periodic Table.


a) i) Describe, with the aid of a labelled diagram, the structure and bonding
in aluminium.
Aluminium has a giant metallic structure. (1)
It contains a regular three-dimensional arrangement of positive
aluminium ions surrounded by
a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons. (1)
The strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive
aluminium ions and delocalised
electrons make up the metallic bond. (1)
Diagram showing a regular arrangement of aluminium ions in a ‘sea’
of delocalised electrons (1)
ii) Hence explain why aluminium has a high melting point.
A lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong attractive forces
between the positive aluminium
ions and the ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons in melting. (1)


b) Silicon has a giant covalent structure. Explain how this structure results in
Silicon
the highhas a giant
melting covalent
point shownstructure.
on the graph.
Lots of strong covalent bonds between atoms have to be broken in
melting.
A lot of heat is needed. (1)
c) Chlorine
Explain why
has chlorine
a simplehas low melting
molecular point (1)
structure. and boiling point.
Weak attractive forces exist among chlorine molecules. Very little heat
is needed to overcome the attractive forces among the molecules and
separate the molecules in melting and boiling. (1)


30 Silicon reacts with chlorine to form a low boiling point chloride.
a) Draw the electron diagram for the chloride,
showing electrons in the outermost shells only.
b) Silicon reacts with oxygen to form a high melting point oxide.

Suggest why the oxide has a high melting point whereas the chloride
Silicon dioxide
has a low boiling point. has a giant covalent structure. (1)
Lots of strong covalent bonds between atoms have to be broken in melting.
A lot of heat is needed. Thus, silicon dioxide has a high melting point. (1)
Silicon tetrachloride has a simple molecular structure. (1)
Weak attractive forces exist among silicon tetrachloride molecules. Very little heat is
needed to overcome the attractive forces among the molecules and separate the
molecules in boiling.
Thus, silicon tetrachloride has a low boiling point. (1)

31 Most solids exist as lattice structures.
a) Complete the table, using a tick (✓) if the substance conducts electricity
or a cross (✗) if the substance does not conduct electricity.
✓ ✓ (1)
✗ ✓ (1)
b) Explain the electrical conductivities of sodium and of sodium oxide in the
solidconducts
Sodium and liquid states.in the solid and liquid states due to the mobile
electricity
(Edexcel
delocalised Advanced
electrons Subsidiary
in the structure.GCE,
(1) Unit 1, 6CH01/01R, Jun. 2013, 22(d)(i)–(ii))
Sodium oxide in solid state does not conduct electricity as the ions are in fixed
positions and are not free to move around. (1)
Sodium oxide in liquid state can conduct electricity because the ions are free to move
around in the liquid. (1)


32 The structures of diamond and graphite are shown.
diamond graphite


a) Explain how the structure of diamond relates to its use in cutting hard
materials.
Diamond has a giant covalent structure. (1)
In diamond, strong covalent bonding extends throughout the structure. Relative motion
of the atoms is restricted. This makes diamond very hard. (1)
b) Graphite is quite soft and is used in pencils. Explain how its use in
pencils depends on its structure.
In graphite, weak van der Waals’ forces exist between the layers of carbon atoms. (1)
When a pencil is moved across a piece of paper, layers of carbon atoms flake off
graphite easily, so pencil marks appear on the paper. (1)
c) Explain why graphite conducts electricity while diamond does not.

The presence of mobile delocalised electrons along the layers of carbon atoms in
graphite allows graphite to conduct electricity.
Diamond has NO mobile electrons or ions. (1)


33 The table below shows some properties of three elements in the Periodic
Table.
a) Describe how the information in the table shows that silicon is difficult
Difficultto to classify
classify asbecause it has
a metal or metallic and non-metallic properties.
a non-metal.
i.e. it has a high melting point like a metal but is brittle like a non-metal. (1)
Dueb)toExplain
the mobile
why delocalised
aluminium iselectrons in aluminium.
a good conductor (1)
of electricity.
Silicon has a giant

c) Explain covalent
why silicon structure.
has (1)
a high melting point.
Lots of strong covalent bonds between atoms have to be broken in melting. A
lot of heat is needed. (1)

34 The structure of solid lead(II) bromide and liquid bromine are shown
below.


a) Bromine exists as diatomic molecules. Draw the electron diagram for a
bromine molecule, showing electrons in the outermost shells only.
*b) Describe the structures and bonding of these two substances and the
differences in • their volatility; • their electrical conductivity.
Lead(II) bromide has a giant ionic structure. (1)
There are strong ionic bonds between the ions with opposite charges in lead(II)
bromide.
Hence lead(II) bromide is non-volatile. (1)
Lead(II) bromide does not conduct electricity in solid state, but conducts electricity
when molten or dissolved in water. (1)
Bromine has a simple molecular structure. (1)
Weak attractive forces exist among the molecules. Hence bromine is volatile. (1)
Bromine does not conduct electricity. (1)
Communication mark (1)


*35 Carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide are compounds that occur naturally
on Earth. The table shows some information about the two compounds.


Use ideas about structure and bonding to explain the similarities and
differences between the properties of carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide.
(OCR GCSE 21st Century Science (Higher Tier), Chem. A, A172/02, Jun.
2013, 5(a))


Similarities and differences in properties
• Both have similar chemical formula. (1)
• Both do not conduct electricity. (1)
• Carbon dioxide has a low melting point / boiling point while silicon dioxide has a high
melting point / boiling point. (1)
• At room temperature, carbon dioxide is a gas while silicon dioxide is a solid. (1)
Structure and bonding

• The bonding in both is covalent. (1)
• Each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms in silicon dioxide. (1)
• Each carbon is bonded to two oxygen atoms in carbon dioxide. (1)
• Carbon dioxide has a simple molecular structure. (1)
• Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure. (1)
• Both have NO mobile electrons or ions. Hence both do not conduct electricity. (1)
• The weak attractive forces among carbon dioxide molecules do NOT require a lot of
heat to overcome. (1)
• The strong covalent bonds between atoms in silicon dioxide require a lot of heat to
break. (1)


36 In 2009 a new material called graphane was discovered. The diagram
shows part of a model of the structure of graphane. Each carbon atom is
bonded to three other carbon atoms and to one hydrogen atom.
a) Deduce the type of crystal structure shown by graphane.

Giant covalent structure (1)
b) State how two carbon atoms form a carbon-carbon bond in graphane.
Share a pair of electrons. / One electron from each carbon atom. (1)
c) Suggest why graphane does NOT conduct electricity.
(AQA Advanced Subsidiary GCE, Unit 1, Jun. 2013, 3(a)–(c))
NO mobile electrons or ions (1)


37 This question is about two compounds formed from phosphorus.
a) Phosphorus combines with magnesium to form magnesium
phosphide.
i) Draw the electron diagram for magnesium phosphide, showing
electrons in the outermost shells only.


ii) Give the chemical formula of magnesium phosphide.
Mg3P2 (1)
iii) Explain whether or not you would expect magnesium phosphide to
have a high melting point.
Magnesium phosphide has a high melting point.
Magnesium phosphide has a giant ionic structure. (1)
There are strong ionic bonds between the ions with opposite
charges. Lots of the strong ionic bonds between the ions have to
be overcome in melting. This takes a lot of heat, so magnesium
phosphide has a high melting point. (1)


b) Phosphorus combines with hydrogen to form phosphine.
i) Draw the electron diagram for phosphine, showing electrons in the


ii) Give the chemical formula of phosphine.
PH3 (1)
iii) Explain whether or not you would expect phosphine to have a high
water solubility.
Phosphine is slightly soluble / insoluble in water. (1)
When phosphine is added to water, there is little interaction between
molecules of phosphine and water. (1)
The attractive forces among water molecules are strong. The
attractive forces between phosphine molecules and water molecules
are weaker in comparison. (1)
Thus, water molecules tend to stick together, rather than allowing
phosphine molecules to come between them. As a result, phosphine
molecules and water molecules do not mix easily. (1)


38 Explain each of the following:
a) The boiling temperature of chlorine is –34 °C, but temperatures above
1 027 °C are needed to obtain chlorine atoms from chlorine
Chlorine has a simple molecular structure. (1)
molecules.
Weak attractive forces exist among chlorine molecules. Very little heat is
needed to overcome the attractive forces among the molecules and separate
the molecules in boiling. (1)
To obtain chlorine atoms from chlorine molecules, the strong covalent bonds
between chlorine atoms have to be broken. A lot of heat is needed. (1)
Whenb)iodine is added
Solid iodine to cyclohexane,
is very attractive forces
soluble in cyclohexane, exist between
a non-aqueous solvent.
molecules of iodine and cyclohexane. These attractive forces are much the
same as that in the pure substances. (1)
Thus, iodine molecules and cyclohexane molecules mix together easily. (1)


c) Graphite conducts electricity.
Graphite contains mobile delocalised electrons along the
layers of carbon atoms. (1)
d) Bromine is less volatile than chlorine.
A bromine molecule has a larger size than a chlorine molecule. (1)
Thus, stronger van der Waals’ forces exist among bromine
molecules. Hence bromine is less
volatile than chlorine. (1)


39 There are three types of giant structures – ionic, metallic and giant
covalent.
a) In an ionic compound, the ions are held in a lattice by strong forces.
i) Explain the term ‘lattice’.
Ions packed together in a regular arrangement. (1)
ii) Explain how the ions are held together by strong forces.
Electrostatic forces of attraction / attraction between opposite
charges (1)
b) Describe the bonding in a typical metal.
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive metal ions
and delocalised electrons. (1)


c) The electrical conductivities of the three types of giant structures are
given in the following table.
Explain the differences in electrical conductivity between the three

types of giant structure and the difference, if any, between the solid
and liquid states of the same structure.


A substance with a giant ionic structure does not conduct electricity
in solid state as the ions are in fixed positions and are not free to
move around. (1)
The substance can conduct electricity in liquid state because the

ions are free to move around in the liquid. (1)
A substance with a giant metallic structure conducts electricity in

solid and liquid states due to the mobile delocalised electrons in the
structure. (1)
A substance with a giant covalent structure does not conduct

electricity in solid and liquid states because it has NO mobile
electrons or ions. (1)


40 Read this passage about metals.
Elements are divided into metals and non-metals. All metals are
electrical
conductors. Many of them have high densities and they are usually
ductile and malleable. These properties influence how the metals are
used.
ductile —the
a) Explain canmeaning
be drawnofinto
thea terms
wire (1)‘ductile’ and ‘malleable’.
malleable — can be hammered into shape (1)
*b) By considering their structures, explain why metals are ductile and
A metalmalleable.
contains a regular three-dimensional arrangement of positive metal ions
surrounded by a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons. (1)
When a force is applied to a piece of metal, the layers of metal ions slide over each
other to new positions. The delocalised electrons are free to move in the structure,
but the ions are still held together in their new positions by the ‘sea’ of electrons. The
metal has a different shape. (1)


c) Copper is ductile. How is this property useful in everyday life?
Making copper electric wires (1)
d) Name ONE metal that has a low density.
Any Group I metals (1)
e) Choose another physical property of metals, and give ONE example of
how it is useful.
Any one of the following:
• Good conductor of heat (1)
To make cooking pans. (1)
• Shiny appearance (1)
To make jewellery. (1)

Topic Exercise (p.185)
Note: Questions are rated according to ascending level of

difficulty (from 1 to 5):

question targeted at level 5.
‘ * ’ indicates 1 mark is given for effective communication.


PART I MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1 A sample of gallium has two isotopes, 69Ga and 71Ga. The graph below
shows the relative abundance of the isotopes.
What is the relative atomic mass of this sample

of gallium?
A 69.4 Answer: C
B 69.6
C 69.8
D 70.0


2 Which of the following atoms has the smallest number of neutrons?
A 63Cu
B 59Co
C 58Ni Answer: C
D 57Fe


3 Which of the following ions contains the fewest number of electrons?
A NH4+
B P3–
C Ca2+ Answer: A
D Cl–


4 forms a cation carrying a charge of +3. How many electrons and 　　　　
　
　 neutrons are there in the cation?
Number of electrons Number of neutrons

A 18 21
B 18 24 Answer: B
C 21 24
D 21 21


5 Which of the following statements about nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and neon
is correct?
A They can form anions. Answer: D

B They contain diatomic molecules.
C They have multiple covalent bonds between atoms.
D They are gases at room temperature and pressure.
Explanation:
Option A — Neon does not form anions.
Option B — Neon contains monatomic molecules.


6 Both radium (Ra) and calcium (Ca) belong to the same group of the
Periodic Table. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
A Radium is a good conductor of electricity in the solid state.

B Radium atoms readily donate electrons to form Ra2+ ions.
C Both radium and calcium become tarnished after exposed to air for
some time.
D Radium is less reactive than calcium.
Answer: D


Directions: Questions 7 and 8 refer to the following outline of the Periodic
Table. The letters A, B, C and D are NOT the symbols of the elements.
7 Which of the letters represents a metal with a high melting point and
boiling point? Answer: C
8 Which of the letters represents an element which does NOT form
compounds? Answer: A


9 The diagram shows elements W, X, Y and Z in a section of the Periodic
Table.
Answer: C
Which statements about the reactivity of the elements is correct?

Explanation:
TheAreactivity
X is more reactive
of Group than Y, increases
I elements and W is going
moredown
reactive than Z.
the group. Thus, Y is
more BX is more
reactive thanreactive
X. than Y, and Z is more reactive than W.
TheCreactivity
Y is more reactive
of Group VII than X, and
elements W is more
decreases goingreactive
down thethan Z. Thus, W is
group.
more D reactive
Y is more than Z.
reactive than X, and Z is more reactive than W.

10 Elements X and Y form an ionic compound with chemical formula X2Y.
If the ion of X and the ion of Y have the same electronic arrangement,
which of the following may this compound be?
Answer: C
A Lithium oxide
B Aluminium oxide
C Potassium sulphide
D Magnesium chloride


11 Element Q belongs to Group II of the Periodic Table. It combines with
element R to give an ionic compound with chemical formula Q3R2.
Which group of the Periodic Table does R belong to?
Answer: B
A Group III
B Group V
C Group VI
D Group VII


12 Silicon is an element in Group IV of the Periodic Table. The oxide of
silicon
has the chemical formula SiO2. Which of the following statements about
silicon and its oxide is correct?
Answer: B
A Silicon is a good conductor of heat.
B Silicon exists as simple molecules.
C SiO2 is a hard material at room temperature.
D SiO2 dissolves in water to give an acidic solution.


13 What is the charge on the nickel ion in Ni3(PO4)2?
A +2
B +3
C –2
D –3
Answer: A


14 A spot of blue solution was placed in the centre of a piece of moist filter
paper supported on a microscope slide and the following experiment was
carried out.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The blue positive ions moved
towards the negative
terminal.
After some time, a blue colour moved towards the negative terminal, but no
change was visible in the region of the positive terminal. This is because
A the negative ions in the solution were colourless and the positive ions were blue.
B the positive ions in the solution were colourless and the negative ions were blue.
C the negative ions in the solution had not moved but the positive ions had moved.
D the positive ions in the solution had not moved but the negative ions had moved.
(Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE, Unit 1, 6CH01/01R, Jun. 2014, 10)


15 Quartz (SiO2) is harder than dry ice (CO2) because
A the atomic size of silicon is larger than that of carbon.

B a silicon atom has more electrons than a carbon atom has.
C quartz has a giant network structure, but dry ice consists of discrete
molecules.
D the silicon-oxygen bond in quartz is strong, but the carbon-oxygen
bond in dry ice is weak.
Answer: C


16 Consider the following information concerning metal Y:
(1) Y reacts vigorously with water.
(2) Y forms an oxide with chemical formula Y2O.
(3) An atom of Y has five occupied electron shells.
Y may be
A silver (Ag).
B caesium (Cs).
Answer: D
C strontium (Sr).
D rubidium (Rb).


17 The table below shows some properties of potassium.
Rubidium is below potassium in Group I of the Periodic Table. What are
the properties of rubidium? Answer: C

(1) Its melting point is above 63 °C.
(2) It is very soft.
Explanation:
(3) It reacts explosively with water.
A (1) and (2) only (1) The melting points of Group I elements
B (1) and (3) only decrease going down the group. Thus, the
C (2) and (3) only melting point of rubidium is lower than that of
D (1), (2) and (3) potassium.


18 Astatine (At) is a halogen with an atomic number of 85. Which of the
following statements about astatine is / are correct?
(1) Astatine exists as diatomic molecules.
(2) Astatine is more reactive than fluorine.
(3) The compound formed between hydrogen and astatine has a
very high boiling point.
A (1) only
B (2) only Answer: A
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only
Explanation:
(2) The reactivity of halogens decreases going down the group. Thus,
astatine is less reactive than fluorine.
(3) Hydrogen and astatine form a covalent compound with a simple
molecular structure, i.e. a compound with a lower boiling point.


19 Which of the following statements concerning helium is / are correct?
(1) Helium is chemically inert.
(2) Helium exists as diatomic molecules.
(3) The outermost electron shell of a helium atom has an octet
structure.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only Answer: A


20 A substance has a high melting point and can conduct electricity when
molten. It may be
(1) aluminium.
(2) sulphur.
(3) magnesium chloride.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only Answer: C
Explanation:
(1) Aluminium conducts electricity when in solid and molten states.
(2) Sulphur does not conduct electricity.
(3) Magnesium chloride does not conduct electricity in the solid state.
However, it conducts electricity when molten.


21 What types of bonding are present in ammonium carbonate?
(1) Covalent
(2) Dative covalent
(3) Ionic
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
Answer: D


Directions : Each question (Questions 22–25) consists
of two separate statements. Decide
whether each of the two statements is true
or false; if both are true, then decide

whether or not the second statement is a
correct explanation of the first statement.
Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :
A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a
correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT
a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.

1st statement 2nd statement
22 A sulphide ion contains one A sulphur atom gains electrons to
more occupied electron shell form a sulphide ion.
than a sulphur atom. Answer: C
Explanation: The electronic arrangement of a sulphide ion is 2,8,8
while that of a sulphur atom is 2,8,6. A sulphide ion and a sulphur atom have the
same number of occupied electron shells.
23 The melting point of silicon is The number of electrons in a Answer: B
higher than that of that in an silicon atom is greater than
aluminium atom. aluminium.
24 Bromine is a good conductor of Molecules in bromine are Answer: C
mobile.
electricity.
25 Potassium sulphate is a Potassium sulphate can conduct
covalent compound. electricity when dissolved in
water. Answer: C


PART II STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
26 Explain whether BaCl2 or OCl2 would have a higher melting point.
(HKDSE, Paper 1B, 2018, 3(a))



27 Lithium occurs naturally in two isotopes, 6Li and 7Li. It can form lithium
nitride (Li3N) when burnt in air.
a) Calculate the percentage abundance of 6Li in nature.
(Relative atomic mass: Li = 6.9)
b) Draw the electron diagram for lithium nitride, showing electrons in the
(HKDSE, Paper 1B, 2018, 1(a))



28 The set-up of an experiment for studying the movement of ions is shown
below.
Describe and explain what you would expect to observe when the circuit
is
closed for a period of time. A pink colour appears near electrode X (1)
as positive cobalt(II) ions are attracted towards
the negative electrode / electrode X. (1)
A yellow colour appears near electrode Y (1)

as negative chromate ions are attracted
towards the positive electrode / electrode Y. (1)


29 Rubidium, Rb, is a Group I element. It has similar physical and chemical
properties to the other elements in Group I.
a) Predict how many electrons there are in the outermost shell of a
rubidium atom. 1 (1)
b) Predict ONE physical property of rubidium which is the same as that of
a transition metal such as copper.
Any one of the following:
• Conductor of electricity / heat (1)
• Malleable (1)
• Ductile (1)
• Shiny (1)
c) Predict TWO physical properties of rubidium which are different to
those
of a transition
Any two of themetal such as copper.
following:
• Low melting point / boiling point (1)
• Soft / rubidium can be cut easily (1)
• Low density (1)


d) Give a reason why Group I metals are usually stored in oil.
To stop them from reacting with air / water vapour / moisture. (1)
e) The following diagram shows the reaction between a Group I metal and
water. Although the metal reacts vigorously with the water, gas G does
not ignite spontaneously.
i) Name metal A.
Lithium / sodium (1)
ii) Write a word equation for the reaction involved.
lithium + water  lithium hydroxide + hydrogen (1)
or
sodium + water  sodium hydroxide + hydrogen (1)


30) The electronic arrangements of atoms of five elements, A, B, C, D and E
are given below. These letters are NOT chemical symbols.


Choose letters from the table to answer parts (a) and (b).
Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.
a) Give the letters of the TWO elements which belong to the same period of
B and C (1)
Their
the atoms have
Periodic the Give
Table. sameanumber
reason of
for/ your
two occupied
answer. electron shells. (1)
b) Give the letters of the TWO elements which belong to the same group of
C and D (1) Table. Give a reason for your answer.
the Periodic
Their atoms have the same number of / six outermost shell electrons. (1)
c) Elements B and D combine to form a compound.

i) Draw the electron diagram for the compound, showing electrons in the
or (1)
ii) Name the disulphide
Carbon compound.(1)


d) Elements D and E combine to form a compound.
or (1)
ii) Name the compound.
Potassium sulphide (1)


31 Calcium can burn in air. Calcium nitride is formed
along with calcium oxide.
a) Draw the electron diagram of calcium nitride,
showing electrons in the outermost shells only.
b) In terms of charges, explain why the ratio of calcium ions to nitride ions
So that the charges balance /
is 3 : 2 in the lattice.
number of positive charges = number of negative charges (1)
c) Calcium nitride reacts with water to give calcium hydroxide and
ammonia: calcium nitride + water  calcium hydroxide + ammonia
i) Give the chemical formula of calcium hydroxide. Ca(OH)2 (1)
ii) Ammonia is a gas at room temperature and presssure. The boiling
point of liquid ammonia is –34 °C.
Explain why liquid ammonia has a low boiling point.
Ammonia has a simple molecular structure. (1)
Weak attractive forces exist among ammonia molecules. Very little heat is
the molecules in boiling. Thus, ammonia has a low boiling point. (1)

32 Hydrogen reacts with sodium to form sodium hydride, an ionic compound
which has the same structure as sodium chloride.
a) Draw the electron diagram of sodium hydride, showing electrons in the
b) Give the chemical formula of sodium hydride.

NaH (1)
c) Draw a diagram to show the structure of sodium hydride.


33 Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
a) Describe what happens, in terms of electron loss and gain, when
magnesium atoms combine with oxygen atoms.
A magnesium atom needs to lose two electrons (1)
while an oxygen atom needs to gain two electrons so as to obtain stable
outermost shells of 8 electrons. (1)
When magnesium atoms combine with oxygen atoms, two electrons from
each magnesium atom are transferred to each oxygen atom. (1)
b) Give the chemical formula of magnesium oxide. MgO (1)
c) Magnesium oxide is used to manufacture heat-resistant bricks for
furnace linings in the steel-making industry.
State and explain the property of magnesium oxide that makes it
suitable for this use.
High melting point (1)
Strong attractive forces between oppositely charged ions / strong ionic
bonding (1)


34 Some airbags in cars contain sodium azide (NaN3).
a) Sodium azide has a high melting point. Predict the type of bonding in
a crystal
Ionic bonding (1) of sodium azide. Suggest why its melting point is high.
There are strong ionic bonds between the ions with opposite charges in sodium azide.
Lots of the strong ionic bonds between the ions have to be overcome in melting. This
takes a lot of heat, so sodium azide has a high melting point. (1)
b) The azide ion has the formula N3–.
i) The azide ion can be represented as N≡N–N–.
One of these bonds is a dative covalent bond.
On the following diagram, draw an arrowhead on one of the bonds
to represent the direction of donation of the lone pair in the dative
covalent bond.
N≡NN– (1)
N≡N–N –
ii) Give the formula of a molecule that has the same number of
electrons as the azide ion. CO2 / N2O / BeF2 / HN3 (1)
iii) Which is the correct formula of magnesium azide?MgN6 (1)
Mg3N MgN MgN6 Mg3N2
(AQA Advanced Subsidiary GCE, Unit 1, Jun. 2015, 7(d)–(e))

35 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical properties
of five substances A to E.
Choose a substance from the table above to match each of the following
descriptions. A substance may be used once, more than once or not at all.
Justify each choice with evidence from the table.


One has been completed as an example.
This substance is covalent and is a solid at room temperature (25 °C): D
Evidence: Its melting point is above room temperature. It has a low melting
point and it does not conduct as a liquid, so it is covalent.
a) This substance has a giant covalent structure: E (1)

Evidence: It has a high melting point / a high boiling point. It does not
conduct electricity. (1)
b) This substance is a metal: B (1)
Evidence: It is a good conductor of electricity when in solid and liquid states.
(1)
c) This substance is a liquid at room temperature (25 °C): A (1)
Evidence: Its melting point is below room temperature. Its boiling point is
above room temperature. (1)
d) This substance is an ionic solid: C (1)
Evidence: It has a high melting point / a high boiling point. It does not
conduct electricity when solid and conducts electricity when liquid.
(1)

36 a) Chlorine has an atomic number of 17.
Chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 are two isotopes of chlorine.
Complete the table to show the numbers of protons, neutrons and
electrons in each of the isotopes.


b) Tetrachloromethane is a simple molecular, covalent compound.
The formula of its molecule is CCl4.
Draw an electron diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of
tetrachloromethane, CCl4.
Show outermost shell electrons only.


*c) The diagrams show the arrangements of carbon atoms in diamond and in
graphite.
Compare a use of diamond with a use of graphite, explaining each use in terms of
the bonding and structure. In your answer you should use information from the
diagrams.
(Edexcel GCSE (Higher Tier), Unit C2, Jun. 2014, 5(a)(i),(b)–(c))

c)
Diamond is used in cutting tools because it is very hard. (1)
In diamond, each carbon atom bonded to four other carbon atoms. Strong covalent
bonding extends throughout the structure. Relative motion of the atom is restricted. (1)
Any one use of graphite and explanation
• To make electrodes. (1)
In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms, and an
unbonded outermost shell electron is present on each atom. These unbonded electrons
become delocalised along the layers of carbon atoms. These mobile delocalised
electrons allow graphite to conduct electricity. (1)
• To make lubricant. (1)
In graphite, weak van der Waals’ forces exist between the layers of carbon atoms. The
layers of carbon atoms can slide past each other easily. (1)
• To make pencil ‘leads’. (1)
In graphite, weak van der Waals’ forces exist between the layers of carbon atoms.
When a pencil is moved across a piece of paper, layers of carbon atoms flake off
graphite easily, so pencil marks appear on the paper. (1)


37) This question is about Group VII elements.
a) Suggest why a fluoride ion (F–) is more stable than a fluorine atom.
A fluoride ion has a complete outermost electron shell. (1)
b) Chlorine reacts with fluorine to form chlorine monofluoride. Draw the
electron diagram of chlorine monofluoride, showing electrons in the



c) Astatine (At) is below iodine in Group VII.
i) The table below shows the states of Group VII elements at room
temperature and pressure.
Use this information to deduce the state of astatine at room temperature

and pressure. Solid (1)
ii) Astatine reacts with sodium to form a compound.

(I) Draw the electron diagram of the compound, showing electrons in the
(II) Name the compound.

Sodium astatide (1)


38 Diamond and silicon dioxide
have similar properties.
diamond silicon dioxide

a) Describe TWO similarities and ONE difference between the structures of
Similarities:
diamond and silicon dioxide.
• Atoms in both of them are covalently bonded. (1)
• Both have giant structures. (1)
One difference from:
• Silicon dioxide contains two elements but diamond only contains one (carbon). (1)
• All carbon atoms form four bonds in diamond but only silicon atoms form four bonds in
silicon dioxide. (1)
Diamond
b) Explain hasdiamond
why NO mobile
doeselectrons or ions.
not conduct (1)
electricity.
c) dioxide
Silicon Explainhas
why silicon
a giant dioxide
covalent has a high
structure. (1) melting point.
Lots of strong covalent bonds between atoms have to be broken in melting. A lot of heat
is needed. Thus, silicon dioxide has a high melting point. (1)

39 Refer to the following information of phosphorus and fluorine.


a) State the electronic arrangement of a phosphorus atom. 2,8,5 (1)
b) All phosphorus atoms have the same atomic number. Explain why some
phosphorus atoms have different mass numbers.
Phosphorus exists as isotopes. (1)
c) Phosphorus and fluorine combine to form a compound.
ii) Give the name and chemical formula of the compound.

Phosphorus trifluoride (1) PF3 (1)
iii) Calculate the relative molecular mass of the compound.
(Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE, Unit 1, Jun. 2012, 26(c))
31.0 + 3 x 19.0 = 88.0 (1)


40 The elements potassium and fluroine and the compound potassium
fluoride can be used to show the connection between bonding, structure
and physical properties.
a) i) Describe the structure and bonding in potassium with the help of a
diagram.
Potassium contains a regular three-dimensional arrangement of positive
potassium ions surrounded by a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons. (1)
The strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive potassium ions
and delocalised electrons make up the metallic bond. (1)
Diagram showing a regular arrangement of potassium ions in a ‘sea’ of
delocalised electrons (1)
ii) Explain why potassium is a good conductor of electricity.
Due to the mobile delocalised electrons in potassium. (1)


b) i) Draw the electron diagram of a fluorine molecule, showing
electrons
in all shells.
ii) Describe the attractive forces within and between the molecules in
liquid fluorine.
Covalent bond exists within a molecule. (1)
Van der Waals’ forces exist among molecules. (1)


c) i) Describe how atoms of potassium and fluorine combine to form
potassium fluoride.
A potassium atom needs to lose one electron (1)
while a fluorine atom needs to gain one electron so as to obtain stable
outermost shells of 8 electrons. (1)
When potassium atoms combine with fluorine atoms, one electron from
each potassium atom is transferred to each fluorine atom. (1)
ii) Explain why potassium fluoride does NOT conduct electricity until it
is heated above its melting point.
Potassium fluoride in solid state does not conduct electricity as the ions
are in fixed positions and are not free to move around. (1)
Potassium fluoride in molten state can conduct electricity because the
ions are free to move around in the liquid. (1)


41 The table below lists some properties of diamond and graphite.


With reference to the bonding and structure, explain why
a) diamond and graphite have high melting points;
Both diamond and graphite have a giant covalent structure. (1)
Lots of strong covalent bonds between atoms have to be broken in
melting. A lot of heat is needed. (1)
b) graphite is a good conductor of electricity;
Graphite contains mobile delocalised electrons along the layers of
carbon atoms. (1)
c) diamond is very hard;
In diamond, strong covalent bonding extends throughout the structure.
Relative motion of the atoms is restricted. (1)
d) graphite can be used to make pencil cores for marking on paper.
In graphite, weak van der Waals’ forces exist between the layers of
carbon atoms. (1)
When a pencil is moved across a piece of paper, layers of carbon atoms
flake off graphite easily, so pencil marks appear on the paper. (1)


42 Nickel is a metal with a high melting point.
a) Explain, in terms of its structure and bonding, why nickel has a high
melting point.
Nickel contains a regular three-dimensional arrangement of positive nickel
ions surrounded by a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons. (1)
A lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong attractive forces between the
positive nickel ions and the ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons in melting. (1)
b) Draw a labelled diagram to show the arrangement of particles in a
crystal of nickel. In your answer, include at least six particles of each
type. Diagram showing a regular arrangement of nickel ions in a ‘sea’
of delocalised electrons (1)
c) Explain why nickel is ductile (can be stretched into wires).
(AQA Advanced Subsidiary GCE, Unit 1, Jun. 2014, 3(a)(ii)–(iv))
When a force is applied to a piece of nickel, the layers of nickel ions slide
over each other to new positions. The delocalised electrons are free to move
in the structure, but the ions are still held together in their new positions by
the ‘sea’ of electrons. The metal has a different shape. (1)


43 Aluminium can be extracted from ores such as bauxite.
Bauxite is refined to produce aluminium oxide. Electrolysis of molten
aluminium oxide produces aluminium and oxygen.
a) Give the chemical formula of aluminium oxide.
Al2O3 (1)
*b) Describe, with the aid of a labelled diagram, the structure and bonding
in aluminium and explain why aluminium is malleable.
Aluminium contains a regular three-dimensional arrangement of positive
aluminium ions surrounded by a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons. (1)
Diagram showing a regular arrangement of aluminium ions in a ‘sea’ of
delocalised electrons (1)
When a force is applied to a piece of aluminium, the layers of aluminium ions
slide over each other to new positions. The delocalised electrons are free to
move in the structure, but the ions are still held together in their new
positions by the ‘sea’ of electrons. The metal has a different shape. (1)


c) Oxygen is a gas at room temperature and has a very low boiling point.
i) Draw the electron diagram of an oxygen molecule, showing
electrons in the outermost shells only.
ii) Explain why oxygen has a low boiling point.

Oxygen has a simple molecular structure. (1)
Weak attractive forces exist among oxygen molecules. Very little heat is
the molecules in boiling. Thus, oxygen has a low boiling point. (1)
d) Explain why ionic compounds, like aluminium oxide, conduct electricity
Molten aluminium oxide contains ions that are free to move around. (1)
when molten.


44 This question compares sodium iodide and iodine.
a) How do sodium iodide and iodine differ in their solubility in water?
Explain your answer.
Sodium iodide is soluble in water while iodine is only slightly soluble.
The δ– ends of the water molecules attract the positive sodium ions sufficiently to
remove them from the lattice. The sodium ions then become surrounded by water
molecules. (1)
On the other hand, the δ+ ends of the water molecules attract the negative iodide
ions sufficiently to remove them from the lattice. The iodide ions then become
surrounded by water molecules as well. (1)
When iodine is added to water, there is little interaction between molecules of iodine
and water. (1)
The attractive forces among water molecules are strong. The attractive forces
between iodine molecules and water molecules are weaker in comparison. (1)
Thus, water molecules tend to stick together, rather than allowing iodine molecules to
come between them. As a result, iodine molecules and water molecules do not mix
easily. (1)


b) Explain why molten sodium iodide conducts electricity but molten
iodine does not.
Molten sodium iodide contains ions that are free to move around. (1)
Molten iodine does not contain mobile ions or delocalised electrons. (1)
c) The boiling point of sodium iodide is 1 304 °C while that of iodine is
184 °C. Explain this difference.
Sodium iodide has a giant ionic structure while iodine has a simple
molecular structure. (1)
The ionic bonds between sodium ions and iodide ions in sodium iodide are
much stronger than the attractive forces among iodine molecules. Thus,
sodium iodide has a much higher melting
point than iodine. (1)


*45 A phosphorus atom can be shown as . What can be deduced from
this information about the structure of a phosphorus atom and the
position of phosphorus in the Periodic Table?
• The atom contains 15 protons. (1)
• The atom contains 16 neutrons. (1)
• The atom contains 15 electrons. (1)
• The electronic arrangement of the atom is 2,8,5. (1)
• The atom has three occupied electron shells. (1)
• The atom has 5 outermost shell electrons. (1)
• The element is in Period 3 of the Periodic Table. (1)
• The element is in Group V of the Periodic Table. (1)


*46 Bricks made from silicon dioxide are used to line furnaces that operate
at
high temperatures.
Suggest and explain why silicon dioxide is used to make bricks for high-
temperature furnaces.
Referdioxide,
In silicon to the each
structure
siliconand bonding
atom in silicon
is bonded dioxideatoms
to four oxygen in your answers.
while each
oxygen atom is bonded to only two silicon atoms. Silicon atoms and oxygen atoms in
the whole structure are held together by strong covalent bonds. (1)
Silicon dioxide has a high melting point.
In order to melt silicon dioxide, lots of strong covalent bonds between atoms have to
be broken.
A lot of heat is needed. Thus, silicon dioxide has a high melting point. (1)
Silicon dioxide has a hard structure.
In silicon dioxide, strong covalent bonding extends throughout the structure. Relative
motion of the atoms is restricted. This makes silicon dioxide very hard. (1)


*47 Explain the increasing order of melting points of the three Period 2 　　
　　
　 elements
Oxygen below:melting
has the lowest oxygen < lithium
point < carbon
as it has a simple(graphite)
molecular structure. (1)
Very little heat is needed to overcome the weak attractive forces among the
molecules and separate the molecules in melting. (1)
Lithium has a giant metallic structure. (1)

The attractive forces between the positive lithium ions and the ‘sea’ of delocalised
electrons are stronger than the attractive forces among oxygen molecules. Thus, the
melting point of lithium is higher than that of oxygen. (1)
Graphite has the highest melting point as it has a giant covalent structure. (1)
Lots of strong covalent bonds between atoms have to be broken in melting.

A lot of heat is needed. (1)

ESlide Unit 9 E

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ESlide Unit 9 E

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mastering

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.1 Why do different substances have different

 For example, copper conducts electricity in solid state, but the

9.2 Giant ionic structures (p.143)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.2 Giant ionic structures (p.143)

Giant ionic structure─

9.2 Giant ionic structures (p.143)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

 The properties of ionic compounds reflect their structures as

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

- the layers of ions may move relative to each other;

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

 Most ionic compounds are soluble in water. Some ionic

attraction between the ions and the water molecules.

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

Dissolving sodium chloride

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

 Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state as the

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

 Most ionic compounds are soluble in water. Aqueous solutions

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

a) Draw the electron diagram of caesium iodide, showing electrons in the

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.3 Properties of ionic compounds (p.145)

Caesium iodide can conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.4 Giant covalent structures (p.150)

9.4 Giant covalent structures (p.150)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.4 Giant covalent structures (p.150)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.4 Giant covalent structures (p.150)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.4 Giant covalent structures (p.150)

-It is the second

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.5 Properties of substances with giant covalent

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.5 Properties of substances with giant covalent

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

9.5 Properties of substances with giant covalent

with grains of quartz. Diamond is

9.5 Properties of substances with giant covalent

- thus these substances have high melting points.