Introduction

Aphid, (family Aphididae), also called plant

louse, greenfly, or ant cow, any of a group of sap-
sucking, soft-bodied insects (order Homoptera) that
are about the size of a pinhead, most species of which
have a pair of tubelike projections (cornicles) on the
abdomen. Aphids can be serious plant pests and may
stunt plant growth, produce plant galls, transmit 
plant virus diseases, and cause the deformation of
leaves, buds, and flowers.
Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Class Insecta
Order Hemiptera
Suborder Sternorrhyncha
Superfamily Aphidoidea
Family Aphididae
 Anatomy
Most aphids have soft bodies, which may be green, black, brown,
pink, or almost colorless. Aphids have antennae with two short,
broad basal segments and up to four slender terminal segments.
They have a pair of compound eyes, with an ocular tubercle behind
and above each eye, made up of three lenses (called
triommatidia).They feed on sap using sucking mouthparts called 
stylets, enclosed in a sheath called a rostrum, which is formed from
modifications of the mandible and maxilla of the insect mouthparts.
They have long, thin legs with two-jointed, two-clawed tarsi. The
majority of aphids are wingless, but winged forms are produced at
certain times of year in many species. Most aphids have a pair of
cornicles (siphunculi), abdominal tubes on the dorsal surface of
their fifth abdominal segment, through which they exude droplets of
a quick-hardening defensive fluid containing triacylglycerols, called
cornicle wax. Other defensive compounds can also be produced by
some species.[20] Aphids have a tail-like protrusion called a cauda
above their rectal apertures.
 Morphology
The aphids are insects whose body length, between 2
and 5 millimetres, spans three well differentiated
regions: the head, thorax and abdomen.
The head possesses a pair of antennae, compound 
eyes and the rostrum, the feeding organ.
The thorax carries three pairs of legs and, in the
alate forms, two pairs of wings.
The abdomen, showing light- to dark coloration and
with an elongate to rounded shape, is characterized
by the presence or absence of a pair of cornicles and
a cauda.
 Life Cycle
Aphids can follow two types of life cycle, holocyclic and
anholocyclic. Holocyclic species alternate between sexual and
parthenogenetic reproduction. Over-wintering eggs produced by
sexual reproduction hatch in the spring into wingless females.
These wingless females are known as fundatrices, are 
parthenogenetic (able to reproduce without fertilization) and hold
embryos in their bodies to give birth to live young (known as
viviparae). As the colony grows winged females known as alatae
may be produced, although they are unknown in some species.
Near autumn as the photoperiod shortens and temperature
decreases, male forms and egg-laying females (oviparae) are
produced. After mating, the oviparae lay fertilized eggs which
overwinter. In anholocyclic species there is no sexual
reproduction, only parthenogenetic repoduction. This is especially
common in warm climates where overwintering is unnecessary.
 Aphid's Habitat

There are numerous species of aphids found

throughout North America. These garden
pests are usually most active in the
springtime and decrease with a rise in outside
temperatures.
They live on plants, especially on the new
plant growth and buds, and the eggs can
survive the winter. Although aphids live in
colonies, they will move to other plants when
their host plant is dying or overpopulated.
 Transmission of diseases
The aphids feed on phloem sap, which weakens the plant and
causes a metabolic imbalance, twisting of the leaves and, in
extreme cases, causing leaf loss. Leaf loss affects the quantity and
quality of the final harvest. Aphids also introduce toxins into the
plant, systemically altering its development.
Furthermore, the honeydew secreted by the aphids is an ideal
culture medium for a range of various fungi, which form a barrier
on the leaf, stopping it from taking in all the light that hits it.
However, the most harmful effect of aphids is the transmission of
viruses. Aphids can transmit dozens of viruses from a diseased
plant to healthy one iin just a few seconds, especially the winged
generations. The biggest problem with viruses is that there is no
remedy for them, so the infection of a plant that is not tolerant or
resistant to the virus leads inevitably to a decline in the final
production.
References
http://
influentialpoints.com/aphid/Aphid-eggs_biology
_morphology.htm
https://
keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/sweetpotato/key/Swe
etpotato%20Diagnotes/Media/Html/TheProblem
s/Pest-SuckingInsects/Aphids/Aphids.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphid
http://
www.canna.com.au/aphids-pests-diseases
https://