MODULE-MAKING

WORKSHOP
(Plagiarism, APA Style and
Paraphrasing)
Presented by:

Mrs. Mary Ann Torres-Mariano

Language Coordinator
 What is
plagiarism?

Are you aware of

the consequences
once you
plagiarized?
 Many people think of plagiarism
as copying another's work or
borrowing someone else's
original ideas. But terms like
"copying" and "borrowing" can
disguise the seriousness of the
offense.
Think before
you write!
According to the Merriam-Webster
online dictionary, to "plagiarize" means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own;
to use (another's production) without crediting the source;
to commit literary theft; and
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing
source.
In other words, plagiarism is an act of
fraud. In involves both stealing
someone else’s work and lying about it
afterward.
But can words and ideas
really be stolen?
The expression of original ideas is
considered intellectual property and is
protected by copyright laws, just like
original inventions. Almost all forms of
expression fall under copyright protection
as long as they are recorded in some
way (such as a book or a computer file).
All of the following are
considered plagiarism:
turning in someone else's work as your own;
copying words or ideas from someone else without giving
credit;
failing to put a quotation in quotation marks;
giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation;
changing words but copying the sentence structure of a
source without giving credit; and
copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes
up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not
(see our section on "fair use" rules).
PLAGIARISM LAW
 However, the law may have
On October 3rd, the had a somewhat unintended
Philippines Cybercrime side effect - criminalizing
Prevention Act (RA some forms of plagiarism.
10175) took effect and,
with it, the
country instituted
The reason is that the new law
criminal penalties for a adds penalties to “special laws”
variety of online acts, under the country’s legal
including spamming, code, one of those special laws
is the Intellectual Property
identity theft and, most Code, which the nation’s
controversially, libel. copyright law is under.
This, according to Department of Justice, means
that plagiarism itself is not a crime but that
plagiarism that also amounts to copyright
infringement is. Such plagiarism now carries a
penalty of 3-6 years imprisonment and a fine of
P50,000 - P150,000 ($1,200 - $3,600), if
prosecuted under the law. 
 Forms of Plagiarism
Verbatim (word for word) quotation without clear
acknowledgement
Quotations must always be identified as such by the use of either quotation
marks or indentation, and with full referencing of the sources cited.
Cutting and pasting from the Internet without clear
acknowledgement
Information derived from the Internet must be adequately referenced and
included in the bibliography.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing the work of others by altering a few words and changing their
order, or by closely following the structure of their argument, is plagiarism if
you do not give due acknowledgement to the author whose work you are using.
Collusion
This can involve unauthorized collaboration between
students, failure to attribute assistance received, or failure
to follow precisely regulations on group work projects.
Inaccurate citation
It is important to cite correctly, according to the conventions
of your discipline. As well as listing your sources (i.e. in a
bibliography), you must indicate, using a footnote or an in-
text reference, where a quoted passage comes from.
Failure to acknowledge assistance
You must clearly acknowledge all assistance which has
contributed to the production of your work.
Use of material written by professional
agencies or other persons
You should neither make use of professional agencies in the
production of your work nor submit material which has been
written for you even with the consent of the person who has
written it.
Auto-plagiarism
You must not submit work for assessment that you have
already submitted (partially or in full), either for your
current course or for another qualification of this, or any
other, unless this is specifically provided for in the special
regulations for your course.
Frequently Asked-
Questions
 Why does plagiarism matter?
Plagiarism is a breach of academic integrity.
Plagiarism is unethical and can have serious consequences
for your future career; it also undermines the standards of
your institution and of the degrees it issues.
Why should you avoid plagiarism?
You should avoid plagiarism because you aspire to
produce work of the highest quality. Once you have
grasped the principles of source use and citation,
you should find it relatively straightforward to steer
clear of plagiarism. It demonstrates your
commitment to the principle of intellectual honesty
in scholarship.
Unintentional Plagiarism
Not all cases of plagiarism arise from a deliberate
intention to cheat. Sometimes students may omit
to take down citation details when taking notes,
or they may be genuinely ignorant of referencing
conventions. However, these excuses offer no
sure protection against a charge of plagiarism.
Even in cases where the plagiarism is found to
have been neither intentional nor reckless, there
may still be an academic penalty for poor
practice.
Examples of
Plagiarism
 Sample Source text:
Sample Source Text Plagiarised

 From a class perspective this put them [highwaymen]  Although they did not question the
in an ambivalent position. In aspiring to that proud, if inegalitarian hierarchy of their society,
temporary, status of ‘Gentleman of the Road’, they
did not question the inegalitarian hierarchy of their highwaymen became an essential part of
society. Yet their boldness of act and deed, in putting the oppositional culture of working-class
them outside the law as rebellious fugitives, revivified London, posing a serious threat to the
the ‘animal spirits’ of capitalism and became an
essential part of the oppositional culture of working-
formation of a biddable labour force.
class London, a serious obstacle to the formation of a
tractable, obedient labour force. Therefore, it was not
enough to hang them – the values they espoused or
represented had to be challenged.
 (Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged: Crime and Civil
Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991), p.
213. [You should give the reference in full the first
time you use it in a footnote; thereafter it is
acceptable to use an abbreviated version, e.g.
Linebaugh, The London Hanged, p. 213.]
 Sample Source text:
Sample Source Text Plagiarised

 From a class perspective this put them [highwaymen]  Although they did not question the
in an ambivalent position. In aspiring to that proud, if inegalitarian hierarchy of their society,
temporary, status of ‘Gentleman of the Road’, they
did not question the inegalitarian hierarchy of their highwaymen became an essential part of
society. Yet their boldness of act and deed, in putting the oppositional culture of working-class
them outside the law as rebellious fugitives, revivified London, posing a serious threat to the
the ‘animal spirits’ of capitalism and became an
essential part of the oppositional culture of working-
formation of a biddable labour force.
class London, a serious obstacle to the formation of a
tractable, obedient labour force. Therefore, it was not
enough to hang them – the values they espoused or
represented had to be challenged.
 (Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged: Crime and Civil
Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991), p.
213. [You should give the reference in full the first
time you use it in a footnote; thereafter it is
acceptable to use an abbreviated version, e.g.
Linebaugh, The London Hanged, p. 213.]
 Sample Source text:
Sample Source Text Plagiarised

 From a class perspective this put them [highwaymen]  Although they did not question the
in an ambivalent position. In aspiring to that proud, if inegalitarian hierarchy of their society,
temporary, status of ‘Gentleman of the Road’, they
did not question the inegalitarian hierarchy of their highwaymen exercised a powerful
society. Yet their boldness of act and deed, in putting attraction for the working classes. Some
them outside the law as rebellious fugitives, revivified historians believe that this hindered the
the ‘animal spirits’ of capitalism and became an
essential part of the oppositional culture of working-
development of a submissive workforce.
class London, a serious obstacle to the formation of a
tractable, obedient labour force. Therefore, it was not
enough to hang them – the values they espoused or
represented had to be challenged.
 (Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged: Crime and Civil
Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991), p.
213. [You should give the reference in full the first
time you use it in a footnote; thereafter it is
acceptable to use an abbreviated version, e.g.
Linebaugh, The London Hanged, p. 213.]
 Sample Source text:
Sample Source Text Plagiarised

 From a class perspective this put them [highwaymen]  Although they did not question the
in an ambivalent position. In aspiring to that proud, if inegalitarian hierarchy of their society,
temporary, status of ‘Gentleman of the Road’, they
did not question the inegalitarian hierarchy of their highwaymen exercised a powerful
society. Yet their boldness of act and deed, in putting attraction for the working classes. Some
them outside the law as rebellious fugitives, revivified historians believe that this hindered the
the ‘animal spirits’ of capitalism and became an
essential part of the oppositional culture of working-
development of a submissive workforce.
class London, a serious obstacle to the formation of a
tractable, obedient labour force. Therefore, it was not
enough to hang them – the values they espoused or
represented had to be challenged.
 (Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged: Crime and Civil
Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991), p.
213. [You should give the reference in full the first
time you use it in a footnote; thereafter it is
acceptable to use an abbreviated version, e.g.
Linebaugh, The London Hanged, p. 213.]
 Sample Source text:
Sample Source Text Non- Plagiarised

 From a class perspective this put them [highwaymen] Peter Linebaugh argues that although
in an ambivalent position. In aspiring to that proud, if highwaymen posed no overt challenge to
temporary, status of ‘Gentleman of the Road’, they
did not question the inegalitarian hierarchy of their social orthodoxy – they aspired to be
society. Yet their boldness of act and deed, in putting known as ‘Gentlemen of the Road’ – they
them outside the law as rebellious fugitives, revivified were often seen as anti-hero role models
the ‘animal spirits’ of capitalism and became an
essential part of the oppositional culture of working-
by the unruly working classes. He
class London, a serious obstacle to the formation of a concludes that they were executed not
tractable, obedient labour force. Therefore, it was not only for their criminal acts, but in order to
enough to hang them – the values they espoused or stamp out the threat of insubordinacy.
represented had to be challenged.
 (Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged: Crime and Civil
Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991), p.
213. [You should give the reference in full the first
time you use it in a footnote; thereafter it is
acceptable to use an abbreviated version, e.g.
Linebaugh, The London Hanged, p. 213.]
 Sample Source text:
Sample Source Text Non- Plagiarised

 From a class perspective this put them [highwaymen] Peter Linebaugh argues that highwaymen
in an ambivalent position. In aspiring to that proud, if represented a powerful challenge to the
temporary, status of ‘Gentleman of the Road’, they
did not question the inegalitarian hierarchy of their mores of capitalist society and inspired the
society. Yet their boldness of act and deed, in putting rebelliousness of London’s working class.
them outside the law as rebellious fugitives, revivified
the ‘animal spirits’ of capitalism and became an
essential part of the oppositional culture of working-
1 Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged:
class London, a serious obstacle to the formation of a Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth
tractable, obedient labour force. Therefore, it was not Century (London, 1991), p. 213.
enough to hang them – the values they espoused or
represented had to be challenged.
 (Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged: Crime and Civil
Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991), p.
213. [You should give the reference in full the first
time you use it in a footnote; thereafter it is
acceptable to use an abbreviated version, e.g.
Linebaugh, The London Hanged, p. 213.]
 APA CITATION
GUIDELINES 6th
EDITION AND MOST
NOTABLE CHANGES
IN 7TH EDITION
SOURCE: This citation guide is based on the 6th edition of the APA Manual. The latest edition, published in
October 2019, is not yet supported, but we have compiled a quick guide to 
the most important 7th edition changes.
Smith, P. (2019, April 18). Citing Sources in APA Format. Retrieved April 21, 2019, from
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/
APA style is one of the most
common formats for citing
sources Other well known citation
styles include MLA and Chicago. 
In October 2019, the APA
introduced the 7th edition of the
APA Publication Manual, which
replaces the 6th edition published
in 2009.
APA style citations consist of two
parts:
In text Citation: A brief citation in parentheses when
you mention a source, citing the author’s last name and the
year of publication, e.g. (Smith, 2019). It identifies the full
source in the reference list.
Reference List Entry: Full publication details listed
on the reference page, which appears at the end of your
paper. The reference provides all the information needed to
find the source, e.g. Smith, P. (2019, April 18). Citing
Sources in APA Format. Retrieved April 21, 2019, from
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/
1. In-text
Citations
 APA Referencing Basics:
In-Text Citation
In-text citations are citations within the main body of the
text and refer to a direct quote or paraphrase. They
correspond to a reference in the main reference list. These
citations include the surname of the author and date of
publication only. Using an example author James Mitchell,
this takes the form:

Mitchell (2017) states… Or …(Mitchell, 2017).

The structure of this changes depending
on whether a direct quote or
parenthetical used:

Direct Quote: The citation must follow the

quote directly and contain a page number after the
date, for example (Mitchell, 2017, p.104). This rule
holds for all of the variations listed.
Parenthetical: The page number is not needed.
 2 Authors
When there are two authors, separate their last names with an ampersand (&), or with
the word ‘and’ when they appear in the running text.

 Research shows that there is a great need for … (Reynolds & Thomas, 2014).
 Reynolds and Thomas (2014) write that there is a great need for …

The surname of both authors is stated with either ‘and’ or an ampersand between. For
example:

 Mitchell and Smith (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell & Smith, 2017).

 3-5 Authors
When there are three or more authors, separate their last names using commas. The last
two authors’ last names should be separated by both a comma and an ampersand.

 Recent research suggests that there is … (McGuire, Morrison, Reynolds, & Thomas, 2014).
 McGuire, Morrison, Reynolds, and Thomas (2014) argue that …

If you cite the same source again, to save space, you shorten the citation. Instead of
including all the authors’ names, include only the first author, followed by “et al.”
(meaning “and others”).

 In this research, many participants made use of … (McGuire et al., 2014).

 McGuire et al. (2014) noticed that …
 6 or more authors
If a source has six or more authors, use the shortened
version from the first citation.
Lunott et al. (2015) discuss the …

Only the first author’s surname should be stated followed

by et al, see the above example.
 Organization as author
When a source does not list an individual author, it
can often be attributed to an organization instead.
According to new research … (Microsoft, 2014).
 No Authors
If the author is unknown, the first few words of the reference should
be used. This is usually the title of the source.
If this is the title of a book, periodical, brochure or report, is should
be italicized. For example:

(A guide to citation, 2017).

If this is the title of an article, chapter or web page, it should be in
quotation marks. For example:
(“APA Citation”, 2017).
 Quotes
When you quote a source, you also have to add the
page number to the in-text citation.

According to the company’s business plan, “making

an APA Citation Generator is a lot of work, but many
students benefit from it” (Swan, 2014, p. 5).
 Multiple sources in one
citation
Sometimes, it’s necessary to cite multiple sources
in one sentence. You can combine them into one set
of parentheses, separated by semicolons.

Various studies show that … (Docker & Vagrant,

2002; Porter, 1997; Lima, Swan, & Corrieri, 2012).
 Citing Authors With Multiple
Works From One Year
Works should be cited with a, b, c etc following the
date. These letters are assigned within the
reference list, which is sorted alphabetically by the
surname of the first author. For example:

(Mitchell, 2017a) Or (Mitchell, 2017b).

 Citing Multiple Works in One
Parentheses
If these works are by the same author, the surname is stated
once followed by the dates in order chronologically. For
instance:
Mitchell (2007, 2013, 2017) Or (Mitchell, 2007, 2013, 2017)

If these works are by multiple authors then the references

are ordered alphabetically by the first author separated by a
semicolon as follows:
(Mitchell  & Smith 2017; Thomson, Coyne, & Davis, 2015).
2. Reference
List
 APA Referencing Basics:
REFERENCE LIST
 A reference list is a complete list of references used in a piece of
writing including the author name, date of publication, title and more.
An APA reference list must:
Be on a new page at the end of the document
Be centered
Be alphabetically by name of first author (or title if the author isn’t
known, in this case a, an and the should be ignored)
Contain full references for all in-text references used
 How to Cite
Different
Source Types
In-text citation doesn’t vary depending
on source type, unless the author is
unknown.
Reference list citations are highly
variable depending on the source.
APA 7 Edition changes:
th

 The publisher location is no longer included in the

reference.
 Example:
OLD
 Covey, S.R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people:
Powerful lessons in personal change. New York, NY: Simon &
Schuster.
NEW
 Covey, S.R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people:
Powerful lessons in personal change. Simon & Schuster.
 6th Edition: How to Cite a Book (Title, not
chapter) in APA Format
Book referencing is the most basic style; it matches the template above, minus the URL section. So the
basic format of a book reference is as follows:

Book referencing examples:

 Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation. London, England: My
Publisher
 Jones, A.F & Wang, L. (2011). Spectacular creatures: The Amazon rainforest (2nd ed.). San Jose,
Costa Rica: My Publisher
 6th Edition: How to Cite an Edited
Book in APA Format
This reference format is very similar to the book format apart from one extra inclusion:
(Ed(s)). The basic format is as follows:

Edited book example:

Williams, S.T. (Ed.). (2015). Referencing: A guide to citation rules (3rd ed.). New York,
NY: My Publisher
 6th Edition: How to Cite a Chapter
in an Edited Book in APA Format
Edited books are collations of chapters written by different authors. To reference a single
chapter, a different format is needed. The basic structure is as follows:

Edited book chapter example:

In the following example, B.N. Troy is the author of the chapter and S.T. Williams is the
editor.
Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to citation
rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). New York, NY: Publishers.
APA 7th Edition changes:
URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved
from,” unless a retrieval date is needed.
The website name is included (unless it’s
the same as author) and web page titles are
italicized.
 6th Edition: How to Cite an E-
Book in APA Format
 An E-Book reference is the same as a book reference expect the
publisher is swapped for a URL. The basic structure is as follows:
 Author surname, initial(s) (Ed(s).*). (Year). Title (ed.*). URL
 *optional.
 E-Book example:
 Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to
citation. Https://www.mendeley.com/reference-
management/reference-manager
 6th Edition: How to Cite an E-
Book Chapter in APA Format
 This follows the same structure as an edited book chapter reference
except the publisher is exchanged for a URL. The structure is as
follows:
 Last name of the chapter author, initial(s). (Year). Chapter title. In
editor initial(s), surname (Ed.). Title (ed., pp.chapter page range).
Retrieved from URL
 E-Book chapter example:
 Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to
citation rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95).
Https://www.mendeley.com/reference-
 6th Edition: How to Cite a Journal
Article in Print or Online in APA Format
Articles differ from book citations in that the publisher and publisher location are not included. For journal
articles, these are replaced with the journal title, volume number, issue number and page number. The
basic structure is:

Journal Article Examples:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley Journal, 67(2), 81-95
Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley Journal, 67(2), 81-95. https
://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager
 6th Edition: How to Cite a Newspaper
Articles in Print or Online in APA Format
 The basic structure is as follows:
 Author surname, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title. Title of
Newspaper, column/section, p. or pp. URL*
 **Only include if the article is online.
 Note: the date includes the year, month and date.

 Newspaper Articles Example:

 Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Changes to citation formats shake the research
world. The Mendeley Telegraph, Research News, pp.9.
https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-
manager
6th Edition: How to Cite Magazine Articles
in Print or Online in APA Format
 The basic structure is as follows:
 Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Title of
the Magazine, pp.

 Magazine Article Example:

 Mitchell, J.A. (2017). How citation changed the research
world. The Mendeley, pp. 26-28
6th Edition: How to Cite an Image in APA Format

The basic format to cite an image is:

Image Example:
Millais, J.E. (1851-1852). Ophelia [painting]. Retrieved from 
www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/millais-ophelia-n01506
6th Edition: How to Cite a Film in
APA Format
 The basic format of a film citation is:
 Producer surname, initial (Producer), & Director surname,
initial (Director). (Year of Release). Title of film [Motion
Picture]. Country of Origin: Studio.

 Film Example:
 Hitchcock, A. (Producer), & Hitchcock, A. (1954) Rear
window. United States of America: Paramount Pictures.
 6th Edition: How to Cite a TV
Programme in APA Format
 The basic format is as follows:
 Writer surname, initial(s) (Writer), & Director surname, initial(s)
(Director). (Year of Release). Episode title [Television series episode].
In Executive producer surname, initial(s) (Executive Producer), TV
series name. City, State of original channel: Network, Studio or
Distributor

 TV Programme Example:
 Catlin, M., and Walley-Beckett, Moire (Writers), & Johnson, R
(Director). (2010). Fly [Television series episode]. In Schnauz, T.
(Executive Producer). Breaking bad. Culver
6th Edition: How to Cite a Song in APA Format
The basic format to cite a song in APA format is as follows:

Song Example:
Beyonce, Diplo, MNEK, Koenig, E., Haynie, E., Tillman, J., and Rhoden,
S.M. (2016) Hold up [Recorded by Beyonce]. On Lemonade [visual
album]. New York, NY: Parkwood Records (August 16)
 6th Edition: How to Cite a
Website in APA Format
 When citing a website, the basic structure is as follows:
 Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. URL

 Website example:
 Mitchell, J.A. (2017, May 21). How and when to reference.
https://www.howandwhentoreference.com.
Additional:
 Surnames and initial up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in the
reference list.
APA Formatting
for Papers
There are certain formatting rules you
must adhere to when writing a paper in
APA format.

 The basic requirements are:

 Times New Roman 12 pt
 Double line spacing
 One-inch (2.54 cm) margin
 Increased flexibility regarding fonts: options include
Calibri 11, Arial 11, Lucida Sans Unicode 10, Times
New Roman 12, and Georgia 11.
Paraphrasing
 Involves taking a passage – either spoken or written – and
rewording it.
 It is important to keep the original meaning so that the facts
remain intact.
 Basically, you are writing something in your own words that
still expresses the original idea.
 You must cite the source of your information.
Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay, and they
can consume 75 pounds of food a day.
Paraphrase: A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds
of Acacia leaves and hay daily.
Main changes during the
paraphrasing process:
Early in the series = first season
Greatest threat – more threatened
His kids click through Web sites – his children
are surfing from the Web
If the wording, or even the sentence
structure, of the paraphrased text is too
close to the wording of the original
content, it will look like you are trying to
pass off someone else’s words as your
own.