ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I

DIPLOMA COURSE IN ENGINEERING

FIRST SEMESTER

A Publication under
Government of Tamilnadu
Distribution of Free Textbook
Programme
(NOT FOR SALE)

Untouchability is a sin
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DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU
Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition – 2015

Thiru.
PRAVEE
N
KUMAR
I.A.S
Principal Secretary / Commissioner of Technical Education
Directorate of Technical Education
Guindy, Chennai- 600025

Dr. K SUNDARAMOORTHY M.E., Phd.,

Additional Director of Technical Education (Polytechnics)
Co-ordinator Directorate of Technical EducationConvener
Er. R.SORNAKUMAR M.E., Guindy, Chennai- 600025 Thiru P.L.SANKAR
Principal Lecturer (S.G) / Mathematics
Dr. Dharmambal Government Rajagopal Polytechnic College
Polytechnic College for Women Gudiyatham
Tharamani, Chennai—113
Reviewer
Prof. Dr. E. THANDAPANI
UGC EMERITUS FELLOW
Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics
University of Madras, Chennai 600 005

Authors
Thiru M.RAMALINGAM THIRU.V. SRINIVASAN
Lecturer (Sr.Gr) / Mathematics Lecturer (S.G) / Mathematics Arasan
Bharathiyar Centenary Memorial Ganesan Polytechnic College
Polytechnic College Sivakasi
Ettayapuram

Thirumathi R.S.SUGANTHI Thiru K.NITHYANANDAM

Lecturer/Mathematics HOD/Mathematics
Government Polytechnic College Adhiparasakthi Polytechnic College
Krishnagiri Melmaruvathur

Thiru B.R. NARASIMHAN Thirumathi N.KANCHANDEVEI

Lecturer (S.G)/Mathematics Lecturer / Mathematics
Arulmigu Palaniandavar Polytechnic Rajagopal Polytechnic College
College, Palani. Gudiyatham

This book has been prepared by the Directorate of Technical Education

This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M Paper
Through the Tamil Nadu Text book and Educational Services Corporation

ii
 FOREWORD

We take great pleasure in presenting this book of mathematics to the students

of polytechnic colleges. This book is prepared in accordance with the new syllabus
under ‘M” scheme framed by the Directorate of Technical Education, Chennai.
This book has been prepared keeping in mind, the aptitude and attitude of the
students and modern method of education. The lucid manner in which the concepts
are explained, make the teaching and learning process more easy and effective.
Each chapter in this book is prepared with strenuous efforts to present the
principles of the subject in the most easy to understand and the most easy to
workout manner.
Each chapter is presented with an introduction, definitions, theorems,
explanation, solved examples and exercises given are for better understanding of
concepts and in the exercises, problems have been given in view of enough
practice for mastering the concept.
We hope that this book serve the purpose keeping in mind the changing needs of
the society to make it lively and vibrating. The language used is very clear and simple
which is up to the level of comprehension of students.
We extend our deep sense of gratitude to
Thiru. R. Sornakumar Coordinator and Principal, Dr.
Dharmambal Government Polytechnic College for women, Chennai
and to Thiru P.L. Sankar,Convener and
Lecturer / SG, Rajagopal Polytechnic College,
Gudiyattam who took sincere efforts in preparing
and reviewing this book.
Valuable suggestions and constructive criticisms for improvement of this
book will be thankfully acknowledged.

AUTHORS

iii
 30012 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – I
DETAILED SYLLABUS

UNIT—I: ALGEBRA
Chapter - 1.1 DETERMINANTS

7 Hrs.
Definition and expansion of determinants of order 2 and 3.
Properties of determinants (not
for examination). Solution of simultaneous equations using Cramer’s rule (in 2 and 3
unknowns) - Simple Problems.
Chapter - 1.2 MATRICES 7 Hrs.
Definition –Singular Matrix, Non-singular Matrix, Adjoint of a matrix and Inverse of a
matrix up-to
Chapter 1.33 xBINOMIAL
3 only. Simple Problems. Definition – Rank of a matrix. Finding rank8 of
THEOREM a
Hrs.
Definition of Factorial notation - Definition of Permutation and Combinations
matrix by determinant method (matrix of order 3 x 4) Simple Problems. – values of

nPr and nCr (results only) [not for examination]. Binomial theorem for
positive integral
n index (statement only) - Expansion - Finding of general term,
middle term,

coefficient of x and term independent of x. Simple Problems. Binomial Theorem for

rational index up to - 3 (statement only), Expansions only for - 1, - 2 and - 3.
UNIT—II: COMPLEX NUMBERS
Chapter - 2.1 ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS 8 Hrs.
Definition – Real and Imaginary parts, Conjugates, Modulus and amplitude form, Polar form
of a complex number, multiplication and division of complex numbers (geometrical proof not
needed)– Simple Problems .Argand Diagram – Collinear points, four points form- ing
square, rectangle, rhombus and parallelogram only . Simple Problems.
Chapter - 2.2 DE MOIVER’S THEOREM 7 Hrs.
Demoivre’s Theorem (statement only) – related simple problems.
Chapter - 2.3 ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS 7 Hrs.

Finding the n th roots of unity - solving equation of the form x n  1  0 where

n 7
. Simple Problems.
UNIT– III: TRIGONOMETRY
Chapter – 3.1 COMPOUND ANGLES 8 Hrs.
sin(A  B) cos(A  B) tan(A 
Expansion of B) [without proof] .
Problems using above expansions., and
Chapter - 3.2 MULTIPLE ANGLES 7 Hrs.
Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles of 2A and 3A and sub multiple angles. Simple
Problems.
Chapter - 3.3 SUM AND PRODUCT FORMULAE 7 Hrs.
Trigonometrical ratios of sum and product formulae. Simple Problems.
iv
UNIT—IV INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS – I
Chapter - 4.1 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 7 Hrs.
Definition of inverse trigonometric ratios – Relation between inverse trigonometric ratios.
Simple Problems.
Chapter - 4.2 LIMITS 7 Hrs.
Definition of Limits. Problems using the following results:

xn  an sin 
lim n 1 lim 1
x x  a  na  0 
(i) (ii) and
a
tan 
lim 1
 0  
(iii) ( - in radians) (results only) . Simple Problems.

Chapter - 4.3 DIFFERENTIATION 8 Hrs.

cos x tan x cosec x secx
Definition – Differentiation of x n , sin x , , , ,
,
u
cot x log x ex uv uv uvw (v  0)
, , , , , , v (results only). Simple
problems using the above results.
UNIT—V DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS – II
Chapter – 5.1 DIFFERENTIATION METHODS 8 Hrs.
Differentiation of function functions (chain rule), Inverse Trigonometric functions and
Implicit functions. Simple Problems.
Chapter - 5.2 SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION 7 Hrs.
Successive differentiation up to second order (parametric form not included). Definition of
differential equation, order and degree, formation of differential equation. Simple Problems.

Chapter - 5.3 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 7 Hrs.

Definition – Partial differentiation of two variables up to second order only. Simple
Problems.

v
NOTES

vi
 UNIT – I

1.DETERMINANTS: Definition and expansion of determinants of order 2 and 3. Properties of

determinants (nor for examination). Solution of simultaneous equations using Cramer’s rule (in 2 and
3 unknowns)-Simple Problems
2.MATRICES: Definition - Singular Matrix, Non-singular Matrix, Ad joint of a matrix and inverse of
a matrix up to 3 × 3 only. Simple problems. Definition – Rank of a matrix. Finding rank of a matrix by
determinant method (matrix of order 3 × 4)
3.BINOMIAL THEOREM: Definition of Factorial notation - Definition of Permutation and
Combinations - values of nPr and nCr (results only) (not for examination). Binomial theorem for
positive integral index (statement only) - Expansion - Finding of general term, coefficient of xn
and
term independent of x. Simple Problems. Binomial Theorem for rational index up to - 3 (statement
only). Expansion only for - 1, - 2 and - 3.

1.1 DETERMINANTS

Definition:
Determinantais1 a square arrangement of numbers (real or complex) within two vertical lines.
Example
b1
:
a 2 b2
Order:
a1
A= , consisting of two rows and two columns is called a determinant of second order.
a b2
The b2
value of the1 determinant is  = a b – a b .
1 2 2 1

2 –5
Example: Let A =
1 3
| A | = (2) (3) –(1) (– 5)
|A| = 6 + 5
i.e  = 11
Determinant of third order.
a1 b1 c1
The expression a 2 b2 c2 consisting of three rows and three columns is called a determinant
a3 b3 c of
third order. 3

The value of the determinant is obtained by expanding the determinant through any row or
column with proper sign attached starting from a1, the first row first column elements, we will have
positive and negative sign alternately.
2 � Engineering Mathematics-I

 – 
1 –1 3
–  –
Example: 0 4 2 expand thorugh first
row.
 – 
11 5 –3

2 0 4
4 0
15 –3 2  3 11 5
– (–1)
11––3
= 1 (– 12 – 10) + 1 (0 22) + 3 (0 – 44)
= – 22 – 22 – 132
= – 176
Minor of an element:
Minor of an element is a determinant obtained by deleting the row and column in which that
element occurs.
Example:
1 –1 3
0 4 2
11 5 –3

0 2
Minor of –1=  0 – 22  –22
11 –3
–1 3
Minor of 0 =  3 – 15  –
5 – 12
3
Co-factor of an element:
Minor of an element with proper sign attached is called co-factor of that
element. Example:
 – 
3 –2 1
2 0 –3
4 5 11

2 –3
Co factor of –2 = –  –[(22) 
4 11 12]
 –34
3 1
Co factor of 0 = +
4 11
  (33 – 4)
  29
Note: The sign for the element aij is (–1)
i+j
 Algebra � 3

Properties of determinant:
Property (1):
The value of the determinant is unaltered by changing rows into columns and vice versa.
a1 b1 a 2 a3
c1 a1 b2 b3
(i.e) a 2 b2 c2  c2 c3
b1 a 3
Property (2): b3 c3
c
If any two rows or columns
1
of a determinant are interchanged then the value of the determinant is
changed in its sign only.
a1 b1 b2 c2
c1 b1
a 2 (i.e) a 2 c1
b c3
By notation R1b↔
2 R2 c 2  – 3
[Generallya1the
a 3 rows
b3 and columns
c3 are denoted by R1, R2 ...... and C1, C2 ...... respectively]
a3
Property (3):
If any two rows or columns of a determinant are identical or same, then the value of the
determinant is zero.
a1 b1 c1
(i.e) a1 b1 c1  0 R1  R 2
a3 b3 c3

Property (4):
If each element of a row or column of a determinant is multiplied by any constant k ≠ 0, then the
value of the determinant is multiplied by same constant k.
Property (5):
If each element of a row or column is expressed as the sum of two elements then the determinant
can be expressed as the sum of two determinant of the same order.
a1  d1 b1  d2 c1  d3 a 2
i.e b2 c2
.
a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1 d1 d 2 d3
 a2 b 2 c2  a 2
b2 c2 a 3
b3 c3
a3 b3
c3

Property (6): a  ka b  kb c  kc a
1 2 1 2 1 2 2

i.e. b2 c2
Any determinant is unaltered when each elements of any row or column is added by the
a any parallel
equimultiples of b 3 c or column.
row 3 3

a1 b1 c1 ka 2 kb 2 kc2
 a2 b2 c2  a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1
 a2 b2 c2  k(0)
a3 b3 c3
4� Engineering Mathematics-I

Property (7):
In a given determinant if two rows or column are identical for a = b, then (a – b) is a factor of the
determinant.
1 1
1
i.e for a = b
a b
c
a2 b2
c2

1 1
0 1 c1  c 2
 b b
∴ (a – b) is a factor.
c
Solution of simultaneous
b2 b2 equations using Cramer’s rule:
2
c
Consider the linear
equations a1x + b1y =
c1
a2x + b2let c2 a 1
y == ; x 
c1
and
b1 b1
a1a 2 b2 c1 c 2 b x y
y = , then x 2= ;y
a2 c2  

Provided Δ ≠ 0.
x, y are unique solutions of the given equations. This method of solving the line equations is called
Cramer’s rule.
Similarly for a set of three simultaneous linear equations in x, y
and z. a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 z = d 2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3, the solution of the system of equations by
Cramer’s rule is given by
x y z
x ;y ;and z =
  
provided Δ ≠ 0. Where Δ, Δx, Δy and Δz are the determinents formed in the same way as defined
above.
WORKED EXAMPLES
x PART – A
1. Solve 4
9 0.
x
Solution:
x
4
9  0 By expanding we have
x2x– 36 = 0
i.e x2 = 36
∴ x=±6
 Algebra � 5

x2
2. Solve 0
3x
Solution: x
x 2
0
x
3x
expand 3x2 – 2x = 0

x (3x – 2) = 0

x=0; 3x – 2 = 3x = 2
0
2
x = 0 or x  3
1

2
7

1 0 0
3. FindCofactor of 3 =ofA22
3=in(–1)
2+2
the co-factor the determinant
5 7 –1 3 4 .
= (– 1)4 [7 –0]
Solution: 5 6
=+7
1 –2 –1
4. Write down the minor 3 in the determinant 3 4
– 4 = 0.
Solution: 5 0 2

–2 –1
The minor of 3 = =–4–0
0 2
=–4
PART – B
m 2
1. Find the value of ‘m’ when 1 = 0.
Solution: 3 4
2
m 2 1 –7 3 0
Given
3 4 2=0
–7 3 0
expand along R1, we have
m (0 – 6) – 2 (0 + 14) + 1 (9 + 28) = 0
– 6m – 28 + 37 = 0
– 6m + 9 = 0
– 6m = – 9
6m = 9
9 3
m  6 2
6� Engineering Mathematics-I

2. Using Cramer’s rule solve 2x – 3y = 5 ; x – 4y = 8.

Solution:
2x – 3y = 5
x – 4y = 8.
–3
2
where  1 –4
=–8+3=–5
–3
5
x  8
– 4 = –20 + 24 = 4
25
y 
1 8 = 16 – 5 = 11
By Cramer’s rule

x 4 y 11 –11
x    –5; y   –5 5

x 6
3. Find the values of ‘x’ when 3 = 0.
Solution: 1 x
1
x 6 –2 4 x
3 =0
1 x
1
x–2
(x2 –44) –x 6 (x + 2) + 3 (4 + 2x) = 0
x3 – 4x – 6x – 12 + 12 + 6x = 0
x3 – 4x = 0
x (x2 – 4) = 0
x = 0, x2 – 4 = 0 x2 = 4
x = 0, x = ±2

PART –C
1. Using Cramer’s rule. Solve the following simultaneous equations,
x+y+z=2
2x – y – 2z = – 1
x – 2y – z = 1
Solution:
1

1 –2 = 1 (1 –4) – 1 (– 2 + 2) + 1 (– 4 + 1)

= 1 (–1 3) – 1 (0) + 1 (– 3)
Let =–=3 2– 3 –1
Δ = – 6 1≠ 0

–2

–1
 Algebra � 7

2 1 1
x = –1 –1 –2  2 (1 – 4) – 1(1 2) 
1(2  1)
 2 1(–3)–2 –1 
– 1 (3)
1(3)
 – 6 – 3 3
x  – 6
1 2 1
y = 2 –1 –2  1 (1 2) – 2 (–2  2)  1 (2  1)
1 1 –1
 1 (3) – 2 (0) 
1(3)
 3 3
y  6
1 1 2
z = 2 –1 –1  1 (–1 – 2) – 1 (2  1)  2 (–
4  1)
 11(–3)–2– 1 1(3)  2(–
3)
 –3 – 3 – 6
z  –12
x –6
x    –6 1
y 6 z –12
y   –1 ; z=  2
 –6  –6
8 � Engineering Mathematics-I

1 . 2 MATRICES
Introduction:
The term matrix was first introduced by a French mathematician CAYLEY in the year 1857. The
theory of matrices is one of the powerful tools of mathematics not only in the field of higher math-
ematics but also in other branches such as applied sciences, nuclear physics, statistics, economics and
eletrical circuits.
Definition:
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in delete rows and columns enclosed by
brackets.
Example:
1
 2 0
 1 2 ; 2) B = – 5 6
1) A =   3 4  7

 1
Order of a matrix:
If there are ‘m’ rows and ‘n’0columns in a matrix, then the order of the matrix is m × n (read as m
by n).
8
a a2 a3 
Example: A   11
 b b b3
2

The above matrix

A has two rows and three columns. We say that A is a matrix of order 2 ×
3.
Types of matrices:
(1) Row matrix:
A matrix having only one row and any number of columns is called a row
matrix. Example: A = (1 2 – 3)
(2) Column matrix:
A matrix having only one column and any number of rows is called a column
matrix.
Example: B   –1 
(3) Square matrix: 5 3 
A matrix which has equal number of rows and columns is called a square
matrix.
 2 –1 0 
Example: C   3 4 –2 is a square matrix of order 3.
1 5 6
(4) Null matrix (or) Zero matrix:
If all the elements of a matrix are zero, the matrix is called zero or null
matrix.
0
 0
0 0
0
0

0

Example : O =  0 0
 Algebra � 9

(5) Diagonal matrix:

A square matrix with all the elements equal to zero except those in the leading diagonal is called a
diagonal matrix.
0
 –1 0
Example : D =  0
3 0


(6) Unit matrix: 0
Unit matrix is a square matrix in which the diagonal elements are all ones and all the other
elements are zeros.0
0
2
1 0
Example : I =  0 1
 0

 0
(7) Determinant of a matrix:
0
Let ‘A’ be a square matrix. The determinant formed by the elements of A is said to be the
determinant of matrix A. This is denoted by | A |.
1
(8) Singular and Non-Singular matrix:
A square matrix ‘A’ is called a singular matrix if |A| = 0. If | A | ≠ 0, then the matrix A is called a
non-singular matrix.
(9) Transpose of a matrix:
If the rows and columns of a matrix are interchanged, then the resultant matrix is called the
transpose of the given matrix. It is denoted by AT.
Algebra of Matrices:
(1) Addition and Subtraction of matrices:
If A and B are any two matrices of the same order, then their sum or difference i.e A + B or A – B
is of the same order, and is obtained by adding or subtracting the corresponding elements of A and B.
Example:

4 3 2 1  then
If A =  ; B=
 –1 0  –3 –4
42 3 1 6 4
A+B=   – and
 
 –1 – 3 0 – 4  –
4 4 
 –2 –1
A – B = A + (– B) – B =
 3 4
4–2 3 –1  2 2
= 

 –1 3 0  4  2 4

(2) Multiplication of matrices:

Two matrices A and B are conformable for multiplication if and only if the number of columns in
A is equal to the number of rows in B.
Note : If A is of order m × n and B is of order n × p matrices, then AB exists and is of order m
× p.
10 � Engineering Mathematics-I

Example:

2 3  –1 2
1  
If A =   3 0 2  and B = 3 4  then
4 –
3
–1 2 

1 2 3 
AB =  
 3 4 
 3 0 2   4 –3 

 1 2 3 –1 1 2 3 2 

  3 4 
 4 –3 
 
 3 0 2 –1 3 0 2 2
 
 3 4
 4 –3 
 
 –1 6  12 2  8 – 9

 –3 0 
60–
817 1 6 

AB  
 5
0 AB ≠ BA
Generally
Co-factor matrix:
In a matrix, if all the elements are replaced by the corresponding co-factors of the elements, then
the matrix obtained is called the co-factor matrix.

1 – 4
Example : If A =
 8
Co-factor of – 4 is – 8
Co-factor of 3 is 1
3 
 3 –8
Co-factor
∴ of 1matrix
Co-factor is + 3 is  1

Adjoint (or) of
Co-factor Adjugate
8 is 4 matrix: 
The4 transpose of the co-factor matrix is called the adjoint matrix or adjugate matrix. It is denoted
by Adj.A

1 –4  3 –8
Exmaple: From the above matrix A    and the co-factor matrix of A is  , the adjoint
8 3   4 1
of A is 
3 4
 –8 . 
1
Inverse of a matrix:
Let A be a non-singular square matrix. If there exists a square matrix B, such that AB = BA = I,
where I is the unit matrix of the same order as that of A, then B is called the inverse of A and it is
denoted by A–1. This can be determined by using the formula.
1
A –1  | A|(adj A)
 Algebra � 11

Note:
1. If | A | = 0, then there is no inverse for the matrix A.
2. A–1A = AA–1 = I
3. (AB)–1 = B–1A–1
4. (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
Rank of a matrix:
Let ‘A’ be any m × n matrix. It has square sub-matrices of different orders. The order of the largest
square submtrix of A whose determinant has a non-zero value is known as the rank of the matrix A.
Generally the rank is denoted by ρ(A), ρ(A) is always minimum of m and n.
Note:
The rank of a matrix is said to be r if
1) It has atleast one non zero minor of order r.
2) Every minor of A of order higher than r is zero.
Example:
1 5
1. Find the rank of the matrix 6
4 .
Solution: 2 3
–1 2 2
1 5
Let A = 6
2 3
4
| A | = 1 (6 – 8) – 5 (4 + 4) + 6 (4 + 3)
–1 2 2
= 1 (– 2) – 5 (8) + 6 (7)
= – 2 – 40 + 42
|A|= 0
consider the determinant of the second
order
1
5
2 3  –7  0
Hence the rank of A is 2.
i.e ρ(A) = 2
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
6
0 2 3 3
1. If A   find A + B.
Solution: 7 45

 2 1 4 ; B  
0 2 3  7 6
A B 1
3
 0  7 2  6  3 3
  2 1 4  14 5
 2  1 4 4
1 7 8 5

A B  
3 5
6

9
12 � Engineering Mathematics-I

2
1 3 1 find A – B.
2. If A  ;B
  3 4   4
Solution:
3 
 1 3 –  1 2
A – B 
 3 4    4


31 –1 3 –

2
 0 1
A – B  
 –1
 3– 4 4–
3
1
 2 –1
3. Prove that the matrix  is singular.
Solution:  4 –
2 
2 –1
Let A = 
 4 –
2  –1
| A| 2
 4 –2

=–4+4

|A|= ∴ A is
0 singular.
– 4
4. Find the rank of 
3 .
 –6 8
Solution:

3 – 4
Let A =
 –6 8 

3
Now, | A | = – 6 8 = 24 – 24 = ∴ ρ (A) ≠
0.
Since each element 2
–4 of A is non
zero, ρ (A) = 1.

1 2
5. Find the rank of
Solution:

2 3 1 2
1 3
Let A =   and let the sub matrix of A = B = 4

 4 5 5
4
5
1  26 .
|B|= 6
4 5=5–8=–3≠0
∴ ρ (A) =
2
 Algebra � 13

PART – B
4
2 3 0  3 –1 find 3A – 2B.
1. If A   ;B
 5 2 –  2 6
Solution:
1  7 
2 3 0 3
3A – 2B  3
–1 
–1 4
2 –2
 5 2 6
15
7
6–6 92 0–8

15 – 4 6 – 12 –3 –
6 9 0   6 –2
 11  – 
0 14
3A – 2B 8 

11 –6
–8 
6  2 –1 –3  4
–17 find f(A).
2. If f(x) = 4x + 2 and A12= 14
Solution:  0 3

f(A) = 4A + 2
= 4A + 2I

2 –1  1
 4   2
0

 0 12   0
0 3 0
2
10 1
f (A) 
8 – 4  2
–4 
0
 –2
1 0
 14the matrix  2
3. Find the value of‘a’0so that  a  4 is
Solution:  1
2 singular. 1
 1 –2 0
Let A =  2 a 4 . The matrix is singular, then | A | = 0.
 
2 1 1
1 –2 0
i.e 2 a 4 0
2 1 1

expanding through first row

1 (a – 4) + 2 (2 – 8) + 0 = 0
a – 4 + 2 (– 6) = 0
a – 4 – 12 = 0
a – 16 = 0
a = 16
14 � Engineering Mathematics-I

 1 0  0 3
4. If A    and B    find AB.
 2 1  2 4
Solution:

 1 0  0 3
AB  
 2 1   2
 0  04 3 0  0 3
AB  
  0  2 6  4   

 2
3
5. Find the inverse of   4 5 .
2
10
Solution:
2 3
2 3 = 10 – 12 = –2 ≠ 0
Let A   ∴ | A | 4 5
 4 5 
5 –3
Adj A 
 –4 2
1  1  5 –
A  | A | Adj A
–1

3
 5 –2  –4
–15 2

6. Find the rank of  – 6  .
18

Solution:  7 –
21
 5 –15

Let A =  – 6 18 
 7 –
21
5 –15
 90 – 90  0
– 18
6
 –105 105  0
– –15
6 –21  126 – 126   (A) 
7 0 2
 (A) 
1
6 18 PART – C
7 –1
21
2 –2 01 and B  –2 1 –1 
1 2 – 2 show that AB = BA.
1. If A  0   

 1 0 1
 2 –1 – 4
Solution:
–1 0 –2
2   –1 
 
1 1 1

AB  0 –2 2 – 2
  

 1 0 1  2 –1
– 4 
 Algebra � 15

2 – 2  0 –2  2  0
 – 4 – 1 0 
 0– 4 – 1
  0– 2  2 
 – 2  0  –1 0 – 4
2 0  4– 4  
1 0 – 1
0
 –5 0 0 
0 1–5
  0
 0 0 – 5 
BA  1   1
–1 – 4 1

–2 1 –1
 
  2
2 – 2 0 –2
 – 4  0 –1 2–20 01–
 22 0––12 0 0  2 – 2
1
 4  0 –4 0–1–4
–1 – 4  0 
0
BA   0
–5 20
– 5 –2
 0
0 

 0 BA
AB 0
–
5 
1 2 3 2
2. Show that AB ≠ BA if A    and B  1 .
–1 4  –1
Solution:

 1 2 3 2 
AB =    
–1 4  1 –1
 3 2 2 – 2  5 0 
AB  
– 3 4 –2 –  1 – 6

43 2   1 2  3– 2 6  8
BA    
1 –1 –1 4  1 1
 2– 
1 14   1 14 4
BA  
2 – 2 2 – 2
AB  BA

1 2
3. If A =   1  and if f (x) = 3x – 2x + 4 find f(A).
2

3
Solution:
If f (x) = 3x2 – 2x + 4
f(A) = 3A2 – 2A + 4I (I unit matrix of order 2 × 2)
A AA
2

1 2 1 2
   
3 1 3 1 

1 6 2  2

 3 3 6  1


6 7
7 4
A2 
16 � Engineering Mathematics-I

∴ f(A) = 3A2 – 2A + 4I

7 4 1 2  1 0
3  –2 4
6 7 3 1 0 1

21 12  –2 – 4  4 0 
  
18 21  – 6 – 2 0 4 

21 – 2  4 12 – 4  0  23 8
f (A)   
18 – 6  0 21 – 2  4 12 23
  

 1 1 –1
4. Find the inverse of the matrix  2 
1 0 .
–1 2 3
Solution:

1
Let A =  2 1 1 
–1
 0

–1 2

3 
1 1 –1
= 1 | (3
A –0)
| –2 1 (6 – 0) – 1 (4 + 1) = 1 (3) – 1 (6) – 1 (5)
= 3 – 6 – 5 = – 8 ≠ 0 A–1 exists
1
Co-factors

10 0
A11  2 33 – 0  3
–1 2
2 0 3
 – (6 – 0)  –
A12  – 6
–1
3
2
A13  1
–1 2  (4  1)  5

1 –1
A 21  – 2 3  –(3 2)  –5
1
A 22  –1
–1 3  (3 – 1)  2

1 1
A23  –  –(2  1)  –3
–1 2

1 –1
A 31  1  0(0  1)  1

1 –1
A 32  – 2 0  – (0  2)  –2

11
A 32  2 1(1 – 2)  –1

–6
3 5 
Co-factor matrix A =  – 5 2 –3


 1

–2

–1
 Algebra � 17

–5
3 1
Adj . A =  – 6 2 –2


 5 – –5
3 A –1  3
– 1
Adj
A – 1  | A  1 – 6 2 –2
8  5 –3 –
|
1 

2 3 –1 2
5. If A    ;B  show that (AB)–1 = B–1A–1.
–1 0   0 1
Solutio
n:
2 3   –1 2 
AB  
–1 0   0 1

 –2
AB   7 
1 –2
7
–2  –3  0
| AB | 1 –2

(AB)–1 exists

 –2 –7
Adj (AB)  
 –1 –2
1  –2 –7
(AB)–1  
–3  –1 –
2–2
–1 –7 .............(i)
(AB)–1 
3  –1 –2


 –1 2 –1 2
B
 0 |B| 0 1  –1 0

1  –1 2
Adj B 
 0
1  –1 2 
B–1  1 
–1  0
1
2 3 2 3
–1 0 | A | –1 0  3  0
A

0 – 3
Adj A  
1 2 

1  0 – 3
A –1  
3 1 2 
2 3110 – 3
1 11 0 – –1
B –1 A –1  – 
   2 

1 1 2 01

––1 –
B –1 A –1  – 3 0

3
  2 


1  –2 – 7 –............(ii)
B –1A –1  – 3  –1
2


From (i) and (ii) (AB)–1 = B–1A–1
18 � Engineering Mathematics-I

2 3
5 4 –1
2 0 –1
6. Find the rank of the matrix  .
Solution:   –
5 12 –1
4
Here the rank of the matrix can not exceed 3, the minimum of 3 and
4. The value of the each of the determinants.
2 3 4
5 2 0  2(24 – 0) – 3(60 – 0)  4(25 8)  48 – 180  132
0
– 5 12
4

3 4 –1
2 4 –1 2 3 –1
2 0 0
Smilarly we can prove 5 0 –1  0 and 5 2 –1 
–1
– 4 12 –1 0
5 12
–1 – 4 5 –1
While the second order determinant
2
3
5 2  4 – 15  –11 0
Hence the rank of the matrix = 2

1 . 3 BINOMIAL THEOREM

Definition of Factorial Notation:

The Continued Product of first ‘n’ natural numbers is called n factorial and is denoted by n! or n . i.e n  1  2
 3  .........(n – 1)  n
512345
5  120

Zero factorial:
We will require zero factorial for calculating any value which contains zero factorial. It does not
make any sense to define it as the product of the integers from 1 to zero. So we define 0 = 1.
Definition of Permutation and Combination:
First we begin with the following problem. We want to select 2 Carrom players from among 5
play- ers. Let us denote them by the letters A, B, C, D and E.
To select 2 players, we shall first take A and then with him, associate B, C, D and E. That is AB,
AC, AD and AE are four types of selection of 2 players. Also starting with B, we have BC, BD and
BE, with C, CD and CE, and finally starting with D, we have DE only.
So, totally there are 10 ways. If we denote the number of ways of selection of 2 players out of 5
players, symbolically denoted by 5C2 = 10.
Also, let us assume that the selected 2 players want to give pose for a photo. Two chairs are
brought as shown below, there are two types of arrangements.
 Algebra � 19

Arrangement Arrangement 2
1
A B B A
Chair Chair 2 Chair Chair 2
1 1
Thus we see that for one selection, there are two different arrangements, and so for the total of 10
selection, the total number of arrangements is 20.
That is if the number of ways of arrangement of 2 players out of 5 players is denoted by 5P2. We
have 5P2 = 20.
The above “arrangement” and “selection” are usually called “permutation” and
“combination”. Where nPr is the number of ways of arrangement (or permutation) of “r” things
out of ‘n’ things.
Also nCr is the number of ways of selection (or combination) of “r” things out of “n” things.
n n!
Note:  value of
nPr The nPr and nCr are given below.
(or)
n–r (n – r)!
n!
nCr 
(n – r)!
r!
BINOMIAL THEOREM
Binomial means an expression, consist of two numbers (or) terms connected by plus sign or minus
sign.
Example:

1
x  y ; 2x – y ; x3 – etc.
x
In binomial theorem, we deal with the powers of binomial expressions. From School Studies, we
know that
(x + a)2 = x2 + 2xa + a2 and
(x + a)3 = x3 + 3x2a + 3xa2 + a3
we can write the expansion of (x + a)3 as below
(x + a)3 = 3C x3a0 + 3C x2a1 + 3C x1a2 + 3C x0a3.
0 1 2 3
Where 3C0 = 3C3 = 1 nCr = n Cn–r
Similarly for (x + a)4, (x + a)5 can be expanded as mentioned above.
Binomial theorem for a positive integral index:
If “n” is any positive integer, then (x + a)n = xn + nC xn–1a + nC xn–2 a2 + .... +nC xn–r ar + ....... + an.
1
2
r
Note:
1. The total number of terms in the expansion is (n + 1).
2. In each term, sum of the powers of x and a is equal to n.
3. The general term of (x + a)n is T = nC xn–r ar i.e (r + 1)th term
r+1 r th

4. If the power ‘n’ is an even integer, there is only one middle term which is at   2  1 place and
n 

if ‘n’ is odd integer there are two middle terms, which are at  n  1 th and  n  3
th
places.
2  2
  
20 � Engineering Mathematics-I

Binomial Theorem for rational index:

If x is numerically less than one and n any rational number,
then
n(n – 1) n(n – 1)(n – 2) 3
(1 x)n  1 nx  1  2 x2  1  2  x  ..........
3
Note:
1. The number of terms in the expansion is infinite.
2. Here the notations nC0, nC1, nC2 ...... etc are meaningless. Since n is a rational number.
3. Also here we consider, is expansions for negative integers upto – 3. When the values of ‘n’ are
–1, – 2, –3 the expansions are
(i) (1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ..........
(ii) (1 + x)–1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + ..........
(iii) (1 – x)–2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ..........
(iv) (1 + x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + ..........
(v) (1 – x)–3 = 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + ..........
(vi) (1 + x)–3 = 1 – 3x + 6x2 – 10x3 + ..........
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART –A
 2
11

1. Write down the number of terms in  x 2  x  .


Solution:

The number of terms is n + 1 = 11 + 1 = 12

2. Which term in (3x –y)6 is the middle term.

Solution:
Here n = 6 (even)
Middle term =   1
n
 
2 
     3 1
6
 1
2 
 4 th term
∴ 4th term is the middle term.

3. Write down the expansion for (1 – x)–1.

Solution:
(1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ...........

4. Expand by using Binomial Theorem (3x – 2y)3.

Solution:
(3x – 2y)3 = (3x)3 + 3C (3x)2 (–2y)1 + 3C (3x)1 (–2y)2 + (–2y)3
1
2
 Algebra � 21

 3
13

5. Which are the two middle terms in  2x 2  x  .


Solution:

Here n = 13 (odd)

Middle terms are  n 2 1 and  n 2 3

th th
.

13 1 14   
i.e 2  2 7 and
13 3 16
 8
2 2
∴ 7th and 8th terms are two middle terms.
PART – B
1. Find the general term in the expansion of  x  1
7

.
 2x 
Solution:
Let  x  1  = (X + A)
7 n

2x  1
Where X = x ; n = 7, A 
2x
general term Tr+1 = nCr Xn–r Ar
1 7 – 2r
i.e Tr+1 = 7Cr x7–r  1   7C r x 7 – r
r
 7Cr x
 2x 2r x r 2r

 1
2. Find the 5th term in the expansion of 8x   .
x
Solution:
The general term Tr+1 = nCr xn–r ar

1
Put r = 4, we get 5th term T5. Also x = x, a = x, n = 8.
T  8C x8– 4  1 
4

5 4  x

 8C x 4
4  x
1 4
 8C 4 x 4 x 41 

T5  8C4

3. Expand in higher powers of x upto three terms (1 + 3x)–2.

Solution:
(1 + x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + ..........
where x = 3x only
∴(1 + 3x)–2 = 1 – 2(3x) + 3 (3x)2 – 4(3x)3
= 1 – 6x + 27x2 – 108x3 + .........
22 � Engineering Mathematics-I

PART – C
 1
11

1. Find the middle terms in the expansion of  2x  x  2

.

Solution:

Since here ‘n’ is odd number, the total number of terms is even and so there are two middle
terms.
th

and  2  terms are middle

th
 n  1 n3
 2 
terms.  th
11 1 th
 and  2  i.e 6 and 7 terms.
11 3 th th

2 
Put r = 5 and 6 in the general
 term.
Now, general term is T = nC xn–r ar
r+1
 1r 
5

T51  11C5 (2x 2 )11–5  x


1
5

T6  11C (2x ) 1
5
2 6
 x  11C5 26 x12  11C5 26 x 7
 x 5

Put r = 6
1
6

T61  11C (2x ) 

2 11– 6
6 x

1
6

T  11C (2x 2 )5  1
x  11C6 2 x  11C625 x 4
5 10
7 6
 x 6

 1 .
15

2. Find the co-efficient of x in the expansion of  x –

32 4
x 3 

Solution:
Now, general terms is T = nC xn–r ar
r+1
r r
Tr1  15C (x )  –1
4 15– r
r
 x 3
 15Cr x (–1) x
60– 4r
r –3r

T  15C (–1)r x6 0– 7 r
.............(i)
r1 r

To find the co-efficient of x32, put

32  60 – 7r
7r  60 – 32
7r  28

28
r
7
r4
Applying r = 4 in the equation (i), we
get T4 + 1 = 15C4 (– 1) x
T5 = 15C4 x 4 60–7(4)
32

∴ co-efficient of x32 is 15C .

4
 Algebra � 23

 1
10

3. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of  x –  .

 x 
Solution:
Now, general term Tr + 1 = nCr xn–r ar
r

Tr1  10C x10– r  –1

r  x
 10Cr x (–1) x
10– r r–r

T  10C (–1)r x10– 2r ...............(i)
r1 r

To find independent term, put 10 – 2r = 0

i.e 10 – 2r = 0
10 = 2r
5 = r, r=5
Put r = 5 in equation (i) we
get T5+1 = 10C5(–1) x
= 10C (–1) x
5 10–2(5)
5
0

T6 = – 10C5 i.e The term independent of x is – 10C5.

4. Write the first three terms in the expansion of (3 – 4x)–3.
Solution:
–3
 4 
(3 – 4x) –3  3–3  1 – 3

x  1 1 (–3) – 4 x  (–3)(–3 – 1)  – 4  2  ...........
 33 3 
1.2  3 x 


 1  (–3)(– 4)  16x 2 
2  9   .........
14x 
27 
 1 32x 2 
 .........
 3 
1 4x 
27
24 � Engineering Mathematics-I

EXERCISES
PART – A
x 2
1. Solve = 0.
x
3x
2. Solve x 8 = 0.
x
2
sin  –
3. Find the value of the determinant .
cos cos

1 2
sin  –1 .
4. Find the value of the minor of 3 in the determinant
3 4
1
5 –1
.
5. Find the co-factor value of 5 in the determinant –1 0
1 1
2 1 –1 2 2 4 3
6. If A = 0      find A – B.
0 4
1  , B = 10
2 0 5
–2 4 2

1 1 33  is
0
7. Show that the matrix 0 singular.

2 –4 6

8. Find the adjoint of   3 2.

–3 4
9. How many terms are there in the expansion of (2x –
y)15.
 1
21
10. Which are the middle terms in the expansion of  3x 2 – x  .

11. Expand upto three terms of (1 + x)–3. 

2
12. Find the rank of  1 .
 – –
 –5 6
13. Find the rank of 3 –6
20
24
3
2 . 5
14. Find the rank of 
4 1
.
–8

15. Find the rank of 3 1 –8 

2  .
 –4 5 
1 –1
1 
16. Find the rank of 2 1 0  .
 –1 2 3
 Algebra � 25

PART – B

 1 –1 2
1. Find the value of ‘x’ if  5 3 
 4
2
2. Solve by using Cramer’s rule: x–=y0.= 1 ; 2x – 3y = – 1.
1
3. 2 1  2 0
If A =  –1 0 , B = 1  find AB.
   5

2
4. Find the inverse of –1 3
 4 .

1 2 3
5
5. Find x if the matrix  
2 –1x–2 is
6 singular.
  10
2
6. Find the general term in the expansion of  x  2  .
 x 
 2 1
15
7. .
x
8. Write the first 3 terms of (1 – 2x)–2.

3

–4

1
9. Find the rank of  –6 6. 8 –
10. Find. the rank of –3
2

5
1
–10 
5 –1
–2   2
 –3 0
12. Find the rank of 7 11 .
 5 5 22

PART –C
1. Solve: 3x – y + 2x = 8 7; x – y + z = 2 and 2x + y – z = 1 using Cramer’s rule.
2. Solve: x + 2y – z = – 3 ;1 3x +6 y .+ z = 4 and x – y + 2z = 6, using Cramer’s
11. Find the rank of  7
rule.
–1
 1– 4 –3 1–

3. Find the inverse of  23 . 2

 6 –1–2 –1
3 6 4 5
4. If A =   1 –  and B = 
2
2 0
3
veri
fy
(AB
)–1 =
B–
A .
1 –1
26 � Engineering Mathematics-I

1 2 3 –1 1 0
3    
5. If A =
2 and B  
1 1–1  =
2 112 find AB and BA.
0   0 3 
6. If A = 3 –5 

show that A2 – 5A – 14I = 0.
 –4 2

2
7. Find the rank of the matrix 2  4 7  .
1 3


 3
8. Find the rank of the matrix –2 4  1 2 0
 6 10 0  .
1 –
1 8
0 3  2 .
11

9. Find the middle terms in the expansion2of  x  x3 

3
 

 3
10. Find the co-efficient of  x  in the expansion of  x – 2 .
–5

5x

 1
10

11. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of  x +

x  .

2  10

12. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of  3 x – 2  .

x

ANSWERS
PART – A
 0 –1 –
2 2) x = + 4, – 4 3) one 4) – 1 5) + 5
1) x  0, 3
2 6) –10 2 –3
4 –2  9) 16 10) 11th and 12th 11) 1 – 3x + 6x2 12) 1
8) 
3 3 
13) 1 14) 2 15) 2 16)
3
PART – B
5
1) x = 10 2) x = 4 ; y = 3 1 4 –3 68
5) x  17
0
4)
5–2
 11 1
 2 
6) 10Cr x 2 7) 15C4 x 3)
10–3r r 30–3r
8) 1 + 4x + 12x2

9) 1 10) 1 11) 2 12) 2

 Algebra � 27

PART – C

 –9
1) (1, 3, 4) 2) (1, – 1, 2) 5
1
3) – –16
15  5 
–22
–3
6 –1
5 13  2 –1
6 8 ; BA  5 – 2 

5) AB   1   7) rank = 2 8) rank = 3
–1 0 –  8 2 8 0
1
2  
–7
9) 11C5 32x , 11C 64 12) 10C2 2 3
3  3
4
11) 10C5 –4 28
6
x 3 10) 7C5  5


 UNIT – II COMPLEX
NUMBERS

1. ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:

Definition – Real and Imaginary parts, Conjugates, Modulus and amplitude form, Polar form of a
com- plex number, multiplication and division of complex numbers (geometrical proof not needed) –
Simple Problems. Argan Diagram – Collinear points, four points forming square, rectangle, rhombus
and paral- lelogram only. Simple problems.
2. DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM
Demoivre’s Theorem (Statement only) – related simple problems.
3. ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Finding the nth roots of unity - solving equation of the form xn ± 1 = 0 where n ≤ 7. Simple problems.
2.1 ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Introduction:
Let us consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. The solution of this equation is given by the
–b b2 – 4ac
which is meaningful only when b2 – 4ac > 0. Because the square of a real
formula x  2a
number is always positive and it cannot be negative. If it is negative, then the solution for the equation
extends the real number system to a new kind of number system that allows the square root of
negative numbers. The square root of – 1 is denoted by the symbol i, called the imaginary unit, which
was first introduced in mathematics by the famous Swiss mathematician, Leonhard Euler in 1748.
Thus for any two real numbers a and b, we can form a new number a + ib is called a complex
number. The set of all complex numbers denoted by C and the nomenclature of a complex number
was introduced by a Ger- man mathematician C.F. Gauss.
Definition: Complex Number
A number which is of the form a + ib where a, b  R and i2 = – 1 is called a complex number and
it is denoted by z. If z = a + ib then a is called the real part of z and b is called the imaginary part of z
and are denoted by Re(z) and Im(z).
For example, if z = 3 + 4i then Re (z) = 3 and Im (z) = 4.
Note:
In the complex number z = a + ib we have,
(i) If a = 0 then z is purely imaginary
(ii) If b = 0 then z is purely real.
(iii) z = a + ib = (a, b) any complex number can be expressed as an ordered pair.
Conjugate of a complex number:

If z = a + ib then the conjugate of z is defined by a – ib and it is denoted by z . Thus, if z = a + ib

then z  a – ib .
 Complex Numbers �
29
Results:
(i) z  z

z z z–z
(ii) a  Re(z)  2 & b  I (z) 
m

2
(iii) zz11 – zz22  zz11 – zz2 2
(iv)

(v) z1 zz2 1z1 z 2 z1

(vi)  where z2  0
z 2  z2
(vii) zn  (z)n

Algebra of complex numbers:

(i) Addition of two complex numbers:
Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two complex numbers then their sum is defined as
z1 + z2 = a + ib + c + id = (a + c) + i (b + d)  C
z + z = 2a Real number.
(ii) Difference of two complex numbers:
Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two complex numbers then their difference is defined as
z1 – z2 = (a + ib) – (c + id) = (a – c) + i (b – d)  C
z – z = 2ib Imaginary number.
(iii) Multiplication of two compelx numbers:
Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two complex numbers then their product is defined as,
z1 z2 = (a + ib) (c + id)
= a c + i ad + i bc + i2 bd
= (ac – bd) + i (ad + bc)  C
z z = (a + ib) (a –ib) = a2 + b2
(iv) Division of two complex numbers:
Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id ≠ 0 be any two complex numbers then their quotient is defined as

zz2 ac  2 bd 2   bc–cad

id cc– –id  ac
 ib d 2
  c  d  i
2

id  
1

Modulus of a complex number:


If z = a + ib is a complex number then the modulus (or) absolute value of z is defined a 2  b2
and as
is denoted by | z |. Thus, if z = a + ib then | z |
a 2  b2 .
=
Note:
(i) | z | | z | a 2  b2
(ii) | z | zz  a 2  b2
(iii) Re(z)  | z | and Im(z)  | z |
30 � Engineering Mathematics-I

Polar form of a Complex Number:

y
Let (r, θ) be the Polar co-ordinates of the point P representing the
P(Z)
complex number z = a + ib. Then from the fig. we get,
OM a PM b
cos  and sin= 

|
Z| =
b
OP r OP r

r
 a = r cos θ and b = r sin θ θ
O a M x
where r  a 2  b2 | a  ib | is called the modulus of z = a + ib.

b –1   b
Also, tan  a  tan  ais called the amplitude or argument of z = a + ib and denoted by
–1 
b
amp(z) or arg(z) and is measured  as the angle in positive sense. Thus, arg(z) = θ = tan  a .
Hence z = a + ib = r (cos θ + i sin θ) is called the Polar form or the modulus amplitude form of the
complex number.
Theorems of Complex numbers:
1) The product of two complex numbers is a complex number whose modulus is the product of
their modulii and whose amplitude is the sum of their amplitudes
i.e, | z1 z2 | = | z1 | | z2 |
and arg (z1 z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2)
2) The quotient of two complex numbers is a complex number whose modulus is the quotient of
their modulii and whose amplitude is the difference of their amplitudes.

i.e z1  | z1 | wehre Z2 ≠ 0 and arg  1z  arg(z ) – arg(z ) .

z |z |  z2 1 2
2 2

Euler’s formula: 
The symbol eiθ is defined by eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ is known as Euler’s formula.
If z ≠ 0 then z=r (cos θ+i sin θ)=reiθ. This is called the exponential form of the complex number z.

Note: If z = reiθ then z  re –i .

Multiplication and Division of complex numbers (Geometrical proof not needed)

Let z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1) and z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2)
be any two complex numbers in Polar form then their product is given
by z1z2 = r1r2 [cos(θ1+ θ2) + i sin (θ1+ θ2)]
Also the division of the above two complex numbers is given by
z1 r1 [cos(θ1– θ2) + i sin (θ1– θ2)] where z2 ≠ 0.
z 2  r2
 Complex Numbers �
31
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
1. If z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 4 – 5i find z1 + z2.
Solution:
Given: z1 = 2 + 3i & z2 = 4 – 5i
z1 + z2 = (2 + 3i) + (4 – 5i)
= 2 + 3i + 4 – 5i
= (2 + 4) + (3i – 5i)
 z1  z 2  6 – 2i

2. If z1 = 3 – 4i and z2 = – 2 + 3i find the

value of 2z1 – 3z2.
Solution:
2z1 – 3z2 = 2 (3 – 4i) – 3 (– 2 + 3i)
Given: z1 = 3 – 4i & z2 = – 2 + 3i
= 6 – 8i + 6 –9i
 2z1 – 3z2  12 – 17i

3. Express: (3 + 2i) (4 + 2i) in a + ib form.

Solution:
(3 + 2i) (4 + 2i) = 12 + 6i + 8i + 4i2
= 12 + 14i – 4
= 8 + 14i = a + ib form.
1
4. Find the real and imaginary parts of 3 2i .

Solution:

Let z = 1  1 3 – 2i
3 2i 3 2i  3 –
2i

(3)32 ––(2i)
2i 2

3 – 2i

94
3 – 2i

3 2i
z  – 13 13
13


3
Re(z)
–2
 & Im(z)

13

13
32 � Engineering Mathematics-I

1
5. Find the conjugate of 1
i .
Solution:
Let z = 1  1 1–i
 i
1 i 1
1–i

(1)12 ––(i)
i2

1–i

1 1
1–i

1 2i
 z  2– 2

1 i
Conjugate : z  2  2

6. Find the modulus and amplitude of 1 + i.

Solution:
Let z = 1 + i
Here a = 1 & b = 1
Modulus :| z | a 2  b2  (1)2  (1)2 
1 1  2
and amp(z)   tan–1    tan–1    tan–1 (1)
b 1
a
 1
  45o

PART –B
1. Find the real and imaginary parts of 4  .5i
3 – 2i
Solution:

4  5i 4  5i 3 2i
Let z =  
3 – 2i 3 – 2i 3 2i
12  8i 15i

10i2 (3)2 –
(2i)2
12  23i – 10

94
2  23i

13
2 23i
z 
13 13
2
Re(z)  23
&
Im(z) 
13
13
 Complex Numbers �
33
1 1
2. Express the complex number  in a + ib form.
3 – 2i 2 –
Solution: 3i
1 1
Let z = 
3 – 2i 2 –
3i
 1  3 2i  1  2  3i
3 – 2i 3 2i 2 – 3i 2 
3i3 2i 2
 2  2 2
3i
3 2 2
2 3
3 2i 2  3i

13
5 5i

5 5
z13 13 13
i  a  ib form

1– i
3. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number 1 .i
Solution:

1– i 1– i 1– i
Let z = 1 i =  1 i 1–i
1 –i –i  i 2

(1)2 – (i)2
1 – 2i – 1

1 1
–2i

2
z  –i where a =
0&b=–1
b –1
Argument |  a   
Modulus :|: ztan 0
a  b 
2 2
 tan–1 ()  90o
(0)2  (–1)2  1 
The
1 complex number – i = (0, – 1) lies IIIrd
Quadrant. Hence amplitude = 180o + 90o = 270o.
PART – C
(1 i) (2 – i)
1. Find the real and imaginary parts of the complex number .
1 3i
Solution:

(1 i) (2 – i)
Let z =
1 3i
2 –i

2i – i 2
1 3i
2  i 1

1 3i
34 � Engineering Mathematics-I

3 i 1 – 3i
 
1 3i 1 –
3i
3 – 9i i –

3i2 (1)2 –
(3i)2
3 – 8i 3

1 9
6 – 8i
 3 4i
z  5 – 5 a  ib form.
10
3 4
Re(z)
3 – 4i & Im(z)  –

5
5
5 i – 4 4i 1
2. Express the complex number 3 –2i 2 –in a + ib form.
Solution: 3i
i – 4 4i 1
Let z = 3 – 2i 2 – 3i
i – 4 3 2i 4i 1 2  3i
   
3 – 2i 3 2i 2 – 3i 2  3i
3i – 12  2i2 – 8i 8i 2  12i2 
 
3i 3  2 2 2
2 2  32
–5i – 14 11i – 10
 
13 13
6i – 24

13
– 24  6i –24 6i
    a  ib form1 3 3i
3. Find the modulus
13 and
13amplitude
13 of .
Solution: 3  2i

1 3 3i
Let z =
3  2i

1 3 3i

3  2i  3 – 2i
3 – 2i  9i – 6 3i2

3 – 2i( 3) 2 – (2i)2
3  7i 6 3

3 4
7 3  7i

7
7( 3  i)

7
z 3ia
ib form
 Complex Numbers �
35
Here a = 3&b1
 Modulus :| z | a 2  b2  (3)2  (1)2  3 1  4 
2 1 
Amplitude :  tan–1    tan–1    30o
b
a

3
5– i
2– .
4. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number 3i
Solution: 5 – i
Let z = 2 –
3i
5 – i 2  3i
 
2 – 3i 2 
3i
10  15i – 2i –

3i2 (2)2 – (3i)2
10  13i 3

49
13 13i

z = 1 13
+ i = a + ib y
form 13(1
Here i) a=1&b
 P(z)
=Modulus
1 :| z | a 2  b2  (1)2  (1)2  1 1  2
13

2
Amplitude : tan–1    tan–1    tan–1
b 1

b

2 b
a
(1)
|

a
|z

  45o θ
 1 O a M x
Argand Diagram

Every complex number a + ib can be considered as an ordered pair (a, b) of real numbers, we can
represent such number by a point in xy-plane called the complex plane and such a representation is
also known as the argand diagram. The complex number z = a + ib represented by P(z) then the
distance

between z and the origin is the modulus. i.e | z | a 2  b 2

Here the set of real numbers (x, 0) corresponds to the x-axis called real axis and the set of
Imaginary numbers (0, y) correponds to the y-axis called the imaginary axis.
Result:
z 2 = x 2+ The distance
iy then
2 | z –1 zbetween
|2 the
(x two2 complex
1 – x 2)  (y –
2numbers z and z is | z – z |. Thus, if z = x + iy
1 y )2 . 1 2 1 2 1 1 1

Collinear
and Points:
If A, B and C are any three points representing the complex numbers x1 + iy1, x2 + iy2 and x3 + iy3
respectively, are collinear then the required condition is, the area of Δ ABC is zero.
1
i.e.  0 [x (y – y1 )  x (y2 – y )  3x (y – y2 )]
2 3 1 3 1 2
36 � Engineering Mathematics-I

i.e x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2) = 0 D

x1 y1 1
i.e. x 2 y2 A
C
10
x3 y3
If 1
A, B, C any four complex B
and D are bers num- of a
Condition for
requiredrepresenting
condition is the square then
square:
vertices the D C

(i) AB = BC = CD = DA
i.e four sides are equal.
(ii) AC = BD
i.e the diagonals are equal A B

Condition for rectangle

If A, B, C and D are any four complex numbers represents the vertices of a rectangle then the
required condition is,
D
C
(i) AB = CD and BC = DA.
i.e Opposite sides are equal.
(ii) AC = BD
A B
i.e the diagonals are equal.
Condition for rhombus
If A, B, C and D are any four complex numbers represents the vertices of a rhombus then the re-
quired condition is

AB = BC = CD = DA
i.e four sides are equal.
Condition for Parallelogram
If A, B, C and D are any four complex numbers represents the vertices of a parallelogram then the
required condition is either,
mid-point of the diagonal AC = mid.point of the diagonal BD.
(or) The length of the opposite sides are equal. i.e AB = CD & BC = DA.
Note:
(i) To find length of the sides and diagonals of square, rectangle, rhombus and parallelogram apply
the distance formula.
i.e distance: AB = (x1– x )22  (y –1 y )22
etc.find the mid.point of the diagonals of the parallelogram apply middle point formula,
(ii) To

x  x y  y 
(x, y)   1 2 2 , 1 22


 Complex Numbers �
37
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
1. Find the distance between the complex numbers 2 + i and 1 –
2i.
Solution:
Let z1 = 2 + i & z2 = 1 – 2i
Distance : z1z2  (2 – 1)2  (1 2)2

 (1)2  (3)2
 1 9
 z1z2  10

PART – B
1. Show that the complex numbers 1 + 2i, 3 – 2i and 6 – 8i are collinear.
Solution:
Given complex numbers are
A : 1 + 2i = (1, 2)
B : 3 – 2i = (3, – 2)
& C : 6 – 8i = (6, – 8)
x1 y1 1
Condition for collinear is x 2 y2 1
0
1 2 x3 y3 1
1 –2 1 3 1 3 –2
–2 1
LHS: 3 –2 1  1 –8 1 6 1 6 –8
6 –8
1 = 1 (– 2 + 8) – 2 (3 – 6) + 1 (– 24 + 12)
= 1 (6) – 2 (– 3) + 1 (– 12)
= 6 + 6 – 12
= 12 – 12
=0
∴ The given complex numebrs are collinear.
2. Show that the complex numbers – 1 + i, 3 + 2i, 2 + 2i and – 2 + i form a parallelogram.
Solution:
Let the given complex numbers
are A : – 1 + i = (– 1, 1)
B : 3 + 2i = (3, 2)
C : 2 + 2i = (2, 2)
D : – 2 + i = (– 2, 1)
38 � Engineering Mathematics-I

x 1  x 2 y1  y 2 
Mid point of AC =   –1 2 1 2   1 3 
2 , 2  2, 2  ,  2............(1)
    2
 3– 2 2  1 
Mid point of BD =  2 , 2   ,  ............(2) 
1 3
   2 2


From (1) & (2), Mid-point of AC = Mid-point of BD.
 Given complex numbers form a parallelogram.
PART – C
1. Prove that the points representing the complex numbers 3 + 2i, 5 + 4i, 3 + 6i and 1 + 4i form a
square.
Solution: D(1, 4) C(3,
6)
Let the given complex number be

A : 3 + 2i = (3, 2)
B : 5 + 4i = (5, 4)
A(3, 2) B(5, 4)
C : 3 + 6i = (3, 6)
& D : 1 + 4i = (1, 4)
Now,
AB  (x1 – x )2  (y – y2) 2  (3 – 5)2  (2 – 4)2  (–2)2  (–2)2  44 8
1 2

BC (x1 – x )2  (y – y2 )2  (5 – 3)2  (4 – 6)2  (2)2  (–2)2  4  4  8

1 2

CD (x1 – x ) 2  (y – y2) 2  (3 – 1)2  (6 – 4)2  (2)2  (2)2  4  4  8

1 2

(x – x )2  (y – y )2  (1 – 3)2  (4 – 2)2  (–2)2  (2)2  44

and DA 81
2 1 2
Also, AC  (x1 – x ) 2  (y – y ) 2  (3 –1 3)2 2 (2 – 6)2  (0)2  (– 4)2  16  4
2

BD  (x – x )2  (y – y ) 2  (5 – 1)2  (4 – 4)2  (4)2  (0)2  16  4

1 2 1 2

Here the sides AB = BC = CD = DA = 8

& diagonals AC = BD = 4
∴ The given complex numbers form
a square.
2. Prove that the points representing the complex numbers 2 –2i, 8 + 4i, 5 + 7i and – 1 + i form a rect-
angle.
Solution: D(–1, 1) C (5,
7)
Let the given complex numbers
be, A : 2 –2i = (2, – 2)
B : 8 + 4i = (8, 4)
C : 5 + 7i = (5, 7)
A (2, –2) B (8, 4)
& D : – 1 + i = (– 1, 1)
 Complex Numbers � 39

Now, AB  (x – x )2  (y – y ) 2 2
1
(2 –18)2 2 (–2 – 4)2  (–6)2  (–6)2  36  36  72

Now, BC  (x – x ) 2  (y – y ) 2  (8 – 5)2  (4 – 7) 2  (3)2  (–3)2  9  9  18

1 2 1 2

CD (x – x ) 2  (y – y ) 2  (5 1)2  (7 – 1)2  (6)2  (6)2  36  36  72

1 2 1 2

& DA (x – x )2  (y – y )2  (–1 – 2)2  (1 2)2  (–3)2  (3)2  9  9  18

1 2 1 2

Also, AC  (x – x ) 2  (y – y )2  (2 – 5)2  (–2 – 7)2  (–3)2  (– 9)2  9  81  90

1 2 1 2

BD  (x – x ) 2  (y – y )2  (8 1)2  (4 – 1)2  (9)2  (3)2  81 9  90

1 2 1 2

Here the sides AB = CD = 72

BC = DA = 18

and diagonals AC = BD =90

∴ The given complex numbers form a rectangle.

3. Prove that the points 3 + 4i, 9 + 8i, 5 + 2i and – 1 – 2i form a rhombus in the argand diagram.
Solution:
D (–1, –2)
Let the given complex numbers be,
A : 3 + 4i = (3, 4) B : 9 + 8i = (9, 8)
C : 5 + 2i = (5, 2) & D : – 1 – 2i = (– 1, – 2)
A (3, 4) C (5, 2)

B (9, 8)
AB  (x1 – x )2  (y – y2)2  (3 – 9)  (4 – 8) 
2 2
(–6)  (– 4)  36  16  52
2 2

1 2

BC  (x1 – x )2  (y – y2)2  (9 – 5)2  (8 – 2)2  (4)2  (6)2  16  36  52

1 2

CD  (x1 – x )2  (y – y 2)2  (5 1)2  (2  2)2  (6)2  (4)2  36  16  52

1 2

& DA  (x – x ) 2  (y – y ) 2  (–1 – 3)2  (–2 – 4)2  (– 4)2  (– 6)2  16  36 

1 2
1
2 52
Here the sides, AB = BC = CD = DA = 52 .
∴ The given complex number form a
rhombus.
40 � Engineering Mathematics-I

2 . 2 DE-MOIVRE’S THEOREM

DeMoivre’s Thoerem: (Statement only)

(i) If ‘n’ is an integer positive or negative then (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ.
(ii) If ‘n’ is a fraction, then cos nθ + i sin nθ is one of the values of (cos θ + i sin θ)n.
Results:
1) (cos i sin ) n  cos n i sin n
2) (cos i sin ) – n  (cos n – i sin n)
1
3)  (cos i sin ) –1  cos – i sin
cos i sin 

4)  (cos – i sin )–1  cos i sin
1
cos – i sin  
 
5) sin  icos  cos  –   i sin  – 
2  2 

Note:
1) (cos θ1 + i sin θ1) (cos θ2 + i sin θ2) = cos (θ1 + θ2) + i sin (θ1 + θ2)
2) (cos θ1 + i sin θ1) (cos θ2 + i sin θ2) (cos θ3 + i sin θ3) = cos (θ1 + θ2 + θ3) + i sin (θ1 + θ2 + θ3)
3) (cos θ1 + i sin θ1) (cos θ2 + i sin θ2) ... (cos θn + i sin θn)
= cos (θ1 + θ2 + ......+ θn) + i sin (θ1 + θ2 + ..... + θn)

WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
1. If z = cos 30 + i sin 30 what is the value of z3.
o o

Solution:
z3 = [cos 30 + i sin 30 ]
o o 3

= cos 90o + i sin 90o

= 0 + i (1) = i

 
2. If z = cos 2 i sin 2what is the value of z8.
Solution:

 
8

z8  cos 2  i 
sin 2
  
 cos8   i sin 8 
2  2

 cos 4 i sin 

4
 1 i(0)  1 1
3. If z = cos 45o – i sin 45o what is the value of . z
Solution:
1
z = z–1
 Complex Numbers �
41
= [cos 45 – i sin 45o]–1
= cos 45o + i sin 45o
1
1
 2 i 2

1
4. If =z cos 60o + i sin 60o what is the value of z.
Solution:

1
z 1
z
1
  (cos 60o  i sin 60o ) –1
cos 60  i sin
o

60o 60o – i sin 60o

 cos
3
1
 2–i 2

cos 3 i sin 3

5. Find the value of cos – i sin.
Solution: 

cos 3 i sin 3

cos – i sin  (cos 3 i sin 3)(cos – i sin )
–

1
  (cos 3 i sin 3)(cos i sin )
 cos(3 )  i sin(3 )
 cos 4 i sin 4
6. Simplify: (cos 20o + i sin 20o) (cos 30o + i sin 30o) (cos 40o + i sin 40o)
Solution:
(cos 20o + i sin 20o) (cos 30o + i sin 30o) (cos 40o + i sin 40o)
= cos (20o + 30o + 40o) + i sin (20o + 30o + 40o)
= cos 90o + i sin 90o
= 0 + i (1) = i

1
7. If x = cos θ + i sin θ find x  x.
Solution:
Given: x = cos θ + i sin θ

1
 x  cos – i sin

1
x  x  cos i sin  cos – i sin
  2 cos
8. If x = cos α + i sin α and y = cos β + i sin β
find xy.
42 � Engineering Mathematics-I

Solution:
xy = (cos α + i sin α) (cos β + i sin β)
= cos (α + β) + i sin (α + β)
a
9. If a = cos α + i sin α and b = cos β + i sin β find .
b
Solution:
a
b  a(b)
–1

= (cos α + i sin α) (cos β + i sin β)–1

= (cos α + i sin α) (cos β – i sin β)
= cos (α – β) + i sin (α – β)
       
10. Find the product of 3 cos  i sin  and 4 cos  i sin  .
 3 3
  6
6
Solution:
     
3 cos  i sin  × 4 cos  i sin 
 3 3   6 6 
      
 12 cos     i sin   
3 6  3 6
  
 12 cos  i sin
  

 2
2
 12 [1 i(0)]  12
PART – B
1
1. If x = cos θ + i sin θ find the value of x m  .
xm
Solution:
Given: x = cos θ + i sin θ
 xm = (cos θ + i sin θ)m = cos mθ + i sin mθ

1
also, m (x m ) –1
x
 [cos m i sin m]–
1

1
  cos m – i sin
xm
m
1
x m  m cos m i sin m cos m – i sin m  2 cos
x
m 1
2. If a = cos α + i sin α and b = cos β + i sin β find ab . ab
Solution:
Given: a = cos α + i sin α
& b = cos β + i sin β
ab = (cos α + i sin α)
(cos β + i sin β)
 ab = cos (α + β) + i sin
(α + β)and 1  cos( ) – i sin( )
ab
1
ab ab cos( )  i sin( )  cos( ) – i sin( )
 cos (
 Complex Numbers �
43
   
3. Prove that (sin  icos)  cos n  –   i sin  – 
n

.
Solution: 2


We have sin  cos – 
2 2

& cos sin   –  
2
LHS: 
 n
   
(sin  icos)  cos  2 –   i sin2 – 

 n  
 
  
 cos n  –   i sin n  –
 2  2
4. If x = cos 3α + i sin 3α, y = cos 3β + i sin 3β find the value of 3 xy .

Solution:
Given: x = cos 3α + i sin 3α
& y = cos 3β + i sin 3β
xy = (cos 3α + i sin 3α) (cos 3β
+ i sin 3β)
= cos (3α + 3β) + i sin (3α + 3β)
 xy = cos 3 (α + β) + i sin 3 (α + β)
1
3 xy  (xy) 3

1
 [cos 3(1 )  i sin 3( )]1 3
 cos .3( )  i sin .3( )
3 3
 cos( )  i sin( )

5. If a = cos α + i sin α, b = cos β + i sin β and c = cos γ + i sin γ find the value of ab .
c
Solution:
Given: a = cos α + i sin α
b = cos β + i sin
β
& c = cos γ + i sin γ
ab
 c  ab(c)–1
= (cos α + i sin α) (cos β + i sin β) (cos γ + i sin γ)–1
= (cos α + i sin α) (cos β + i sin β) (cos γ – i sin γ)

ab
 c  cos(  – )  i sin(  –
)
PART – C
(cos 2 i sin 2)3 (cos 3 – i sin
1.
3)4 Simplify: (cos 3 i sin 3)2 (cos 4 i sin
4)–3
44 � Engineering Mathematics-I
Solution:
(cos 2 i sin 2)3 (cos 3 – i sin
3)4 (cos 3 i sin 3)2 (cos 4 i
sin 4)–3

(cos i sin ) 3  2 (cos i sin


) 4  –3
(cos i sin ) 2  3 (cos i sin ) –
34

(cos i sin ) 6 (cos i sin ) –12


(cos i sin )6 (cos i sin ) –12
 (cos sin )
(cosi 2
6–12– 612
i sin 2)3 (cos 4 – i sin 
2. Simplify : when   .
 (cos
4)3i sin )cos
0
3 i sin 9
Solution:
 cos 0  i sin 0 3
 12
(cos i(0)isin
1 2)3 (cos 4 – i sin
4)3 cos 3 i sin 3
(cos i sin ) 32 (cos i sin ) 3 –

4

(cos i sin )3

(cos i sin )3
(cos i sin )6 (cos i sin ) –12
  (cos i sin ) 6–1 2 –3
 (cos i sin )–9

 cos 9 – i sin 9 
when  9

 
 cos 9 – isin 9
 9  9

 cos – i sin  
 –1 – i(0)  –1 4

3. Prove that  cos i sin   .

 cos8 i sin

Solution:  sin  icos 8

 cos i sin    cos i sin 
4

i
4
4

LHS :  (i)4  cos i sin  

 sin  icos  sin  icos i 
i sin  i 2 cos


 cos i sin  
4

 1
 – cos i sin 

 Complex Numbers �
45

4
 cos i sin  
 
–(cos – i sin ) 4


  cos i sin 
 (cos i sin –1 
)
  cos   i sin   
1 1 4




 (cos  i sin )2 

4

1 cos i sin(cos

  icossin )8
n
4. n i sin n
Prove that   cos8 i sin 8 
Solution:  1 cos – i sin  .
RHS

Let z  cos i sin

1
 z  cos – i sin 

1 cos i sin  

n

LHS : 
1 cos – i sin 
1 z 
n
 
1
1 z 

1 z 
n


 z 1 
z
n
 z(1 z)
(1 z)
 
 zn
 (cos i sin ) n
 cos n i sin n  RHS
 
 cos n  – A  i sin n  – A
1 sin A  icos A 
n
5.  2  . 
Show that   2
1 sin A – icos A 
Solution:
Let z  sin A  icos A
 
 z  cos  – A  i sin  – A
2  2 

 
 cos  – A – i sin  – A  sin A –
1

icos A z 2  2 
46 � Engineering Mathematics-I

1 sin A  icos A 

n

LHS 
1 sin A – icos A 
1 z 
n


1
1 z 

1 z 
n


 z 1 
z
n
 z(1 z)
(1 z)


(z)n     
n

 cos  – A  i sin  – 
2  2
 
 cosAn  – A  i sin n  – A
 2   2


6. If a = cos θ + i sin θ, b = cos  + i sin  prove that

(i) cos( )   ab ab

1 1
2

1 a b
(ii) sin ( – )    – 
2i  a
Solution: b  
Given a = cos θ + i sin θ
& b = cos  + i
sin 
Now, ab = (cos θ + i sin θ)
(cos  + i sin )
1
also,
ab = ab (ab)
cos
–1
 cos(
(θ + ) + i sin )  i sin( )
(θ + )
1
 ab cos( ) – i sin( ).........(2)
.....(1)
∴ (1) + (2)

1
ab ab  cos( )  i sin( )  cos( ) – i sin(
)
1
 ab ab 2 cos( )

 cos( )   ab ab

1 1
2

a

(ii) b a(b) –1
 (cos i sin )(cos i sin ) –
1

 (cos i sin )(cos – i sin )

 Complex Numbers �
47

a
 b  cos( – )  i sin( – ).......
(3) –1

b
also,   a    cos( – )  i sin( – )
–1

a 

b b – ) – i sin( – ) ........(4)

 a  cos(
(3) – (4)

a b
b –  cos( – )  i sin( – ) – cos( – )  i sin( –
a)
a b
 b –  2i sin( – )
a
 sin( – )   – 
1 a b
2i  a
b x, b =cos y + i sin y prove that
7. If a = cos x + i sin


(i) ab 1
 2 cos
 x  y
 

bab
2
(ii) a  x– y 
b a  2 cos  2
Solution: 
Given: a = cos x + i sin x
& b = cos y + i sin y
(i) Now, ab = (cos x + i sin x)
(cos y + i sin y)
 ab = cos (x + y) 1
+ i sin (x
 1
+ y)ab  (ab) 2   cos(x  y)  i sin(x  y) 2

xy xy
 ab  cos   2  i sin   2 .......(1)
 
–1

1

  ab x  y   i  x  y  
–1
also,  cos
ab  2 sin  2 
1
x y
  x y 
 ab  cos 2  – i sin  2  ......(2)
  

(1)  (2) 

ab  1  x  y  x  y  x  y  – i sin  x  y  ab
 cos  2  i sin  2  cos
  2   2
 
1   x  y  
 ab 
ab  2 cos 2
 
a
(ii) b a(b) –1  (cos x  i sin x)(cos y i sin y)–
1
 (cos x  i sin x)(cos y – i sin
y)
 a
b  cos(x – y)  i sin(x – y)
48 � Engineering Mathematics-I

1
1
 a   a 2  cos(x – y)  i sin(x – y)  2
b b
 
 a  x – y  x – y ........(3)
b  cos  2 i sin  2

also, b  a –1 –1

  x – y  x – y 
a  cos 2   i sin 2 
b   
b x – y  x – y
   ......(4)
a  cos  2 –isin  2
(3)  (4) 

a b  x – y  x – y  x – y  – i sin  x – y 
b a  cos 2 isin 2  cos
 2  2

 a b  x – y
b a  2 cos  2

8. ab c
If a = cos α + i sin α, b = cos β + i sin β and c = cos γ + i sin γ find the value of – . c
Solution: ab
Given:
a = cos α + i sin α
b = cos β + i sin
β
& c = cos γ + i sin γ
Now,
ab
c  ab(c)
–1

= (cos α + i sin α) (cos β + i sin β) (cos γ + i sin γ)–1

= (cos α + i sin α) (cos β + i sin β) (cos γ – i sin γ)
ab
 c  cos(  – )  i sin(  – ) ......(1)
also, c   ab – 1
ab
 c cos(  – )  i sin(  – ) 
–1

c
 ab  cos(  – ) – i sin(  – ) ........(2)
(1) – (2)

ab c
c –  cos(  – )  i sin(  – ) – cos(  – )  i sin(  –
)
ab
ab c
 c –  2i sin(  – )
ab
1 1 1
9. If x  x 2 cos prove that (i) x   2x ncos n
n
(ii) x n – n2i sin n .
x
 Complex Numbers �
49
Solution:
1
Given: x  x 2 cos

x2  1 2
x  cos
x 2  1 2x cos
x 2 – 2x cos 1 0
Here a = 1, b = –2 cos  & c  1

–b b2 –
x 
4ac 2a
2 cos (–2 cos) 2 – 4  1 
 1
21
2 cos 4 cos2  –

4
2 cos 4(cos2  –
 1) 2
2
2 cos 4(– sin2 )

2
2 cos i2sin 

2
2[cos i sin ]

2
 x = cos θ ± i sin θ
Consider x = cos θ + i sin θ
∴ 1xn = (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
& n cos n – i sin n
x
1
(i) x n  n  cos n i sin n cos n – i sin
x
n
1
 xn   n
2 cos n
x

1
(ii) x n – n cos n i sin n – cos n i sin
x
n
1
 x n – n 2i sin n
x
n 2
n
10. Show that (1 i)  (1 – i)  2
n n 2
cos .
4
Solution:
Let 1 + i = r (cos θ + i sin θ) = r cos θ + i sin
θ Equating real & imaginary parts on both
sides
50 � Engineering Mathematics-I

r cos θ = 1 & r sin θ = 1

Now, (rcos θ) + (r sin θ) = (1)2 + (1)2
2 2

 r2 cos2θ + r2 sin2θ = 1 + 1
 r2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = 2
 r2(1) =
2
 r2 = 2  r 2

r sin  1
Also, 
r cos 1
 tan  1
  tan–1 (1)

  4
  

4
(1)
Similarly we can prove that


 

LHS: (1 + i)n + (1 – i)n

    i sin n   –i n
    sin  
 cos 
4    
 cos
 4 4 
n n

   
  2  cos 4  i sin 4    2 cos4 – i sin4
n n


n n
  2  cos 4  i sin 4  cos 4 – i sin 4 
n n n
n
n
 2 2 2 
cos 4
n n
 2 21cos
4
n 2
n
 2 2 cos  RHS
4

2 . 3 ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Definition:
1

A number ω is called the nth root of a complex number z, if ωn = z and we write  

zn .
Working rule to find the nth roots of a complex numbers:
 Complex Numbers �
51
Step (I) : Write the given complex number in Polar
form. Step (II) : Add “2kπ” to the argument.
Step (III) : Apply Demoivre’s theorem
Step (IV) : Put k = 0, 1, ....... upto (n – 1).
Illustration:
Let z = r (cos θ + i sin θ)
 z = r [cos (2kπ + θ) + i sin (2kπ + θ)]
1 1

 z  kr[cos(2k
where nI  )  i sin(2k  )]n
1 1

 r n [cos(2k )  i sin(2k
)]n1
 r n   2k    2k   
  n   i sin n  where K = 0, 1, 2, ........, n – 1.
cos
1

 ‘n’ different values of n provided z ≠ 0.

Only these values of k will give z
To find the nth roots of unity
1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ
1
1
∴ nth roots of unity = 1 n  (cos 2k i sin 2k) n
 2k
 cos  n  i sin
 2k
  n  where k = 0, 1, 2, ................, n –1
The roots are,
R1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1 + i0 = 1 = e
for k = 0; i0

2 2 i 2
k R 2  cos  i sin  e n   (say)
1; n n
4 2 2
4 4 i
k  2; R3  cos  i sin  e n  e i    2
n n
2(n – 2(n – 2(n –1)
k  n – 1; R n cos i  e n   n –1
i

1) n 1) n
sin
∴ The nth roots of unity are
2 4
i i i
ei0, e 2(n
n
, –1)
e n ,.........., e n

i.e., 1, ω, ω2, ..........., ωn–1.

Result:
If ω is nth roots of unity then
(i) ωn = 1
(ii) Sum of the roots is zero.
i.e 1 + ω + ω2 + .......... + ωn–1 = 0
52 � Engineering Mathematics-I

(iii) The roots are in G.P with common ratio ω.

2
(iv) The arguments are in A.P with common difference n .
(v) The product of the roots is (–1)n+1.
To find cube roots of
unity
1
Let x = (1) 3
1
 (cos 0  i sin 0) 3

1
 (cos 2k i sin 2k)
3  2k 
 cos    i sin
 2k 
3  3  where k = 0, 1, 2

for k = 0; R1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1 + i0 = 1

 3
2 2 1
k  1; R2  cos 3  i sin 3  – 2 i 2
∴ The roots are
3
4 4 1
k  2; R 3 cos 3 i sin 3 – –2i 2

1 3 1 3
The cube roots of unity are 1, – 2  i 2, – –2 i 2 .
Result:

2 2
If we denote the second root R 2 cos 3 i sin 3by  then the other root ,
4 4
R 3  cos  i sin becomes 2
3 3

2 2 1 3
Thus, R2 cos 3  i sin 3 – 2 i 2 

4 4 1 3
R 3 cos 3 i sin 3 – –2 i 2 
2

∴ The cube roots of unit are 1, ω, ω2

Note:
If ω is cube roots of unity then (i) ω3 = 1, (ii) 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
Fourth roots of unity
1
Let x = (1) 4
1
 (cos 0  i sin 0) 4

1
 (cos 2k i sin 2k) 4
 cos   
2k 2k 
  i sin   where k = 0, 1,
2, 3
 4  4 

∴ The roots are,

for k = 0; R1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1 + i0 = 1
 Complex Numbers �
53

 
k  1; R2  cos 2  i sin 2  0  i(1)  i   (say)
k  2; R 3  cos i sin   –1 i(0)  –1 
2

3 3
k  3; R 4 cos 2 i sin 2 0  i(–1)  –i  
The fourth roots of unity are 1, i, – 1, – i (i.e.) 1, ω, ω2, ω3.
Note:
(i) The sum of the fourth roots of unity is zero. i.e 1 + ω + ω2 + ω3 = 0 and ω4 = 1.
(ii) The value of ω used in cube roots of untiy and in fourth roots of unity are different.
Sixth roots of unity
1
Let x = (1) 6
1
 (cos 0  i sin 0) 6

1
 (cos 2k i sin 2k) 6

 2k 
 cos    i sin
 2k 
6  6  where k = 0, 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5
R1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = e = 1
for k = 0; i0

 2  i 2 2
k R 2  cos e6 
i
sin
1; six roots are 6
∴The 6
4
k  2; R 3 cos 4  i 4  e i 6   2
sin
6 6 6
k  3; R 4 cos 6   3
i
e 6
 i sin 6
6 6 8
k  4; R 5 cos 8   4
i
e 6
 i sin 8
6
10 610 10
k  5; R6  cos  i sin  e 6  5
i

6 6
2 4 6 8 10
i i i i i

∴ The sixth roots of unity are e i0 ,e 6 ,e 6 ,e 6 , e 6 , e 6

i.e, 1, ω, ω2, ω3, ω4, ω5.

Note:
The sum of the sixth roots of unity is zero. i.e 1 + ω + ω2 + ω3 + ω4 + ω5 = 0 and ω6 = 1
Note: 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0
– 1 = cos π + i sin π
 
i  cos  i sin
2 2
3 3
–i  cos  i sin
2 2
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
1. If ω is a cube roots of unity, find the value of ω4 + ω5 + ω6.
54 � Engineering Mathematics-I

Solution:
If ω is cube roots of unity then ω3 = 1.
∴ ω 4 + ω5 + ω6 = ω 3 . ω + ω 3 . ω2 + ω 3. ω3
= (1) ω + (1) ω2 + (1) (1)
= ω + ω2 + 1
= 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
2. Simplify: (1 + ω) (1 + ω2) where ω is cube roots of unity.
Solution:
(1 + ω) (1 + ω2) = 1 + ω2 + ω + ω3
= [1 + ω + ω2] + ω3
=0+1
=1

3. Solve: x2 – 1 = 0
Solution:
Given: x2 – 1 = 0
x2  1
1
1
x  (1) 2  [cos 0  i sin 0] 2

1
 [cos 2k i sin
2k] 2
 cos   
2k 2k 
  i sin   where k 
0,1
 2 
2 

1
4. Find the value of (i) 3 . 1

Solution:   3
 cos 2  i sin 
 1 2
Let x = (i) 3 1
       3
 cos  2k   i sin  2k 
 2  
1   1 

 cos
 
2k   i sin  2k
2  where k = 0, 1, 2.
3 2
3
2
1
5. Find the value of (–1) 3 .
Solution:
1
Let x = (–1) 3
1
 (cos i sin ) 3
1 1
 cos (2k )  i sin 1
 [cos(2k
3 )  i sin(2k )]) where k = 0, 1, 2
3 (2k
3
 Complex Numbers �
55
3
 –1 i 3 
6. Find the value of  2  .
Solution:  

3 –1 3
We have –1 i  2  i 2 = cos 120o + i sin 120o
3 2
 –1 i 3 
  (cos120  i sin120 )
o o 3
 2
 cos 360o  i sin 360o
 1 i(0)
1

PART – B
1. Find the cube roots of unity.
Solution:
Let ‘x’ be the cube roots of unity.
i.e. x3 = 1
1
x  (1) 3

1
 (cos 0  i sin 0) 3

1
 (cos 2k i sin 2k) 3

2k 2k
 cos  i sin where k  0,1, 2
3 3
For k = 0; x = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1 + i0 = 1
2 2
k  1; x  cos  i sin
3
4 4
k  2; x  cos 33  i sin 3
2
2. Find all the values of (i) 3 .
Solution:
2
Let x = (i) 3
2

    3
  cos  i sin
 2 2 
1
 
2

  
 3
  cos  i sin 
 2 2 
1
 
    3

 cos 2   i sin 2  
2  2
1

 [cos
 i sin ]
3 
56 � Engineering Mathematics-I

1
 [cos(2k )  i sin(2k )]
3

 2k     i sin  2k   

 cos  where k = 0, 1, 2
 3   3
 
when k = 0; x = cos  i sin
3 3
3 3
k  1; x  cos  i sin
3 3
5 5
k  2; x  cos  i sin
3 3

3. Solve: x2 + 16 = 0
Solution:
Given: x2 + 16 = 0
x 2  –16  16  –1
1 1
x  (16) 2 (–1) 2

 4  c o s  i sin  
1
2

 4  cos(2k )  i sin(2k ) 
1
2

  2k    2k   
 4 cos 2   i sin 2  where k = 0, 1
 k = 0;    
when x = 4  cos  i sin 
 2 2
 3 3 
k  1;  x  4 cos  i sin
2 2
 
4. If ω is the cube roots of unity then prove that (1 – ω + ω2)5 + (1 + ω – ω2)5 = 32.
Solution:

If ω is the cube roots of unity then ω3 = 1 and 1 + ω + ω2 = 0.

LHS : (1 – ω + ω2)5 + (1 + ω – ω2)5

= (1 + ω2 – ω)5 + (1 + ω – ω2)5

= (– ω – ω)5 + (– ω2 – ω2)5

= (– 2ω)5 + (–2ω2)5

= (– 2)5 ω5 + (– 2)5 (ω2)5

= – 32ω2 – 32ω

= – 32 (ω2 + ω)

= – 32 (– 1) = 32 = RHS
 Complex Numbers �
57

PART – C
1. Solve: x7 + 1 = 0
Solution:
Given: x7 + 1 = 0
x 7  –1
1
x  (–1) 7

1
 (cos i sin
) 7
1
 [cos(2k )  i sin(2k )]
7
 2k     i sin  2k   
 cos where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
 7   7


∴ The
values are  
when k = 0; x = cos  i sin
7
7
k  1;3x 
cos 3i
sin
7
7
k  2;
5x 
cos 5i
sin
7
7
k  3;
7x 
cos 7i
sin
7
7
k  4;
9x 
cos 9i
sin
7
7
k  5; 11 11 x
 cos  i sin
7
7
k  6; 13 13 x
 cos  i sin
7
7
2. Solve: x6 – 1 = 0
Solution:
Given: x6 – 1 = 0
x6  1
1
x  (1) 6
1
58 � Engineering Mathematics-I

∴ The values are,

when k = 0; x = cos 0  i sin 0
2 2
k  1; x  cos  i sin
6 6
4 4
k  2; x  cos  i sin
6 6
6
k6 3; x  cos  i sin

6 6
8
k8 4; x  cos  i sin
10
k  5; x  cos66  i sin
6
6
10
3. Solve: x8 + x5 + x3 + 1 = 0
Solution:
Given: x8 + x5 + x3 + 1 = 0
x5 (x3 + 1) + 1 (x3 + 1) = 0
(x5 + 1) (x3 + 1) = 0
x5 + 1 = 0 ; x3 + 1 = 0
Case (i)
x5 + 1 = 0
1
x  (–1) 5

1
 (cos i sin )
5 1
 [cos(2k )  i sin(2k )]
5

 2k    i sin  2k  

 cos  where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
 5   5
The roots are,

 
when k = 0; x = cos  i sin
5
5
k  1;3x 
cos 3i
sin
5
5
k  2;
5x 
cos 5i
sin
5
5

k  3;7x 
cos 7i
sin
5
5
k  4;
9x 
cos 9i
sin
5
5
 Complex Numbers �
59

Case (ii) :
x3 + 1 = 0
1
x  (–1) 3

1
 (cos i sin ) 3
1
 [cos(2k )  i sin(2k )]
3

 2k     i sin  2k   

 cos  where k = 0, 1, 2
 3   3
 
when k = 0; x = cos 3 i sin 3
3 3
k  1; x  cos  i sin
3
3
5 5
k  2; x  cos  i sin
3
3

1 33
4 and also prove that the product of the four values is
4. Find all the values of  i 
2 2  1.
Solution:

1 3
Let a + ib = 2 i 2r(cos i sin ) ........(1)
1
Here a = & b 3
 2
2
Modulus:

 32 1 3
a 2  b2   1  
2
r    11
2  4 4
 
2
Arugument:
 3 

 b   tan ( 3) 
–1
 tan–1    tan–1 2
1  3
a
 2 
∴(1) becomes,

1 3  

2  i 
2 1  cos 3 i 
 3 3
sin 3 4 3
 4
1  
   i    cos  i sin
2 2   3 3


60 � Engineering Mathematics-I

 
 
3

  cos  i sin4 
 3 3 

  1

      4
 cos 3   i sin 3 
3  3
1

 [cos
 i sin ]
4  1
 [cos(2k )  i sin(2k )]
4

 2k     i sin  2k   

 cos where k = 0, 1, 2, 3
 4   4
∴ The values 
are,

 
when k = 0; R 
1 cos
4 i sin 4
3 3
k  1; R2 cos 4  i sin 4

5 5
k  2; R 3 cos 4 i sin 4

7 7
k  3; R 4 cos 4 i sin 4

Product of the four values

R1 × R2 × R3 × R

5
3 5  i7sin
 os7  i sin
   3   
 cos 4  i sin   cos 4  i sin   cos 4  c 4
4  4  4  4

  3 5  7   i sin    3  5  7 
 cos   4
4 4 4   4 4 4 
16 16
 cos 4 4  i sin 4
 cos 4 i sin
4
 1 i(0)  1
 Complex Numbers �
61
EXERCISE
PART – A
1. If z1 = – 1 + 2i and z2 = – 3 + 4i find 3z, – 4z2.
2. If z1 = (2, 3) and z = (5, 7) find 4z1 + 3z2.
3. If z1 = (– 3, 5) and z2 = (1, – 2) find z1 z2.
4. If z1 = 1 + i and z2 = 1 – i find z1 / z2.
5. If z1 = 2 + i and z2 = 1 + i find z2 / z1.
6. Express the following complex numbers in a
+ ib form.
1 2
(i) (ii) (iii) (4  5i)(5
4 3– 7i)
3i i
7. Find the real and imaginary parts of the following complex numbers
1 1 1 1 i
(i) (ii) (iv)
2 –i(iii) 2 
i –3
3i conjugate of the 1–i
8. Find the complex following:
2
(i) (2 – 3i) (7  11i) 4
(iii)
1–i
(ii) i –5
(iv) 1 –i
9. Find the modulus and argument (or) amplitude1ofi the following:
1 3
–3 (v)
(i) 3i (ii) – 1 + i (iii) 3 –i (iv) 1 – i 2 2
1 3
(vi) – 2 –i 2 (vii) 1 – i 3
10. Find the distance between the following two complex numbers
(i) 2 + 3i and 3 – 2i (ii) 4 + 3i and 5 – 6i (iii) 2 – 3i and 5 + (iv) 1 + i and 3 – 2i
11. State DeMoivre’s theorem. 7i
12. Simplify the following:
(i) (cos θ + i sin θ)3 (cos θ + i sin θ)–4
(ii) (cos  + i sin )5 (cos  + i sin )–6
(iii) (cos θ – i sin θ)4 (cos θ + i sin θ)7
13. Find the value of the following:

(i) cos 5 i sin 5 cos

(ii)
3 i sin 3 cos 3 – i sin 3 cos
2 – i sin 2

(v) (cos
cos10i sin )8
i sin10 cos i6
cos 4
(vi) sin i4
sin
(iii) 6 (iv)
(cos i sin ) 4
(cos – i sin
cos 7 i sin 7 )
cos
4
i sin 
14. Simplify: cos 8 i sin     cos 3 3   5 5 
8  i sin   cos 8  i sin
8  8  8

62 � Engineering Mathematics-I

      
 
15. Simplify: 
cos 3  i sin 3  cos 2  i sin2  cos
 6  i sin 6
 2    2 

2 2
16. Find the product of 5  cos 3  i sin  2 cos 3 i sin
and .
 3  3
     
17. Find the product of  cos

  i sin
6  cos 
and  i sin .
 6  3 3
 5
1  6  2  cos  i sin find Z 1Z2 .
5
17.(a) If z = 5 cos  i sin 6 and z = 3  6 6 
1
18. If x = cos θ+
 i sin θ find x – x.
19. If a = cos θ + i sin θ, b = cos + i sin find ab.

20. If a = cos α + i sin α, b = cos β + i sin β find b .

a
21. If a = cos x + i sin x, b = cos y + i sin y find
ab .
22. If ω is the cube root of unity find the value of 1 + ω2 + ω4.
23. If ω is the fourth root of unity find the value ω4 + ω5 + ω6 + ω7.
24. If ω is the six root of unity find the value of ω2 + ω4 + ω6.
25. Solve: x2 + 1 = 0
1 1 1
26. Find the value of (i) (i) 2 (ii) (1) (iii) (–1)
3 2

3
 3
27. Find the value of  –1 –2 i  .
 
PART – B
1. Express the following complex numbers in a + ib
form.
(i) 1  1 2  3i (iii) 1 i 4
1 i 1 –i (ii) 4 –i (iv)
3i
2. Find the real and imaginary parts of the
(1 –following
i)2 complex
1 –i numbers
1 2i (2 – i)2 2
(i) (ii)
1–i i 4i
(iii) 1 i 1
3. Find the conjugate the following complex numbers
13 1 1
(i) 1 i
11 12i (ii) 1–i (iii)2–i 2
i 
4. Find the modulus and amplitude of the following complex numbers

1 i 3
(i) 1 – i (ii) 2  i 2 (iii) 2  2 3i (iv) – 2 
3 2i
5. Show that the following complex numbers are collinear.
(i) 1 + 3i, 5 + i, 3 + 2i
(ii) 4 + 2i, 7 + 5i, 9 + 7i
(iii) 1 + 3i, 2 + 7i, – 2 –9i
 Complex Numbers �
63
6. Show that the following complex numbers form a
parallelogram. (i) 2 – 2i, 8 + 4i, 5 + 7i, – 1 + i
(ii) 3 + i, 2 + 2i, – 2 + i, – 1
(iii) 1 – 2i, –1 + 4i, 5 + 8i, 7 + 2i
7. If x = cos θ + i sin θ find the value of
1 1 1 1
1 x 
(i) (ii) x m – (iii) x 3  (iv) x 5  (v) x 2 –
n
1
n (vi) x 8 –
x x m2 x 3
x 5
x8
x
1
8. If a = cos x + i sin x, b = cos y + i sin y find ab – . ab

9. If x = cos 2α + i sin 2α, y = cos 2β + i sin 2β find

10.. If x = cos α + i sin α, y = cos β + i sin β find xm yn.
xy

11. Find the cube roots of 8.

2
12. Find the all the values of (–1) 3 .
PART – C
1. Find the real and imaginary parts of the following complex
numbers
(i) (1 i) (1 2i) (ii) (1 2i)3 (iii)  1 – i  3
3 1 3i 
(iv)
(1 i) (2 – i)  1 i  
3 i 4 2
(vii)  (viii)  i
4
3 4i 5 – 3 2i 5 – 4i 3i
2i 1 3–
1 3 3i (x) 4i
(ix)
3  2i 1 cos i sin 

2. Express the following complex numbers in a + ib form.

(1 i) (1 – 2i) (1 i) (1 (1 i) (3 i)2
(i) (ii)
2i) (1 3i) (2 – i) 2
(iii) (1
4i)
3 7 – 5i
(iv)  2  3i (vi)
4 i 3i 3 – 4i (v) 1–i (2 
3i) 2
3. Find the conjugate of the following complex numbers

(1 i) (2 – i) (1 i) (2  i) 1–i 3 i (2 5–i

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) 2 –
 i)2 (3 i) 3 2i 2  5i 3i
4. Find the modulus and argument of the following complex numbers
3i 3
1 2 –i 1 i
(i) 1 i (ii) 3 7i (iii) 1 –
i
(1 i) (1 2i) i–3 1–i
(iv) 1 3i (v) i–1 (vi) 1 i

5. Prove that the following complex numbers form a square.

(i) 9 + i, 4 + 13i, – 8 + 8i, – 3 – 4i (ii) 2 + i, 4 + 3i, 2 + 5i, 3i
(iii) – 1, 3i, 3 + 2i, 2 – i (iv) 4 + 5i, 1 + 2i, 4 – i, 7 + 2i
64 � Engineering Mathematics-I

6. Show that the following complex numbers form a rectangle.

(i) 1 + 2i, – 2 + 5i, 7i, 3 + 4i (ii) 4 + 3i, 12 + 9i, 15 + 5i, 7 –
(iii) 1 + i, 3 + 5i, 4 + 4i, 2i i (iv) 8 + 4i, 5 + 7i, – 1 + i, 2 –
2i a rhombus.
7. Show that the following complex number form
(i) 8 + 5i, 16 + 11i, 10 + 3i, 2 – 3i (ii) 6 + 4i, 4 + 5i, 6 + 3i,
8+i
(iii) 1 + i, 2 + i, 2 + 2i, 1 + 2i
8. Simplify the following using De Moivre’s theorem
(i) (cos–52 – i sin 2) (cos 4 i sin
4

4)
(cos 3 i sin 3)2 (cos 5 – i sin
5)–3
(ii) (cos4 2 – i sin 2) (cos 3 i sin
3

3) 3 i sin 3)2 (cos 5 – i sin

(cos
5)–3
(iii) (cos–52 – i sin 2) (cos 3 i sin
7

3) 4 i sin 4)2 (cos 5 – i sin

(cos
5)–6
(iv)
(cos 3 i sin 3)2 (cos 4 – i sin when  
4)3 (cos i sin ) 3
9

(v) (cos5 x – i sin x) (cos 3x  i sin when x  2

3

3x)2x – i sin 2x) 5 (cos 5x  i sin

(cos 13
5x) 7
(vi) (cos–35 – i sin 5) (cos 2 – i sin when  2
2)
(cos i sin )5 (cos 3 i sin 11
3)–5
 cos i sin  
4

9. Show that  1
 sin  – icos 

1 cos i sin  

3

10. Show that   cos 3 i sin 3

1 cos – i sin  
 

8

 1 sin  icos 
11. Prove that  8
 8 1
 
. 1 sin 8 – 8
icos ab c
12. If a = cos α + i sin α, b = cos β + i sin β and c = cos γ + i sin γ find the value of 
c .
13. If x = cos 3α + i sin 3α, y = cos 3β + i sin 3β prove that ab
1 1
(i) 3 xy   2 cos( ) (ii) 3 xy –  2i sin( )
3 xy 3 xy

14. If x = cos α + i sin α, y = cos β + i sin β, z = cos γ + i sin γ and if x + y + z = 0 show that
(i) cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ = 3 cos (α + β + γ)
(ii) sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3 sin (α + β + γ)
15. If x = cos α + i sin α, y = cos β + i sin β and z = cos γ + i sin γ and if x + y + z = 0 prove that
1 1 1
x  y z 0

16. If x  1  2 cos and y 1  2 cos show that x mm yn 2

y    – n) .
x xm cos(m
y
 Complex Numbers �
65
1
17. If x = cos α + i sin α, y = cos β + i sin β prove that x m yn   2 cos(m n) .
x m yn
n
18. If ‘n’ is a positive integer, prove that (1 i 3) n  (1 – i 3) n  2 n1 cos . 3
n
19. If ‘n’ is a positive integer prove that ( 3  i)n – ( 3 – i)n  2 n1 cos . 6

   n 
20. Prove that (1 + cos θ + i sin θ)n + (1 + cos θ – i sin θ)n = 2 n1 cosn  cos .
2  2
21. Solve: x4 + 1 = 0

22. Solve: x5 + 1 = 0
23. Solve: x6 + 1 = 0
24. Solve: x4 – 1 = 0
25. Solve: x5 – 1 = 0
26. Solve: x7 – 1 = 0
27. Solve: x5 + x3 + x2 + 1 = 0
28. Solve: x8 – x5 + x3 – 1 = 0
29. Solve: x7 + x4 + x3 + 1 = 0
30. Solve: x7 – x4 + x3 – 1 = 0
ANSWERS
PART – A

(1) 9 – 10i (2) (23, 33) (3) 7 – i (4) 3 i 4 3i 3 i (iii) – 15

(5) 5 (6) (i) 25
– 25 (ii) 5  5
i 53i
1 1 2 –3
(7) (i) Re(z)  , Im(z)  (ii) Re(z)  , Im(z) 
5 13
–3 –1
(iii) Re(z) 5 , Im(z)  13
10
(iv) Re(Z)  0, Im(z)  1
10 –5 i
(iii) Z  i (iv) Z  13

(i)Zr  47
(8) (i) – i  (ii) Z (ii)
2 ;  2(1r 
– 2;  –


6 (iii) r  2;  – 6
i) (9)
  
(iv) r  2; 4– (v) r  1 ;  (vi) r  1 ;  
3 3 (vii) r  2 ;  – 3
3
10)
(i) 26 (ii) 82 (iii) 109 (iv) 13
12) (i) cos θ – i sin θ (ii) cos 11 + i sin 11 (iii) cos 3θ + i sin 3θ
13) (i) cos 8θ + i sin 8θ (ii) cos 5θ + i sin 5θ (iii) cos 3θ + i sin 3θ
(iv) cos 3θ + i sin 3θ (v) cos 4θ + i sin 4θ (vi) cos 10θ + i sin 10θ
14) – 1 15) –1 17) i 17(a) 18) 2i sin θ
16) 5(–1 – i 3)
– 15
 66 � Engineering Mathematics-I

19) cos (θ + ) + i sin (θ + ) 20) cos (β – α) + i sin (β – α)

 x  y  x  y  22) 0 23) 0 24) – ω – ω3 – ω5

21) cos 2   i sin 2
 
25) 
 2k  2k  
x  cos  i sin  where k = 0, 1
 2  2
26) (i) cos  i sin  , cos 5 i sin
5
4 4 42 4 2 4 4
(ii) cos 0  i sin 0, cos  i sin , cos  i sin
3
3
3
3
  3
(iii) cos  i sin , cos  i
1) (i) 1 11
310i 1 7i
(ii)sin 172 2 (iii) –1 2
i2 (iv) 2
2
1
2) (i) Re(Z)  – , 3
27) 1 2 I m (Z) 
2
1 –9 PART – B
(ii) Re(Z)  2 , I m(Z)  2

6 7
(iii) Re(Z)  17, I m(Z)  – 17

13 4
3) (i) Z  23(11 12i) (ii) Z  – (iii) Z  5
i
3
4) (i) r  1,   (ii) r  2 ,  45o

 (iv) r  –
(iii) r  4;  3  4
2,
7) (i) 2 cos nθ (ii) 2i sin mθ (iii) 2 cos3θ (iv) 2 cos5θ (v) 2i sin 2θ (vi) 2i
sin 8θ

8)2i sin (x –y) 9) cos (x + y) + i sin (x – y) 10) cos (mα + nβ) + i sin (mα +

nβ) 11) 2[cos 0  i sin 0], 2 cos  i sin  , 2 cos  i sin 

2 2 4 4
 3 3  3 3

2 2 4 4 6 6
12) cos  i sin , cos  i sin , cos  i sin 3
3 3 3 3 3
 Complex Numbers �
67
PART – C
4 3 –7 1
1) (i) Re(z)  , Im(z)  (ii) Re(z)  , Im(z) 
5 2
8 6
5 (iv) Re(z)  2 , Im(z)  –
25
(iii) Re(z)  0, Im(z)  1 26
(vi) Re(z)  25, Im(z)  –
29
1
(v) Re(z)  1, Im(z)  2 41
366 –298 622 –224
(vii) Re(z)  , Im(z)  (viii) Re(z) 41 , Im(z) 
725 533
1 
725 (x) Re(z)  2533
1
, Im(z)  – 2 tan 2
(ix) Re(z)  3, Im(z)  1
8 – 9i 193 149i 1
2) (i) 29 (ii) 41 (iii) 2 – i

23 – 24i 17  7i (vi) –
(iii) (v)
1
65 26
13 9i 3 4i 1 5i
3) (i) Z  25 25 (ii) Z  5– 5 (iii) Z  13 13

11 13
(iv) Z  29 – 29i (v) Z  1
–i
290
4) (i) | Z | 2,   tan–1 (1 – 3) (ii) | Z | 58 ,  tan–1 (17)

 3 – 1 5
(iii) | Z | 2,  tan–1  (iv) | Z | 2 ,  tan–1  (9)
3 1

–1  1  (vi) | Z | 1,  –
(v) | Z | 5 ,  tan  2
 
8) (i) cos 19θ – i sin 19θ (ii) cos 15θ –i sin 15θ (iii) cos 107θ – i sin 107θ
2
(iv) –1 (v) 1
(vi) 1
12) 2 cos (α + β – γ)
 3 5 5 7 7
 i
21) cos 4  i sin 3
4 , cos 4  i sin 4 , cos 4  i sin 4 , cos 4 sin 4
 3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9

22) cos 5 i sin 5 , cos 5  i sin 5 , cos 5  i sin 5 , cos 5  i sin 5 , cos 5  i sin 5
 3 3 5 5 7 7
23) cos   i sin , cos  i sin , cos  i sin , cos  i sin ,
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
9 9 11
cos  i sin , cos  i sin
11
6 6 6 6
2 2
24) cos 04 i sin 0,  i sin 6
4cos 6 ,
cos , i sin , cos  i sin
4
4
4
4
4
4

2 2 4 4 6 6 8
25) cos 0  i sin 0, cos  i sin , cos , i sin , cos  i sin , cos  isin
8
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
68 � Engineering Mathematics-I

 3 3 9 9

27) Case (i) cos 3 i sin 3 , cos 3  i sin 3 , cos 7  i sin 7

 3
Case (ii) cos 2  i sin 2 , cos 2  i sin 2
3
2 2 4 4
28) Case (i) cos 0  i sin 0, cos  i sin , cos  i sin
3
3
3
3

 2k  i isin

cos (ii) cos
29) Case

sin 2k
3 k 3
, cos  ,  i sin 0,1, 5 5
, cos  i sin ,
 4 
5 
5 4 5 5 5 5
2,3 .
 2k  7 7  9 9
cos  3cos  isin  2k
i sin
5 ,3 cos5, k   i0,1,
sin2
 5 5
30) cos2k    i sin 2k   , k  0,1,
 4  4 2,3
 2k   2k 
cos 3   i sin  3  , k  0,1, 2
 
 
 UNIT – III TRIGONOMETRY

3.1 COMPOUND ANGLES

3.1 Expansion of sin (A ± B), cos (A ± B) and tan (A ± B) (without proof). Problems using
above expansions.
3.2 Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles of 2A and 3A and sub-multiple
angles. Simple problems.
3.3 Trigonometrical ratios of sum and product formulae. Simple problems.
Introduction:
Trigonometry is one of the oldest branches of Mathematics. The word Trigonometry is derived
from the Greek words ‘Trigonon’ and ‘metron’ means measurement of angles. In olden days
Trigonometry was mainly used as a tool for studying astronomy. In earlier stages Trigonometry was
mainly concerned with angles of a triangle. But now it has its applications in various branches of
science such as survey- ing, engineering, navigations etc. For the study of higher mathematics,
knowledge of Trigonometry is essential.
C
Trigonometrical ratios:
There are six Trigonometrical ratios sine, cosine,
tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant shortly Hy HYP
Opposite side rot
written as sin θ, cos θ, tan θ, cot θ, sec θ and cosec θ. enu
se
(Opp)

The side opposite to angle θ (Theta) is called

90
opposite side. The side opposite to 90o is called θ
Hypotenuse. The other side is adjacent side. A adjacent side (adj) B
Opp
sin  cosec 1 Hyp Fig.3.11
Hyp sin  Opp
adj
cos sec 1 Hyp
Hyp cos 
Opp adj
tan cot 1 adj
 tan   opp
adj
Note:

sin  cos
tan  and cot
cos sin 
Fundamental trigonometrical
identities 3) 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ
1) sin2θ + cos2θ = 1

2) 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
70 � Engineering Mathematics-I

Trigonometrical ratios of known angles

 0 30 45 60 90
1 1 3
sin  1
0 2 2 2
3 1 1 0
cos 1
2 2 2
3 
tan  1
1
0 of Trigonometrical
Signs 3 ratios
90o
Quadrant Quadrant
II I
90 + θ 90 – θ
180 – θ 360 + θ

Quadrant Quadrant
180o III IV 0 (or) 360o
180 + θ 270 + θ
270 – θ 360 – θ
–θ
270o

Fig.3.12

Quadrant Signs of ratios Remember

I All are +ve All
1
II Sin θ and cosec θ = sin  are +ve; Other ratios Silver
are – ve.
III tan θ and cot θ are + ve; other ratios are – ve. Tea
1
IV cos θ and sec θ = are + ve; other ratios are –ve. Cups
cos

Table 3.11
Trigonometrical ratios of related or allied Angles:
The basic angle is θ and angles associated with θ by a right angle (or) its multiples are called
related angle or allied angles. Thus 90 ± θ, 180 ± θ, 270 ± θ, 360 ± θ are known as related or
allied angles.
Trigonometrical ratios of any Angle
Working Rule for 180 ± θ and 360 ± θ
1. Determine the sign.
2. Change of ratio-Do not change
Refer Fig.3.12
 Trigonometry �
71
Ratio Falls in Quadrant Sign Change of ratio
180o (or) 360o Refer Fig.3.12 Refer Table 3.11 (Do not
change)
1) sin (180 – θ) II (Silver) sin θ is + ve + sin θ
2) tan (180 + θ) III (Tea) tan θ is + ve + tan θ
3) sec (360 – θ) IV (Cups) sec θ is +ve + sec θ
4) tan (180 – θ) II (Silver) tan θ is – ve – tan θ
5) cos (180 + θ) III (Tea) cos θ is – ve – cos θ
6) cosec (360 – θ) IV (Cups) cosec θ is – ve – cosec θ
Working Rule for 90 ± θ and 270 ± θ
1. Determine the sign
2. Change of ratio as follows:
sin θ will change as cos θ and cos θ will change as sin θ
tan θ will change as cot θ and cot θ will change as tan
θ
sec θ will change
Ratio as cosec θRefer
and cosec θ will change
Fig.3.12 as 3.11
Referable Change of ratio
sec θ 90 o (or) 270o Quadrant Sign
1) sin (90 – θ) I (All) sin θ is + ve + cos θ
2) cosec (90 + θ) II (Silver) cosec θ is + ve + sec θ
3) cot (270 – θ) III (Tea) cot θ is +ve + tan θ
4) sin (270 + θ) IV (Cups) sinθ is – ve – cos θ
5) tan (270 + θ) IV (Cups) tan θ is – ve – cot θ
6) cos (270 – θ) III (Tea) cos θ is – ve – sin θ
Examples:
III III
1) sin180o  sin (180  0)  – sin 0o  0 2) cos180o  cos(180  0)  – cos 0o  –1
III II 3
3) tan 225o  tan (180  45)   tan 45o  1 4) sin120o  sin (180 – 60)   sin 60o
 2
II III 1
1 6) cot 210  cot (180  30)   cot 30 o
3
5) cos120  cos(180 – 60)  – cos 60o  – 2
o
 1
 
3 

III
III
 8) cos 240  cos(180  60)  – cos 60 1 
7) sin 270  sin (180  90)  – sin 90  –
o o

 – 2
IV III 
1  sin (270  0)  – cos 0    cos(270 – 30)  – sin 30  1 
–1  2 
–
III 3
9) sin 600  sin 240  sin (180  60)  – 10) cos 720 
sin 60  – 2 cos 0  1
(Remove multiangles of 360 o ) (Remove multiangles of 360 o )

Note:
– θ falls in Quadrant IV where cos θ and sec θ are + ve. Therefore cos (– θ) = cos θ and sec (– θ) =
sec θ ; sin (– θ) = – sin θ ; tan (– θ) = – tan θ ; cot (– θ) = – cot θ ; cosec (– θ) = – cosec θ.
Compound Angles:
If an angle is expressed as the algebraic sum or difference of two or more angles, then it is called
compound angle.
72 � Engineering Mathematics-I

Formulae:
1) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin
B
2) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
3) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin
B
5)
4) cos (A –B)B) tan A
=1cos Atan
cosBB + sin A sin
tan(A – tan A tan
B B
tan A – tan B
6) tan(A – B)  1 tan A tan
Results: B
1. Prove that sin (A + B) sin (A – B) = sin2A – sin2B

sin (A + B) = sni AcosB cosAsni B= x + y

sa(y)
x y
x y

LHS
sin (A=–sin
B)(A
= s+nB) sin
i Ac(A – BB)
os – c=(x
o+sAy)
s(x – By)
ni  ==x –x2y–
y 2
sin2B + cos2B = 1
= (sin A cos B)2 – (cos A sin B)2 cos2B = 1 – sin2B
= sin2A cos2B – cos2A sin2B sin2A = cos2A = 1
= sin2A (1 – sin2B) – (1 – sin2A) sin2B cos2A = 1 – sin2A
= sin2A – sin2A sin2B – sin2B + sin2A sin2B
= sin2A – sin2B = RHS

2. Prove that cos (A + B) cos (A – B) = cos2B – sin2A = cos2A – sin2B.

cos (A + B) = cos AcosB – sinAsinB = x – y

x y
x y

LHS
cos (A co(A
– B)==cos s+AB)
ccos B –B)
os(A sinAsinB = x + y sin2A + cos2A = 1
= (x – y) (x + y) = x2 – y2 cos2A = 1 – sin2A
= (cos A cos B)2 – (sin A sin B)2 sin2B = cos2B = 1
= cos2A cos2B – sin2A sin2B sin2B = 1 – cos2B
= (1 –sin2A) cos2B – sin2A (1 – cos2B)
= cos2B – sin2A cos2B – sin2A + sin2A cos2B
sin2B + cos2B = 1
= cos2B – sin2A = RHS
cos2B = 1 – sin2B
= (1 – sin2B) – (1 – cos2A)
sin2A = cos2A = 1
= 1 – sin2B – 1 + cos2A sin2A = 1 – cos2A
= cos2A – sin2B
 Trigonometry �
73
3.1 WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
1. Find the value of sin65o cos 25o + cos 65o sin 25o.
Solution:
sin65o cos 25o + cos 65o sin 25o
= sin (65o + 25o) = sin 90o = 1 sin (A + B) formula
2. Find the value of sin 40o cos 10o – cos 40o sin 10o.
Solution:
sin 40o cos 10o – cos 40o sin 10o
= sin (40o –10o) = sin 30o = 1 . sin (A – B) formula
2
3. Find the value of cos 50 cos 40o – sin 50o sin 40o.
o

Solution:
cos 50o cos 40o – sin 50o sin 40o
= cos (50o + 40o) = cos 90o = 0 cos (A – B) formula
4. What is the value of cos 70o cos 10o + sin 70o sin 10o?
Solution:
cos 70o cos 10o + sin 70o sin 10o

= cos (70o – 10o) = cos 60o = 1 cos (A + B) formula

2
tan 20o  tan 25o
5. Find the value of . 1 – tan
20o tan 25o
Solution:
tan 20o  tan 25o tan (A + B) formula
1 – tan 20o tan 25o
= tan (20o + 25o) = tan 45o = 1
tan135o – tan 75o
6. Find the value of . 1
tan135o tan 75o
Solution:
tan135o – tan 75o
1 tan135o tan 75o tan (A – B) formula

= tan (135o – 75o) = tan 60o = 3

PART – B
1. Find the value of cos (60o – A) cos (30o + A) – sin (60o – A) sin (30o + A).
Solution:
cos (60o – A) cos (30o + A) – sin (60o – A) sin (30o + A) x = 60o – A
= cos x cos y –sin x sin y y = 30o + A
= cos (x + y) = cos 90o = 0 x + y = 90o
74 � Engineering Mathematics-I

2. Find the value of sin 15o.

Solution:
sin 15o = sin (45o –30o)
= sin 45o cos 30o – cos 45o sin 30o
 1  3–11
2
2 2 2
3 –1
 3 – 1 
2 2 2 2 2 2

3. Find hte value of cos 75o.

Solution:
cos 75o = cos (45o + 30o)
= cos 45o cos 30o – sin 45o sin 30o
 1  3–11
2
2 2 2
3 –1
 3 – 1 
2 2 2 2 22

4. Prove that sin(A  B)  sin(A – B)  tan A .

cos(A  B)  cos(A –
Solution: B)

sin Acos B cos A sin B sin Acos B – cos A

LHS 
sin B cos Acos B – sin A sin B cos Acos B
sin A sin B
2sin Acos
sin AB
  cos A tan A  RHS
2 cos Acos B
5. Prove that sin (A + B) sin (A – B) + sin (B + C) sin (B – C) + sin (C + A) sin (C – A) = 0.
Solution:
LHS = sin (A + B) sin (A – B) + sin (B + C) sin (B – C) + sin (C + A) sin (C – A)
= sin2A – sin2B + sin2B – sin2C + sin2C – sin2A = 0 = RHS

1 1
6. If tan A = and 3 the value of tan (A + B).
2 tan B = find
Solution:

tan A  tan B
tan(A B)  1 – tan A tan
B
1 1


 1–2 1  31
2 3
3 2 5 5

 6  6  6 6 –11 5
1
1– 6 6 6
 Trigonometry �
75
7. Find the value of tan 105o, with out using tables.
Solution:
tan 105o = tan (60o + 45o)

tan 60o  tan 45o


1 – 3tan
 160 tan3 
o

 45o 
1– 1 3  1 1– 3
8. Prove that tan 20o + tan 25o + tan 20o tan 25o = 1.
Solution:
20o + 25o = 45o
tan (20o + 25o) = tan 45o

tan 20o  tan 25o 1

1 – tan 20o tan 
25o multiplying, tan 20o + tan 25o = 1 – tan 20o tan 25o
Cross
tan 20o + tan 25o + tan 20o tan 25o = 1
PART – C
1 1 
1. If A and B are acute and if sin A  prove that A + B =
10 and sin B  5 4
Solution: .
1 1
Given: sin A 
10 and sin B  5
cos A  1 – sin2 A cos B  1 – sin2 B
2 2
1 
1–
  1–1
10  5 
 
1 1
 1 – 10 1– 5
10 – 5– 1 1
  sin A  sin B
1 10 1 10 5

5 3 2
 9 3  4 2 cos A
10  
10 5
 cos B
10 5
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B 
5
 1  2  3

1

10 5 10
 52  3
50 50 5
 5  5 
50 25  2 52
sin(A  B)  sin 45o
1
 2
180o 
A B  45o  
4 4
76 � Engineering Mathematics-I

13
7 14 3
Solution:

2. If A and B are acute and if cos A =
Given: and cos B = , prove that A – B = 60o = .
1
cos A = and
7 co
s
sin A  1 – cos2 A sin B  1 – cos B 2B
2=

 1– 1    1–  13 13
2

 7  14 

14
1  1 – 169
 1– 49 196
49 – 196 –
 
1 49 169196

 48 16   27 93 43 33
49  196  14  sin A  7 sin B  14
3 14
4 3 49 3 3 1 13
 7  14 cos A  7 cos B  14
cos (A – = cos A cos B + sin A sin
B) B
1 13 4 3 3 3
   
7 14 7
14
13 12  3
 
98 98
1
cos(A – B)  13 36 6049
2  cos 
o

1
98 180o  98
A – B  60o  
2 3 3
o

3. If A + B = 45 , prove that (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) = 2 and hence deduce the value of tan 22 1 2 .
o

Solution:
Given: A + B = 45o
Taking tan on both sides
tan (A + B) = tan 45o
tan A  tan B
1
1 – tan A tan B
tan A + tan B = 1 – tan A tan
B tan A + tan B + tan A tan B .......(1)
= 1 LHS = (1 + tan A) (1 +
tan B)
= 1 + tan B + tan A + tan A tan
B
= 1 + 1 using (1)
= 2 = RHS
 Trigonometry � 77
o o o o
1
Put A = 22 1 2 , B = 22 1 2 . Then A + B = 22 1 2 + 22 2 = 45o.

o o
(1 + tan 22 1 2) (1 + tan 22 1 ) =2 2
(say) x
x x =2
2

x 2

1 tan 22 1 2  2

tan 22 1 2  2–1
n 1
and tan B = 
n 2n  , show that A + B = 4.
4. If A and B are acute angle and if tan A = 1 1
Solution:
n
1
A  tan B
Given:
tan(A =  1tan–and
tan A B) tantan
tan A B=
n1 2n  1
B n 1

(n  1) (2n  1)
 n 1
1 
– (n  1) (2n 
1)
n(2n  1)  1(n  1)
(n  1)(2n  1)

(n  1)(2n  1) – n  1
(n  1)(2n  1)
2n 2  n  n  1

2n 2  n  2n  1 –
n 2
 2n  2n  1  1
2n 2  2n  1
tan(A  B)  1 tan 45o
1800 
A  B  45o  
4 4

5. If tan A – tan B = p and cot B – cot A = q, show that cot (A – B) = 1 p 1 . q

Solution:

RHS = 1 p 1q
1 1
 
tan A – tan B cot B – cot
A 1 1
 
tan A – tan 1 1
–
B tan B tan A
1 1
 
tan A – tan tan A – tan
B Btan A tan B
1 tan A tan B tan A – tan B
 tan(A – B) 
1 tan A tan
tan A – tan B B 1 tan A
 cot(A – B) cot(A – B) 
tan B
 RHS tan A – tan B
78 � Engineering Mathematics-I

3 . 2 MULTIPLE AND SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES

Trigonometric ratios of multiple angles of 2A in terms to that of A.

1. Prove that sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
We know that
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin
B Put B = A
sin (A + A) =sin A cos A + cos A sin
A sin 2A = sin A cos A + sin A cos A
sin 2A  2sin Acos Formula for sin 2A
A
2. Prove that cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A = 2cos2A–1 = 1 – 2sin2A.
We know that
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin
B Put B = A
cos (A + A) = cos A cos (A) – sin A
sin (A)
cos 2A  cos2 A – sin2 A Formula for cos 2A ............... (i)
= cos2A – (1 – cos2A)
= cos2A – 1 + cos2A
cos 2A  2 cos2 A – Formula for cos2A ................ (ii)
1
= 2 (1 – sin2A) –1
= 2 – 2 sin2A – 1
cos 2A  1 – 2sin 2 Formula for cos 2A ................ (iii)
A
2 tan
3. Prove that tan 2A  .
1A
– tan2 A
Solution:
We know that

tan A  tan B
tan(A B)  1 – tan A tan
Put B  A B

tan A  tan A
tan(A A)  1 – tan A tan
A2 tan A
tan2A =
1 – tan2
A
 Trigonometry �
79
4. Prove that

a)sin 2
A
1 – cos 2A
2
b)cos A  1 cos 2A
2

2
c) tan A 
2
Solution:
1 – cos 2A
1 cos 2A
1 – cos 2A 1 – (1 – 2sin 2
 using formula for cos 2A –
(a) RHS A 2 2 (iii)
1 – 1  2sin 2 A 2 sin2 A
 

1 cos 2A 1 (2 cos2 A –
(b) RHS 2  using formula for cos 2A – (ii)
1) 2
 sin A  LHS
2

  cos2 A  LHS
22
2 cos2 A
(c) Formula for cos 2A – (iii)

RHS 1 – cos 2A  1 – (1 – 2sin

2

A) cos 2A
1 1 2
cos2 A – 1
1 – 1  2sin 2 A 2 sin2 A 2
 

sin 2 cos
A 2 A 22 cos2 A
  tan A  LHS
cos A
2

To express sin 2A and cos 2A in terms of tan

A Prove that
2 tan
(a) sin 2A
 1Atan2 A
(b) cos 2A  1 – tan A
2

1 tan2 A
Solution:
2sin A
2 tan
(a) RHS  cos
1Atan2 A 1Asin2 A
cos2 A
2sin A

cos2 2sin A 2A
A  sin 1
cos cos
A A
2
cos2AA
cos
 
80 � Engineering Mathematics-I

2sin A cos 2
 
A cancellingcos A
cos A 1 Formula
 2sin A cos A
 sin 2A  LHS sin 2A  2sin
Acos A

SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES
If A is any angle, then A/2 is called sub-multiple angle.
Prove that
a) sin A  2sinA 2cosA 2

b) cos A  cos2 A 2– sin 2 A 2

 2 cos2 A 2– 1

 1 – 2sin 2 A 2 

a) We2A know that A

sin  
sin 2A
2 =

2sin  2AcosA 2 
A cos
2sin
Divide the angles on both sides by 2
sin A  2sinA 2cosA 2

(b) We know that

cos 2A = cos2A –sin2A
= 2 cos2A –1
= 1 – 2 sin2A
Divide the angles on both sides by 2
cos A  cos2 
A  2  A 
 – sin   ..............
(i)
 2 2

 2 cos 2 
A 
 –1
..............(ii)
2
 1 – 2sin 2  
A
..............(iii)  
 A   1 – cos A2 
(a) sin 2 
2 2
Prove that
A  1 cos A
(b) cos2   2
2

 A  1 – cos A
(c) tan 2    1 cos
2
A

 Trigonometry �
81

  A 
1 – cos 1– 1– 2sin 2  
 2 
(a) RHS
A 2   2

1 – 1 2sin 2   2sin 2  
A A
  2   2 using Formula (iii)
2 2


 sin 2    LHS
A
2


1 2 cos2   – 1
A
1 cos 2
(b) RHS  using Formula (ii)
2A 2 2

2 cos2  
A
  2  
 cos2 2   LHS
A
2


 2  A 
1 – cos 1–  1– 2sin    
RHS    2 using Formula (iii)
1 cos 
A
1 2 cos2   – 1
A
A 2
1 – 1 2sin   2 
A A
2
2sin
 
 2
  using Formula (ii)
2  A 
2 cos2 
A
2 cos  
 2
 2
 tan2 
A  
 2LHS
2

To express sin A, cos A, tan A in terms of tan ˆ
A
Prove that  2
.
˜
2 tan 
A
a) sin A 2

1 tan2  
A
2
 A
1 – tan2  
b) cos A 2

1 tan2  
A
2

A
2 tan  
c) tan A 2

1 – tan2 
A
2


82 � Engineering Mathematics-I

We have already proved that

2 tan
sin(2A)
 1Atan2 A
cos(2A)  1 – tan A
2

1 tan2 A
2 tan
tan(2A) 
1A– tan2 A
Divide the angles on both sides by 2 on the above three
results. Then we get,
A
2 tan 
a) sin A   2
 A
1 tan 2  
2
 A
1 – tan 2  
b) cos A 2
 A
1 tan 2  
2

A
2 tan 
c) tan A 2
  A
1 – tan 2 
2 

Multiple angles of
3A
Prove  3sin A – 4sin 3 A
sin 3Athat Formula
We know that
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin
B Put B = 2A
sin (A + 2A) = sin A cos (2A) + cos A
sin (2A)
sin 3A = sin A (1 –2 sin2A) + cos
A (2 sin A cos A)
= sin A – 2sin3A + 2 sin A
cos2A
= sin A – 2 sin3A + 2 sin
A (1 – sin2A)
cos 3A  4 = cos
sin
3
AA––3cos
2 sinA
3
A +Formula
2 sinA – 2
sin3A that
We know sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4sin3A
cos (A +Prove
B) = that
cos A cos B – sin A sin
B Put B = 2A
cos (A + 2A) = cos A cos 2A – sin A
sin 2A
cos 3A = cos A (2cos2A – 1) – sin
A (2 sin A cos A)
= 2 cos3A – cos A – 2 cos
A sin2A
= 2 cos3A – cos A – 2 cos
A (1 –cos2A)
= 2 cos3A – cos A – 2 cos
A + 2 cos3A
= 4 cos3A – 3 cos A
 Trigonometry �
83
3 tan A – tan3 A
.
Prove that tan 3A  1 – 3 tan2
Solution: A
3 tan A – tan3 A
tan 3A
 1 – 3 tan2
A
We know that

tan A  tan B
tan(A B)  1 – tan A tan
Put B  2A
B
tan A  tan
tan(A 2A) 
1 2A
– tan A . tan
2A 2 tan
tan A
  1A– tan2 A
2 tan
1 – tan A
1 A
– tan2 A

tan A(1 – tan2 A)  2 tan
A 1 – tan2 A

1 – tan2 A – 2 tan2
A 1 – tan2 A
tan A – tan3 A  2 tan

A 1 – 3 tan2 A
3 tan A – tan A 3

1 – 3 tan2 A
3.2 WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
1. Find the value of 2 sin15 cos 15 .
o o

Solution:
We know that sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A Put A
= 15o
sin (2 × 15o) = 2in 15o cos 15o sin 30o
= 2 sin 15o cos 15o
1
2 sin 15o cos 15o = sin 30o =
2
2. Find the value of 2 sin 75o cos 75o.
Solution:
2 sin 75o cos 75o = sin (2 × A)
= sin (2 × 75o)
= sin 150o = sin (180 – 30)
1
= + sin 30o =
2
84 � Engineering Mathematics-I

3. Find the value of cos215o – sin215o.

Solution:
We know that
cos2A – sin2A =
cos 2A Put A = 15 o

cos215o – sin215o = cos

(2 × 15o) 3
= cos 30o =
2
o

4. Find the value of 1 – 2 sin 22 1 2 .

2

Solution:
1 – 2 sin2A = coso 2A o
1 – 2 sin2 22 1 = cos (2 × 22 1 ) = cos 45o = 1
2 2 2

5. Prove that 2 tan15o  1

1 tan2 15o
Solution:
2
We know that
2 tan A
 sin 2A
1 tan2 A
Put A  15o
2 tan15o
 sin 2(15o )
1 tan2 15o
1
 sin 30o  2

1 – tan2 15o
6. Find the value of 2 o .
1 tan 15
Solution:
We know that
1 – tan2 A cos
1 tan2 A  2A

1 – tan2 15o cos(2  15)  cos 30 3

1 tan2 15o   2
sin 2A
7. Prove that  tan A .
1 cos
Solution: 2A
sin 2A
LHS
 1 cos
2A Formula
2sin Acos
 sin 2A  2sin Acos
A 2 cos2 A – 1
1
A cos 2A  2 cos2 A
–1
 Trigonometry �
85

2 sin Acos A

2 cos2 A
sin A cancelling cos A
 cos
 tan
A A  LHS

sin A
8. Prove that  A
1 – cos  cot  2 .
Solution: A

Formulae
sin A
LHS sin 2A  2sin Acos
 1 – cos
A cos 2A  1 –
A
2sin 2Dividing
A angles by 2

2sin   cos 
A A
 2  2 sin A  2sin A 2 cos A
=
 A
1– 1– 2sin 2 2
 2
A
2sin   cos    cos A  1 – 2sin 2 A 2
A
  2  2

 2sin 2  A 
1 – 1  2

 A
2sin   cos  
A
 2  2

 2  A 
2sin 2

A 
cos  2  
A
A  2
 sin    cot
2


A A
2
.
9. Prove that   sin 2 – cos 2   1 – sin A
Solution:

 A 
2

LHS  sin2 –
A (a – b)2  a 2  b2 – 2ab
 2
cos 
 sin2   cos2   A
cos 
A A A
– 2sin
 
2  2  2 
 2  sin2  cos2   1
2sin A 2 cos A 2  sin 2A 2 
 1 – sin A
 RHS  sin A
86 � Engineering Mathematics-I

10. Find the value of 3 sin 20o – 4 sin320o.

We know that
sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4
sin3A Put A = 20
sin (3 × 20o) = 3 sin 20o – 4
sin320o 3 sin20o – 4sin320o = sin (3 × 20o)
3
= sin 60o =
2
11. Find that value of 4 cos310o – 3 cos10o.
We know that
4 cos3A –3 cos A = cos 3A
4 cos 10 – 3 cos10 = cos (3 × 10o)
3 o o

3
= cos 30o =
2
12. Find the value of 3 sin 40o – 4 sin340o.
Solution:
We know that
3 sin A – 4 sin3A = sin 3A
3 sin 40 – 4 sin 40 = sin (3 × 40o)
o 3 o

= sin 120o
= sin (180o – 60o)
3
= sin 60o =
2
PART – B
1. Prove that tan A + cot A = 2 cosec 2A.
Solution:
LHS = tan A + cot A

sin A cos A sin 2 A  cos2 A

 
cos A sin A sin Acos
1 A 2
  Multiply and Divide by 2
sin Acos A 2sin Acos
A2
 sin 2A  2sin Acos
sin 2A A
1
 2cosec 2A   cosec A
sin
 RHS A

2. Prove that sin A  sin

12A
cos A  cos  tan A .
Solution: 2A
Formula
sin A  sin
LHS  sin 2A  2sin Acos
12A
cos A  cos
A cos 2A  2 cos2 A
2A
–1
 Trigonometry �
87

sin A  2sin A cos sin A is common in Nr.


1A cos A  2 cos2 A – cos A is common in
1 Dr.
sin A[1 2 cos A]

cos A[1 2 cos
sin A cancelling 1 + 2 cosA
 A]
cos A
 tan A  RHS
3. Prove that cos4A – sin4A = cos 2A.
Solution:
LHS = (cos2A)2 – (sin2A)2 a2 –b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
= (cos2A + sin2A) (cos2A – sin2A)
= 1 (cos 2A) = cos 2A = RHS
PART – C

1 – cos 2A  sin 2A
1. Prove that 1 cos 2A  sin  tan A .
Solution: 2A
Formulae
1 – cos 2A  sin 2A sin 2A  2sin Acos A
LHS 1 cos 2A  sin
2A cos 2A  1 – 2sin 2 A  2 cos2 A –
2 1

1  2 cos2 A – 1  2sin
Acos A

1 – 1  2sin 2 A  2sin Acos A


2sin A is common in Nr
 2 cos cos2 AA2sin
2sin2A(sin cos Acos A
A(cos A  sin 2 cos A is common in
A)A) Dr
sin A
 cos  tan A  RHS
A
2. 1 – cos A  sin A
 A
Prove that1 cos A  sin tan  2. 
Solution: A

1 – cos A sin A
LHS 1 cos A  sin
sin
cos A    
A  2sin A 2 cos
1 – 2sin2
A A
2 2
A  2 cos A 2 – 1
2

  
1 – 1 – 2sin 2 A   2sin A
2  2    
A
2
cos

1 2 cos

 
2 A

2

– 1  2 sin

A
2    
cos A
2

1 – 1 2sin 2    2sin   cos  

A A A
 2 2  2

1 2 cos 2     2sin   cos   

A A A
2 2  2

 
88 � Engineering Mathematics-I

2 sin A 2  is common in Nr

2sin A2  issin
    
2cos A common
A incos
Dr A 
2
2 2 
=
2     
A cos A  sin A 
2
 2
2 
cos

 sinA 2
cosA 2   tan
A  LHS
2
1 1

3. If tan A = 3 and tan B = 7 show that 2A + B = 4 .
Solution:
1
13 2 tan
Formula for tan2A
Given tan A = =tan B =
1A– 7tan2 A
 1
2
 

1 
2

1 –3  
3 

2
3 3 9–
211– 1
2 9 9
2 93
 38 
3 8
9 4
3 ...........
tan 2A  4
(1)
tan A tan B
tan(A B)  1 – tan A tan
PutA  2A
B on both sides

tan 2A  tan B
tan(2A+B)= 1 – tan 2A tan
B
3 1

 4 7 using (1)
3 1
1 –4 7
21 4 25
 28  28
28 – 3 25
28 28
25 28
  1
28

25
180o 
2A  B  45o  
tan(2A  B)  14tan 4
45o
 Trigonometry �
89

4. 3
If sin   5find the value of sin 3θ.
Solution:

3
Given: sin 
5
We know that
sin 3 3sin 
– 4sin3 3 3 3 – 4  3
 5 

59 – 4 27   9 – 108



5  125 5
125
225 – 108 117
1 
5. If cos A = find the
125value of cos 3A.
125
3
Solution:
1
Given : cos A =
3
cos 3A  4 cos3 A – 3cos
A
 1 
3

 4 3  – 3 
 
1
 3

 4   –1 27
1 4
–1



4 27  –23
– 27

27
sin
6. Prove that  sin
1 3A 27
2 cos A.
Solution: 2A
Formulae
sin
LHS  sin 3A  3sin A – 4sin 3
3A
1 2 cos
A cos 2A  1 – 2sin 2 A
2A
 3sin A – 4sin A sin A is common in Nr
3

1 2(1 – 2sin A)
2

sin A(3 – 4sin 2A)


1 2 – 4sin 2 A
sin A(3 – 4sin 2A)

(3 – 4sin 2 A)
 sin A  RHS
90 � Engineering Mathematics-I

7. Prove that 4 sin A sin (60 + A) sin (60 – A) = sin3A.

Solution:
LHS = 4 sin A sin (60 + A) sin (60 – A) Formula:
= 4 sin A [sin260 – sin2A] sin (A + B) sin (A – B) = sin2A – sin2B

sin 60  3
 4sin A  – sin2 A
3 2
4 3
sin2 60  3 3
  4
2 2

 3 – 4sin 2 A 
 4sin A  4
 

 sin A 3 – 4sin 2 A

 3sin A – 4sin 3 A  RHS

sin 3A cos 3A
8. Prove that sin –A cos 2
Solution: A

sin 3A cos 3A
LHS  sin A – cos
(3sin A – 4sin 3
 A (4 cos3 A – 3cos
A) –
sin A A) cos
2
sin A[3A– 4sin 2 A]
 – cos A[4 cos A –
3] sin A cos
A
 [3 – 4sin A] – [4 cos A – 3]
2 2

 3 – 4sin 2 A – 4 cos2 A  3
 6 – 4(sin2 A  cos2 A)
 6 – 4(1) sin 2 A  cos2 A  1
 6 – 4  2  RHS

9. Prove that cos A – cos 3A  sin A  sin 3A 3

3 3

.
Solution: cos A sin A
cos3 A – cos 3A sin3 A  sin
LHS   3
3A cos A sin
Formulae A
sin 3A  3sin A – 4sin 3 A
cos 3A  4 cos3 A – 3cos
A 3 3 3

cos A sin A
cos A[cos2 A – 4 cos2 A  3] sin A[sin2 A  3 – 4sin 2
 cos A  sin A
A]
 3 – 3cos A  3 – 3sin A
2 2

 6 – 3(cos2 A sin2 A) cos 2 A sin2 A  1

 6 – 3(1)  6 – 3  3 
RHS
 Trigonometry �
91

10. Prove that cos 20o cos 40o cos 80o = 1 .

8
Solution:
LHS = cos 20o cos 40o cos 80o
= cos 80o cos 40o cos 20o
 cos(60o  20o ) cos(60o
 20o ) cos 20o
Formula :
 [cos 20 – sin 60]cos 20
2 2 0
cos(A  B) cos(A –
B)
 cos2 B – sin 2 A
 cos2 20 –  cos 200
3 3 3
sin 60o  sin2 60  3 3
 4 2   4
2 2
(4 cos2 20 – 3)
 cos 20o
4
1
 4 (4 cos3 20o – 3cos 20o )

1
 4 cos 3A[cos 3A  4 cos3 A – 3cos
A]1 1 1 1
 cos(3  20)  cos 60  
4 4 4
2
1
 8  RHS
92 � Engineering Mathematics-I

3 . 3 SUM AND PRODUCT FORMULAE

We know that
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin –––––– (1)
B sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A –––––– (2)
sin B cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin –––––– (3)
A sin B cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + –––––– (4)
sin A sin B
Adding (1) and (2), we get –––––– (5)
sin (A + B) + sin (A – B) = 2 sin A cos
B Subtracting (2) from (1), we get –––––– (6)
sin (A + B) – sin (A – B) = 2 cos A sin
B Adding (3) and (4), we get –––––– (7)
cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) = 2 cos A cos
B Subtracting (4) from (3), we get –––––– (8)
cos (A + B) – cos (A – B) = – 2 sin A sin
B IfAwe
+Bput,
=C ––––––– (i)
A–B= D ––––––– (ii)
then

C D
(i)  (ii)  2A  C D  A  2

C–
(i) – (ii)  2B  C – D  B  2
D
Then the results (5), (6), (7) and
(8) will become
(9)
sin C sin D  2sin 2
C D   C – D 
 cos
 2

 C D (10
sin C – sin D  2 cos 2  sin  2 
C – D
  )

 C D (11
cos C cos D  2 cos  2  cos  2 
C – D
  )

 C D
cos C – cos D  –2sin  2  sin  2 
C– D
 
(12) 
The above results are known
 as sum and product formulae (because their LHS is sum & difference
and RHS is product). These formulae can be remembered by the short way
S S 2SC
where
S – S 2CS
S sin
C C  2CC
C  cos
C–C–
2SS
 Trigonometry �
93
3.3 WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
1. Express the following as sum or difference:
(i) 2 sin 2A cos A (ii) 2 cos 5A sin 3A (iii) 2 cos (iv) 2 sin 3A sin A
3A cos 2A
Solution:
(i) 2 sin 2A cos A 2SC  S S
Add Subtract
 sin (2A  A) sin (2A – A)
 sin 3A  sin A
(ii) 2 cos 5A sin 3A 2CS  S – S
Add Subtract
 sin (5A  3A)– sin (5A – 3A)
 sin 7A  sin 2A
(iii) 2 cos 3A cos 2A 2CC = C
+C
= cos (3A + 2A) + cos (3A – 2A)
= cos 5A + cos A
(iv) 2 sin 3A sin A C–C=–
2SS
= – [cos (3A + A) – cos (3A – A)]
= [2 sin 3A sin A]
= – [cos4A – cos 2A] = cos 2A – cos
4A
2. Express the following as product
iii) cos 7A + cos 3A iv) cos 4A – cos 2A
i) sin 4A + sin 2A (ii) sin 5A – Formula-(9)
Solution: sin 3A

i) sin 4A + sin 2A S + S = 2SC

 4A  2A  cos 4A – 2A 
 2sin 
 2   2

 6A 
 2sin   cos
 2A 
2 

Formula –(10)

 2–sin
ii) sin 5A  3A S – S = 2CS


 22sin
 5A  3A
cos 3Acos A  sin  5A – 3A 
 2   2

 8A
 2sin    cos    2 cos 4A sin A
2A
2  2 ’
 Formula –(11)

iii) cos 7A + cos 3A C + C = 2CC

 7A 3A  cos 7A – 3A 
 2 cos 
 2   2
 10A
 2 cos 2 cos   2 cos 5Acos 2A
4A
  2


94 � Engineering Mathematics-I

Formula –(12)

iv) cos 4A – cos 2A C – C = –2SS

 4A  2A  sin  4A – 2A 
 –2sin 
 2   2

 6A
 –2sin   sin 
2A
2 
 2 

 –2sin(3A) sin(A)
3. Write sin 5A – sin 7A in product form.
sin 5A – sin 7A S – S
Solution:
2CS
 5A 7A  sin  5A – 7A 
 2 cos 
 2   2

 12A   –2A 
 2 cos  2 sin  2
  
 sin(–)  – sin 
 2 cos(6A) sin(–
A) as (–) is Quadrant-IV
 2 cos 6A(– sin A)
 –2 cos 6A sin A
4. Write the product 2 cos 4A cos 6A as sum or difference of trigonometric function.
Solution:
2 cos 4Acos 6A C C  2CC
 cos(4A  6A)  cos(4A – 6A)
cos(–)   cos
 cos10A  cos(–2A)
as (–) is Quadrant-IV
 cos10A  cos
2A
PART –B
1. Prove that sin 50o – sin 70o + sin 10o = 0
Solution:

LHS sin 50o  sin10o – sin 70o S S  2SC

 50o  10o   50o – 10o 

 2sin   cos  – sin 70
o

 2   2 
 60o   40o 
 2sin  cos – sin 70o
 2   2  
I
 2sin(30o ) cos(20o ) – sin (90o
– 20o )
1
 2  2 cos 20o – cos 20o change of ratio for 90o
 cos 20o –
cos 20o
 0  RHS
 Trigonometry �
95
2. Prove that cos 20o + cos100o + cos140o = 0
Solution:

LHS cos140o  cos100o  cos 20o C C  2CC

 140o  100o   140o – 100o 

 2 cos   cos    cos 20
o

 2   2 
 240o   40o 
 2 cos  cos    cos
 2  2 
20 o
 2 cos120o cos 20o  cos 20o
II

1 cos120o  cos(180o
 2  – cos 20o  cos 20o – 60o )
2  – cos 60  –
1 2
 – cos 20o  cos 20o
0
3. Prove that cos A + cos (120o + A) + cos (120o – A) = 0.
Solution:
LHS cos(120o  A)  cos (120o – A) + cos A

120o  A  120o – A  120o  A – (120o – A) 

=2 cos  cos   cos A
 2 2 

 240o  1200  A – 120  A

 2 cos  2  cos 2   cos A
  


 2 cos(120o ) cos
2A 
 cos A
 2 
1
 2  – cos A  cos A
2
 – cos A  cos
A
 0  RHS
4. Prove that sin 2A – sin 2B
cos 2A  cos  tan(A B) .
2B
Solution:
S – S 2CS
sin 2A – sin 2B
LHS  cos 2A  cos C C 
2B 2CC
 2A 2B sin  2A – 2B
2cos 
 2   2

 2A 2B  cos  2A – 2B
2cos  2
   2

  B) sin(A –
2 cos(A

B) 2 cos(A  B) cos(A
– B)
 tan(A – B)  RHS
96 � Engineering Mathematics-I

PART – C

 –  
1. Prove that (cos α + cos β)2 + (sin α + sin β)2 = 4 cos2  2 .
Solution:

LHS (cos  cos )2  (sin  sin )2
C C  2CC S S 2SC
Formulae
2 2
      –          –   
 2 cos 2  cos  2    2sin 2  cos 2 
  
     2  –    4sin 2     cos2 –  
 4 cos2  2 cos
   2  2  2

–
 
4 cos2  2  is common for both the terms

 –   cos2      sin2     
=4cos2  2
    2  2 
 –  
 4 cos2  2   1 [cos2  sin2   1]

 – 
 4 cos2  2  RHS

 4 – a 2 – b2
 x – y .
2. If sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y = b. Prove that tan  2   a 2 b 2
2

Solution:
Given a = sin x + sin y b = cos x + cos y
 a 2  b2
 [sin x  sin y]2  [cos x  cos y]2
Formula S + S = 2SC C+C=
2CC
2 2
  x  y  x – y    x  y  x – y 
 2sin 2  cos  2  2 cos 2  cos 2 
  
2  x  y   2  x – y 2  x  y 2  x – y 
 4sin  2 cos  2  4cos  2 cos 2


x – y is common to both are terms
4 cos  2 
2

 4 cos2  x – y   2  x  y 2  x  y 
2 sin  2   cos 2 
 
 2  cos2  
sin
 4 cos2  2  1
x – y
 1
x – y
a 2  b2  4 cos2  2 


 Trigonometry �
97
4– a 2 – b2 4 – (a 2  b2 )
RHS 

(a 2  b2 ) (a 2  b2 )

 x – y 2  x – y 
4 – 4 cos2  2  4 1 – cos  2 
   
 
 x – y   x – y
4 cos2  2 4 cos2  2
 

 x –y 
sin 2  2

  1 – cos2  sin2 
 x – y
cos2  2

x – y
 tan2   2   RHS

 2ab
3. If sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y = b prove that sin (x + y) =
a  b2
2

Solution:

a 2  b2  4 cos2  2  [Refer Example 2]

x–y

2ab = 2 (sin x + sin y) (cos x + cos y)

S S 2SC C C  2CC

 x  y  x – y   x  y  x – y 
 2 2sin 2  cos  2   . 2 2  cos 2
  
 
 x  y  cos
 8sin  2 cos
 x y  cos2  x – y  
   2   2


 x  y  x  y 2  x – y

RHS 2ab  2 8 sin  2 cos  2 cos   2

a b
2 2

  x – y
4 cos2  2 


 x  y
 2sin  2 cos
 x  y
   2

 xy
 2sin cos sin 2 where  2
 (x  y)
 sin  2  2 
 sin(x  y)  LHS

4. Prove that sin A sin 2A sin 3A  tan 2A .

cos A cos 2A  cos
Solution: 3A
S S 2SC

sin 3A  sin A  sin

LHS
2A C C 2CC
 cos 3A  cos A  cos
2A
98 � Engineering Mathematics-I

2sin 
3A A   3A – A  
 2 cos
 2  sin 2A

3A – A 
2 cos 2  cos  2   cos 2A
3A  A
 

 2A
2sin    cos   sin 2A
4A
 2  2

2 cos   cos   cos 2A

4A 2A
2  2
 cos A  sin sin 2A is common
2sin(2A)
 2 cos 2Acos A  cos cos 2A is common
2A2A
sin 2A[ 2 cos A 

1] cos 2A[ 2 cos A
 1]
EXERCISE
 tan 2A  RHS
PART – A
3
1. Show that cos (– 330o) cos 420o = .
4

2. Show that cos 780o sin 750o = 1.

4
3. Find the value of sin 40o cos 20o + cos 40o sin 20o.
4. Find the value of sin 70o cos 10o – cos 70o sin 10o.
5. Find the value of cos 75o cos 15o + sin 75o sin 15o.
6. Find the value of cos 75o ocos 15o –o sin 75o sin 15o.
tan 22  tan 23
7. Find the value of o . 1 – tan
22 tan 23o
tan 65o – tan 20o
8. Find the value of 1 tan 65o tan 20o .

9. Find the value of 2 sin 15o cos 15o.

10. Find the value of 2 cos215o –1.
11. Find the value of 1 – 2 sin215o.
o
2 tan 22 1
12. Find the value of 2
. o
1 – tan2 22 1 2
sin 2A
13. Prove that
1 – cos  cot A .
14. Prove that (sin
2A A + cos A) = 1 + sin 2A.
2

sin A
 A
15. Prove that 1 – cos A  cot 2 .
16. Find the value of 3 sin10o –4 sin310.

17. Find th value of 4 cos320o – 3 cos 20o.
 Trigonometry �
o 3 o
99
18. Find the value of 3 tan 20 – tan 20
.
1 – 3 tan2 20o
19. Express the products as a sum (or) difference
i) 2 sin 4A cos 2A ii) 2 cos8A iii) 2 sin 3A cos 6A iv) 2 sin 5A sin 3A
cos 6A
20. Express the following sum (or) difference as product
i) sin 10A + sin 4A ii) sin 5A – sin 3A iii) cos 10A + cos 4A iv) cos 10A – cos 4A
PART – B
1. Prove that cos (30o + A) cos (30o – A) – sin (30o + A) sin (30o – A) = 1 .
2
2. Prove that cos (45o + A) cos (45o – A) + sin (45o + A) sin (45o – A) = cos 2A.
3. Prove that sin A + sin (120o + A) + sin (120o – A) = 0.
1
4. If tan A = 5 adn tan B = find the value of tan (A + B). 6
11
5. Prove that sin(A – B)  sin(B – C)  sin(C – A)  0 .
sin A sin B sin Bsin C sin Csin A
6. If A + B + C = 180o, prove tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C.
7. If tan A = 1 , find the value of tan 2A.
2

8. If tan A = 1 , find the value of sin 2A and cos 2A.

3
9. Prove that cot A – cot 2A = cosec 2A.

10. If tan    5find the value of tan A.

A 1
2

 A  3
11. If tan   find5 the value of sin A and cos A.
2
4
 = , find sin 3A.
12. If sin A
5
13. If cos θ = 3 , find cos 3θ.
5
14. If tan θ = 3, find tan 3θ.
Prove the following:
15. sin 10o + sin 50o – sin 70o
= 0.
16. sin 78o – sin 18o + cos
132o = 0.
17. cos 80o + cos 40o – cos
20o = 0.
18. cos
19. sin523A
o
+–cos
sin 68
A o + cos .
cos 3A  cos  cot 2A
172 = 0.
o

5A
20. sinthe
Prove 7Afollowing:
– sin 5A
cos 7A  cos  tan A .
5A
21. sin 3A  sin A  tan 2A
cos 3A  cos
A
cos B – cos A  A  B
22.
sin A – sin Btan  2


100 � Engineering Mathematics-I

PART – C

12
1. If sin A = 35 , cos B = 13find i) sin (A + B) ii) cos (A + B).
8
5
171
17 13 221
2. If sin A =4 , sin B = prove that sin (A + B) = .
3. If sin A = , cos B = 15 find cos (A – B).
5 17
o

4. If A + B = 45 , prove that (cot A – 1) (cot B – 1) = 2. Deduce cot 22 1 2 .

o

2 3
5. If tan α = 1 and tan β = 1 , show that tan (2α + β) = 3.
1 cos 2A  sin 2A
6. Prove that  cot A .
1 – cos 2A  sin
1 cos A  sin A
2A  cot
 A
7. Prove that .
1 – cos A  sin  2
A
8. sin 3 cos 3 
Prove that sin   4 cos 2.
cos
9. sin 3A  sin3 A
Prove that  cot A .
cos3 A – cos 3A
10. Prove that sin 20o sin 40o sin 80o = 3
.
8
11. Prove that cos 10o cos 50o sin 70o = 3
8 .
12. Prove that sin 10o sin 50o sin 70o = 1 .
8
sin 2A  sin 5A – sin A
13. Prove that
cos 2A  cos 5A  cos
A tan 2A .
cos 2A  cos 5A  cos A
14. Prove that  cot 2A .
sin 2A  sin 5A – sin
A
15. Prove that sin A  sin 3A  sin 5A  sin 7A  tan 4A
cos A  cos 3A  cos 5A  cos
7A
Prove the following:
 A  B
16. (cos A + cos B)2 + (sin A – sin B)2 = 4 cos2  2 
 A  B 
17. (cos A – cos B)2 + (sin A + sin B)2 = 4 sin2  2 
–  
18. (cos α – cos β)2 + (sin α – sin β)2 = 4 sin2   2 

4
 x – y
19. If sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y = b, prove
 that sec2  2  a  b2 2

4
2 
x – y  .
20. If sin x – sin y = a and cos x – cos y = b, prove that sec  2  4 – (a 2  b2 )
 
 Trigonometry �
101
ANSWERS
PART – A
3 3 5) 1 6) 0 7) 1 8) 1 9) 1 10) 3 3
3) 4) 11) 12) 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

18) (ii) cos 14θ + cos 2θ

16) 12 17) 12 3 19) i) sin 6θ + sin 2θ
(iii) sin 9A – sin 3A iv) cos 2A – cos 8A 20) i) 2 sin 7A cos 3A (ii) 2 cos 4A sin
A
(iii) 2 cos 7A cos 3A iv) – 2 sin 7A sin 3A.
PART – B
3 4 8 44
4) 1 7) 4 8) and 10) 5 15 12) –117
3 5 5 11) 17and 17 125 13) 125
12
9
14)
13
PART – C
56 33
1) (i) (ii) 77
65 65 3)
85
 UNIT – IV

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-I

1. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

Definition of inverse trigonometric ratios – Relation between inverse trigonometric ratios. Simple
problems.
2. LIMITS
Definition of Limits. Problems using the following results:
xn – an sin tan
(i) lim
xa x – a  na n –1 (ii) lim
0   1 and (iii) lim0
   1 (θ - in radians) (results only).
Simple Problems.
4.3 DIFFERENTIATION

u
Definition – Differentiation of xn, sin x, cos x, tan x, cosec x, sec x, cot x, log x, ex, u ± v, uv, uvw, v (v
≠ 0) (results only) Simple problems using the above results.

4.1 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
Definition:
A function which is the reverse process of a trigonometric function is called the inverse
trigonometric function.
The domain of a trigonometric function is the set angles and the range is the set of real numbers.
In case of inverse trigonometric function, the domain is the set of real numbers and the range is the
set of angles.
Inverse trigonometric function of sin x is denoted as sin–1x. Similarly cos–1x, tan–1x, sec–1x, cot–1x
and cosec–1x are the inverse trigonometric functions of cos x, tan x, sec x, cot x and cosec x
respectively.
Examples:
We know that
sin –1    30o
1 1
sin 30o  2
2 
cos 0o  1
cos –1 (1)  0
1
tan 30o  –1  1 
3 tan  3  30
o

cot 45o  1
cot –1 (1)  45o
 Different Calculus-I �
103
2
sec30o  –1  2 
3 sec  3  30
o

cosec90o  1 cosec–1 (1)  90o

If x = sin θ. θ = sin–1x.
sin–1x is an angle.
There is a difference
between sin–1x and 1
sin θ(sin
where
x) .assin
–1 (sinx x)
–1
is the
–1 is the reciprocal of sin x. i.e, (sin x)  sin x  cosec x .
–1

inverse
Principal Value trigonometric
function
Among all ofthe values, the numerically least value of the inverse trigonometric function is called
principal value.
Examples:
1 1 1
1) sin 30o = , sin 150o = , sin 390o =
2 2 2

sin–1  1  = 30o, 150o, 390o, .............

2 


The least positive value is 30; which is called the principal value of sin–1 1  .
1 1 1 1
2) cos60o = , cos 300o = , cos (–60o) = , cos 420o =
2
2 2 2
2
cos–1  1  = 60o, 300o, – 60o, 4 = 0
2 


The principal value of cos–1  1  is 60o.
Function Domain Range of Principal value of 
2
sin x
–1
–1 x  1
–2  2
cos–1 x –1 x  1 0
tan x
–1
(–, )
–2  2
cot–1 x (–, )
–2  2
sec–1 x (–1, 1) except 0
0    ,   2
cosec–1x (–1, 1) except 0
–  2     2 ,  0
Properties
Property (1) :
(a) sin–1 (sin x) = x
(b) cos–1 (cos x) = x
(c) tan–1 (tan x) = x
(d) cot–1 (cot x) = x
(e) sec–1 (sec x) = x
(f) cosec–1 (cosec x) = x
104 � Engineering Mathematics-I

Proof:
(a) Let sin x = y –––––– (1)
∴ x = sin y –1

= sin–1 (sin x) [from (1)

∴ sin–1 (sin x) = x
Similarly other results can be proved.
Property (2):
(a) sin (sin–1 x) = x
(b) cos (cos–1 x) = x
(c) tan (tan–1 x) = x
(d) cot (cot–1 x) = x
(e) sec (sec–1 x) = x
(f) cosec (cosec–1 x) = x
Proof:
(b) Let cos–1x = y
–––––– (1) Then x = cos y
= cos (cos–1x) [From (1)
∴ cos (cos–1x) = x
Similarly other results can be
proved.
Property (3):
(a) sin –1  1  = cosec –1
(x)
 x 

(b) cos –1  1  = sec –1

(x)
 x 

(c) tan –1  1  = cot –1

(x)
 x 

(d) cot –1  1  = tan –1

(x)
 x 

(e) sec –1  1  = cos –1

(x)
 x 

(f) cosec –1  1  = sin –1

(x)
x 
Proof:

(c) Let tan–1  1  = y –––––– (1)

 x 
1
∴ x = tan y
1
∴ x= = cot y
tan y
∴ y = cot–1(x) ––––– (2)

From (1) & (2), tan –1  1  = cot –1 (

x 
Similarly other results canx)be proved.
 Different Calculus-I �
105
Property (4):
(a) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 x
(b) cos–1 (–x) =  – cos–1 x
(c) tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1 x
(d) cot–1 (–x) = – cot–1 x
(e) sec–1 (–x) =  – sec–1 x
(f) cosec–1 (–x) = – cosec–1 x
Proof:
(f) Let y = cosec–1 (–x)
–––––– (1)
∴ cosec xy = – cosec
i.e., x y
= cosec (– y) [∵ cosec (–y) = cosec (2π – y) = –
–1 cosec y]
i.e., cosec (x) = – y
= – cosec–1(–x) [From (1)
∴ cosec–1(–x) = – cosec–1(x)
(e) Let y = sec–1(–x) –––––––
(1)
∴ sec y = – x
i.e., x = – sec y
= sec (π – y) [sec (π – y) = – sec y
i.e., sec–1x = π – y
∴ y = π – sec–1x –––––––
(2)
From (1) & (2), sec–1(–x) = π – sec–1x
Similarly other results can be
proved.
Property (5):

sin–1x + cos–1x = 2


tan–1x + cot–1x = 2


sec–1x + cosec–1x = 2
Proof:
Let θ = tan–1x –––––––– (1)
∴ x = tan θ

 cot  –  [cot(90o –

)  tan
 cot –1
x ]
 2– 
2 
 [From (1)
 2– tan–1 x


tan – 1 x  cot –1 x  2
Similarly other results can be proved.
106 � Engineering Mathematics-I

Property (6):

xy
If xy < 1, tan–1x + tan–1y = tan–1 
1–
Let A = tan–1x ∴ x = tan A  ––––––– (1)
xy 
Let B = tan–1y ∴ y = tan B ––––––– (2)
Now,
tan(A B)  tan A tan B
1 – tan A tan
B
xy

1 – xy xy
(A  B)  tan–1 
1–
xy xy [From (1) & (2)
i.e, tan–1 x  tan–1 y  tan–1 
1–
Property (7): xy

sin–1x + sin–1y = sin–1 x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 

Proof:
 
Let A = sin–1x ∴ x = sin –––––– (1)
Let B = sin – A –––––– (2)
1
y ∴ y = sin
sin(A  B)  sin Acos B cos A sin B
B
 sin A 1 – sin B  1 – sin A sin B
2 2

 x 1 – y2  1 – x 2 y
A B  sin –1  x 1 – y2  y 1 – x 2 

i.e, sin –1x  sin –1 y  sin –1  x 1 – y2  y 1 – x 2  [From (1) & (2)

Property (8): 

cos–1 x  cos–1 y  cos–1 xy – 1 – x 2 1 – y2 


Proof: 
Let A = cos–1x ∴ x = cos –––––– (1)
Let B = cos – A –––––– (2)
1Now,
y cos (A + B) = ∴
cos Ay =
cos cos
B –sin Asin B
B
= cos A cos B – 1 – cos A 1 – cos2 B
2

 xy – 1 – x 2

1 – y2
i.e., A  B  cos–1  xy – 1 –
x2
1 – y2 


From (1) & (2)
cos–1 x  cos–1 y  cos–1  xy –
1 – x2
1 – y2 


 Different Calculus-I �
107
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
1. Find the principal value of
 3
1  (ii) cos–1    1 
(i) sin –1
(iii) tan –1 –
 2  2   3

(v) sec–1 (–2)   2 

(iv) cot–1 (–1) (vi) cosec–1  
3 
Solution:

1
(i) Let x = sin –1  
2 
1
sin x
 2
o  o
1 
i.e, sin x  sin 45 sin 45 
2 
x  45 o

1
sin–1   45o
 2 

3
(ii) Let x = cos–1  
2 
3
cos x
 2

cos x  cos o
cos 30  3 
 
2 
30
x  30o

3
cos–1   30o
2 

 1
(iii) Let x = tan–1 –
 3
1
tan x  – 
3
 1
 – tan  tan 30
3 

30o
i.e., tan x  tano (–30o ) [ tan(–)  – tan
]
x  –30o
 1
tan – 1  –  –30o
 3

108 � Engineering Mathematics-I

(iv)Let x = cot –1 –1

cot x  –1
 – cot 45o
i.e., cot x  cot(–
45o )
x  –45o
cot – 1  –1 

– 45 o

(v)Let x = sec  –2 
–1

[sec(120)  sec(180 – 60)  – sec

sec x  –2 60
 – sec 60o
i.e.,sec x 
sec(120o ) 2 
(v) Let x = cosec–1  
o  3 
x  –120
2
cosec x  –1
sec 3– 2  

120o 1 1 2
 cosec 60o [cosec 60  
 sin 60  3 / 2 3

x  60o

2
cosec–1   60o
 3 

1 
2. Prove that tan–1x + tan–1  2
x
Solution:

LHS tan–1 x  tan –1  
1
x 
 tan–1 x  cot–1 (x)
[By property 3
 [By property 5
=2

PART - B

1. Prove that sin –1 ( 1 – x 2 )  cos–1 x .

Solution:
Put x = cos θ ∴ θ = cos– ––––––– (1)
1x
Now, LHS sin –1  1–x  2

 sin –1  1 – cos   2

 sin –1  1 – sin   2

 sin –1 (sin )
 [By Property 1
= cos x –1
[By (1)
 Different Calculus-I �
109
 
1   2   11
2. Prove that tan–1    tan–1    tan–1   .
 3
 5
 13 xy
We know, tan–1x + tan–1y = tan–1  1 – 
Solution:
 xy
1 2 
3 5 
– 1  1 –1  2  –1 
tan   tan   tan  1 2
 3  
 1 –3 5.
5
5 6 
 
 tan –1 15
 15 – 2 
15
 
 11
 tan –1 


13 PART – C

 1– x 2 
1. Show that 2 tan–1x = cos–1  2

 1 x 
Solution:
Let x = tan θ ∴ θ = tan–1x

R.H.S cos–1  1– x 
2

 1 x 2

 cos–1 1 – tan  

2

 1 tan 2 
 cos (cos
–1
 2)
 2
 2 tan–1 x  L.H.S
2
–1
2. Show that 3
x.
 1 – 3x 2 tan
Solution:

Let x = tan θ  ∴ θ = tan–1x –––––––––– (1)

LHS  tan–1  3x – x 
2

 1 – 3x 2
–1  3 tan  – tan  
2

 tan  
 1 – 3 tan
2


 tan–1 (tan 3)
 3
 3 tan–1 x [From (1)
=RHS
110 � Engineering Mathematics-I

3. Show that 2 tan–1    tan–1 

2 12
 3
 15 
Solution:
LHS 2 tan–1  
2

 tan    tan–1  
2 
–1 2
3
 3 

 3

 tan –1  23 2 3 2 
 
 1–
3 3.

 4 
 
 tan –1  93– 4 

 9 
 tan–1   
4 9
 3


 tan–1 5    RHS
12
5


 8
4. Evaluate tan cos  17 .
–1

Solution: 
.........
Let cos–1    
8
 (1)
cos 17 A

AB2  AC28– BC2  172 – 82 17

17 2 – 82  15
 289 – 6417 225
θ
AB  225  15 B C
8

AB 15
tan  BC  8

  tan–1 
15
 8 

 8   –1  15 8
From (1) & (2), cos–1   17  tan
  8    15 
tan cos –1    tan tan –1   
 17  8 
15 

8
 Different Calculus-I � 111

4 . 2 LIMITS

Mlathematical quantities can be divided into two (i) constants and (ii)
Variables The quantitity which does not change in its value is called constant.
Constants can be divided (i) Absolute constants and (ii) Arbitrary constants
Absolute constants are those which retain in values at any time and at any
place.
Examples:
Numbers 5, – 7, 3, –11
27 , π, e, 2 , 3 , ................ etc. are absolute constants.
Arbitrary constants are those which are constants in a particular problem but changes from
problem to problem. They are represented as a, b, c, f, g, h, ............. etc.
Examples:
(i) ax + by + c = 0 — a, b, c
(ii) x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 — f, g, h.........ex.
Variables are those which vary in their values. They are represented as u, v, w, x, y, z,
θ, ........ Variables can be divided into two (i) Independent variable and (ii) Dependent
varaible.
In the equation y = x2,x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable
For example,
depending on xif x takes the value 2, y takes the value 4. If x takes –3, y takes 9 ........ etc.
The relation or equation or connection between two variables is called a function and is denoted as
f(x).
Example: y = f(x) = x2 or sin x.
The value of f(x) at x = a is f(a) and is called the functional value of f(x) at x = a.
If for every function, if the functional value at every point of its domain exists, there is no need to
study Limit chapter and from that the famous CALCULS.
x2 – 4 0
For example, f(x) =
x–2 at x = 2 i.e, f(2) does not exist, since f(2) = , the indeterminant quan-
0

tity. Similarly there are two more indeterminant quantities and ∞ – ∞.
x2 – 4
But, as x approaches 2, f(x) = will approach 4.
x–2

x 1 1.5 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 ...... →2

x2 – 4 3 3.5 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999 ......

y= →4
x–2
x2 – 4
Hence the approachment value 4 of the function as x approaches 2 is called the limit value
of the function. x–2
Definition of Limit:
When the variable x approaches a constant a and if the function f(x) approaches a constant l,
then
l is called the limit value of f(x) as x approaches a and is denotd as
xa
Lt f (x)  l
112 � Engineering Mathematics-I

Results :
1) Lt [f (x)  g(x)]  Lt f (x)  Lt g(x)
xa xa xa

2) Lt [k f (x)]  k Lt f (x), where k is a

constant
xa xa

3) Lt [f (x).g(x)]  Lt f (x). Lt g(x)

xa Lt f (x) xa xa
 f (x)
4) Lt   x ag(x)  0
, provided Lt
xa

x  a g(x) Lt g(x)
  xa
Formulae:
xn – an
1) Lt  na n –1 , for all values of x.
x a x –a

sin 
2) Lt
xa  1
tan 
3) Lt
x a   1,  in radians
Now,

sin n sin n . n  
  Lt
Lt 0
0

n 

 n Lt
 sin n   [By R 2
0  n 
n.1 [By F2
n

tan n
Similarly, Lt
0  n
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
3x  2x  12

.
1. Evaluate Lt0 2  6x  7
5x
Solution:
3x2  2x  1 3(0)2  2(0)  1
Lt 
0 5x
2
 6x  7 5(0)2 6(0)  7
1

7
3x2–7x
2. Evaluate Ltx  0 5x 4x2
Solution:
3x2  4x x(3x – 4)
Lt 2
 Lt
x0 5x – 7x x0 x(5 – 7x)

3.0 – 4

5 – 7.0
–4 4
 –
5

5
 Different Calculus-I � 113

sin 7
3. Evaluate: Lt0 0
Solution:

sin 7  sin 7 
Lt
0   Lt0   .7 
7
sin 7
 7 Lt
0 7

7.1
 
 7 PART – B
x2  x – 2
1. Evaluate: Ltx1 2 – 4x 
x
Solution: x 2 + x 3– 2 1+1-2 2-2 0
Lt 2 = = = Indeterminent
1 - 4(1) + 3 4-4 0
x1 x –4x 3 
x2  x – 2 (x  2)(x –
Lt 2  Lt
x1 x – 4x  3 x1 1)
(x – 1)(x –
3)
x2
 Lt
x1 x –3
1 2 3 3
  –
2. Evaluate 10 10
Lt x –12– .3 –2
x 2 x–2 2
Solution:
10 10 xn – an
Lt x – 2  10 . 210–1 [By F1 Lt  na n –1 ]
x 2 x–2 xa x – a

 10.29
 10  512
 5120
x– a
Lt
3. Evaluate xa .
x –a
Solution:
1 1

Lt x–a x 2 –a 2
xa x –a  Lt xa x –a
1 –1
1
 2 .a
2

1 – 1
 2a 2

1 1
1
 . 1 
2 a 2 2a
114 � Engineering Mathematics-I

sin 5x
4. Evaluate Ltx 0 4x
Solution:

sin 5x 1 sin 5x 1 sin 5x  5 

Lt
x0 4x  4Lt x 0 x Lt
4 x0 
5x

 sin
1 sin By F2
  5 Lt
4 x0 5x5x 1
 Lt  
 x0
5 5
 . 1
4 4
tan2 5x
5. Evaluate Ltx 0 .
x2
Solution:

tan2 5x
 tan 5x 
2
Lt
x0 x 2  Lt
x  a  x 
2
 tan 5x 
 Lt
x0 5x .5


 tan
By F3
 tan 5x   25
2

 Lt
x  0 5x  1
 Lt  
 0

 tan 5x 
2

 25 xLt
a 
 5x 
 25.12  25

PART – C
x 5 – 243
.
1. Evaluate Ltx3 x 2–9
Solution:
x 5 – 243 x5 – 35
Lt 2
 Lt 2
x3 x –9 –9
x3 x
5 5
 x – 3  x –3 
 Lt 
x3
 x –3 x2 –3 2
 x 5 – 35 x 2 – 32 
 Lt 
x3
 x –3 x –3 
x 5 – 35
Lt

x3x –3 [By R4
x 2 – 32
Lt
x3 x –3
5–1
5.34 5.3
 
2.32–1 2.31
5 5 135
  3   27 
3

2 2
2
 Different Calculus-I � 115

7 7

x 32– 4 3
2. Evaluate : xLt
4 2
x 3 – 3

Solution: 4
x x–4 
7 7 7 7
3
–4 3
x4
Lt  –4 3 3
x   2 
Lt 2 2 x–4
2
x 3 – 4 3 
x 4
x 3
–4 3

3 
x
7 7 2 2
x4
Lt  –4 3 3
x – 3


x –4 4 x–4 

7 7

x 3
–43
Lt
2 2

x 3 –x 4– 34
x4

Lt4 x – 4
x

7 37 –1 7 43
.4 .4
3 2 –1  3 –1
 2 2
.4 3 .4 3
3 3
7 3 4  1 7 5
  4 3 3
 4 3

3 2 2
sin 8
3. Evaluate Lt
 0 tan 3

Solution:
.

Lt
sin 8 sin 8 
 Lt0
3 
0 tan 3  8 tan 3  3
8
 sin 8 tan 3  8
 0
Lt 8 3 3


sin 8 
Lt
8 0 8

3 Lt tan 3
0 3
8 1 8
 . 
3 1

3
116 � Engineering Mathematics-I

4 . 3 DIFFERENTIATION
Let y = f(x) –––– (1) be a function of x.
Let Δx be a small increment in x and let Δy be the corresponding increment in y.
∴ y + Δy = f(x + Δx) ––––– (2)
(2) – (1) Δy = f(x + Δx) – f(x)
y f (x  x) – f (x)
 
x x
Taking the limit as Δx → 0,
y f (x  x) – f (x)
Lt  Lt x
 x0 x  x0

y is called the differential coefficient of y with respect to x and is denoted as dy .

Lt dx
x0 x

dy f (x  x) – f (x)
  Lt x0 x
. dx

List of formulae:

d
(1) dx(x n )  n x n –1 , n a real number

1 d d 1
(4) (log x) 
(2) dx
d x   2x
(3) dx(ex )  e x
dx x

d d
(5) dx(sin x)  cos x (6) dx(cos x)  – sin x

d d
(7) dx(tan x)  sec2 x (8) dx(cot x)  –cosec2 x

d d
(9) dx(sec x)  sec x tan x (10) dx(cosec x)  –cosec x cotx
Results:
1) If u and v are functions of x,
d du dv
(u  v)  
dx dx dx

2) d
(ku)  k
du
, where k is a
constant. dx dx
d
3) dx (any constant) = 0
4) Product Rule of Differentiation
If u & v are two functions of x,
d (uv)  u dv  v du
dx dx
dx
 Different Calculus-I � 117

d dw du dv
5) dx (u v w)  uv  vw  wu , where u, v and w are function of x.
dx
6) Quotient Rule of Differentiation
dx
If u & v are functions
dx of x,
du dv
v –u
d u dx dx

v2
dx  v 
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
1 1
1. Find dy if (i) y = x 2 (ii) y = x3 + 2
dx (iii) y = x
1
(iv) y = x
(v) y  sin x (vi) y  9 x  x2
Solution:

(i) y = 12 = x–2
x

dy d –2 2
 dx  dx(x )  –2x –3  – 3
x
(ii) y = x3 + 2
dy d 3 d 3 d
 dx  dx(x  2)  dx
(x )  (2)
dx  3x  0  3x
2 2

1 1
– 12
(iii) y  x 
1 x
x 2

1 – 12–1 1 3 1
)– x 
– 12
dy d x –
– 2

 dx  dx (x 2
–
2
3

2x 2

1
xx
(iv) y  2

dy d (x
1 1 – 1–1 1 – 1 1 1 1
2
) x 2  x 2  . 1 
dx  dx 2 2 2 2 2x
x
1
(v) y   cosec x
sin x
dy d
 dx  dx (cosec x)  –cosec x cot
x

x  x2
(vi) y  9
d d 2
dy d (9 x  x )  9 ( x )  (x )
2

 dx  dx dx
1
 9.  2x dx
2 x
9
  2x
2 x
 118 � Engineering Mathematics-I

PART –B
1. Find dy if y = 3 2 1
 x 4.
dx x2
Solutio
n:
3 2 1 1
y  2 x 43x–2  2x– 1  4
x
dy d  –2 1
dx  dx 3x  2x  4 3(–2)x  2(–1)x  0
–1 –3 –2


–6 2
  –
x3 x2

2. Find dy if y = ex sin x.
dx
Solution:
y = ex sin x
dy d x dv du
dx  dx(e sin x)  "u dx v dx"
d d
 e x (sin x)  sin x (e x )
dx dx
 e cos x  sin x.ex
x

3. Find dy if y = x2 ex sin x.
dx
Solution:
y = x2 ex sin x
dy d 2 x dw du dv
dx  dx(x e sin x)  "uv dx vw dx wu dx"
d d d
 x 2 e x (sin x)  e x sin x (x 2 )  sin x.x 2 (e x ) dx
dx dx
 x 2 e x cos x  e x sin x.2x  sin x .
x2ex

dx cos x x
4. Find dy if y 
Solution: .

cos x
y
x

dx
dy v du dx
dv
 –u
dx v2
d d
x (cos x) – cos x ( x )
dx dx
( x )2
1
x (– sin x) – cos
x.
2 x x
 Different Calculus-I � 119

PART – C
1. Find dy if y = (x2 + 3) cos x log x.
dx
Solution:
y = (x2 + 3) cos x log x
dy d dw du dv
 [(x 2  3) cos x log x]  "uv  vw  wu "
dx dx dx dx dx
d d d
 (x 2  3) cos x (log x)  cos x log x (x 2  3)  log x(x 2  3) (cos x)
dx dx dx
1
 (x 2  3) cos x.x  cos x log x . 2x  log x . (x 2  3)(– sin
x) (x 2  3) cos x
  2x cos x log x – (x 2  3) sin x log
x x
x3 tan x dy
2. If y = x , find .
e 1 dx
Solution:
x3 tan x
y= x
e 1
du dv
v dx – u dx
dy
dx  v2
d d
(ex  1) (x 3 tan x) – (x 3 tan x) (ex  1)
dx dx
(ex  1)2

(ex  1)  x 3 dx(tan x)  tan x dx(x 3 ) – x 3 tan x.ex

d d
 
(ex  1)2
x
  3 2 2 3
x

(ex  1)2

3. Find dy if y  1 x  x
2
.
dx
1– x  x 2
Solution:
y  1 x  x
2

1– x  x 2
du dv
v dx – u
dy
dx  dx v 2
d d
(1 – x  x 2 ) (1 x  x 2 ) – (1 x  x 2 ) (1 – x  x 2 )
dx dx
(1 – x  x 2 )2

(1 – x  x 2 )(1 2x) – (1 x  x 2 )(–1

 (1 – x  x 2 )2
2x)
1 2x – x – 2x 2  x 2  2x3  1 – 2x  x – 2x 2  x 2 – 2x 3
 (1 – x  x 2 )2
2 – 2x 2 2(1 – x 2 )
 
(1 – x  x )2 2
(1 – x  x 2 )
2
120 � Engineering Mathematics-I

EXERCISE
PART –A
1. Find the principal value of

(ii) cos–1 (0) (iii) tan–1 ( 3) 2
(iv) cot (– 3)
–1
(v) sec–1  
3 3 
(i) sin  
–1

2  (vii) sec–1(–1) (ix) sin (–1)

–1

(vi) cosec–1 – 2  (viii) cos–1 – 1 2  (x) tan–1(–1)


2. Prove that sin–1 x  sec–1    2
1
.
x

 1   .
3. Prove that sec–1 x  sin –1

x
2

4. Evaluate : Lt
ax 2
 bx
x1
 px 2

qxc r
5x – 8x 2
5. Evaluate: x0Lt – 3x
2x 2
sin
6. Evaluate : Lt0 9
tan
7. Evaluate : Lt0 5 
x 2  2x
8. Evaluate : Ltx  2 4x – 3x 2
9. Find dy if y = 3x4 – 7.
dx

1
10. Find dy
dxif y  . x3

1 .
11. Find dydxif y  cot x

12. Find dy if y = 8ex – 4 cosec x.

dx

13.Find dy if y = 3 log x – 4 x . dx
1
dy
14. Find dx if y  5
.
x 7

8
dy
15. Find if y 
dx .
x 57
PART – B
1. Prove that cos–1  1 – x  = sin x. 2 –1

2. Prove that cosec  1 x  = cot x.

–1 2 –1

3. Prove that sec  1 x  = tan x.

–1 2 –1


4. Prove that tan–1   tan–1    . 4
3 1
4  

7
 Different Calculus-I �
121
x 2 – 3x  2
5. Evaluate : Ltx1 x 2 – 5x 
x 2 44x – 5
Lt
6. Evaluate: x1 x 2 x  4
x 6 – 36
7. Evaluate : Ltx3 x –3
tan 7x
8. Evaluate: Lt
x0 13x
sin2 13x
9. Evaluate : Ltx0 x 2
4sin 3x
10. Evaluate : Lt
x0 5x

sin  
x
2
11. Evaluate : Lt
x0 x

ta n 
x
3
12. Evaluate : Lt
x0 x

dy
13. Find if y = x3 – 4x2 + 7x –11.
dx
2 1 3
14. Find dy
dxif y = x  – x 2 x.
3
2

15. Find dydxif y = 2 x – 3ex + 7 sin x - 8 cos x + 11

dy
16. Find dxif y =

x log x. dy
17. Find if y = x2 cosec x.
dx

18. Find dy if y = (x3 – 4) tan x.

dx
x –7
19. Find dy
dxif y = x . 3

20. Find dy
dxif y = x log x cosec x.

21.Find x if y = x cot x log x.

3

22. Find dy if y = ex
.
dx sin
x
23. Find dy
dxif y =
tan x
.
x4
24. Find dy if y = 1 – cos x .
dx
8
dy1 sin4x 7 cos x – 9 log x  – 3.
25. Find dx
if y = x cosec x
122 � Engineering Mathematics-I

PART – C
2x
1. Show that sin–1   
 2 tan–1 x .
 1 x 2
2x
2. Show that tan–1   2  2 tan–1 x .
1– x
3. Prove that sin–1 (3x
 – 4x ) = 3 sin x.
3 –1

4. Prove that cos–1(4x3 –3x) = 3 cos–1x.
x–y
5. Prove that tan–1x – tan–1 y = tan–1  1 xy
.


6. Prove that sin–1x – sin–1 y = sin–1 x 1 – y 2 – y 1 – x 2  .

 1 – x 2 1 – y2  . 
7. Provethat
8. Show tan x–1cos
that2 cos  3 –1 
 –1 y –1= cos
 tan   . xy
–1
–1

 3
 4
9.
Show that tan
–1
 1 – cos x   x .
 1 cos x  2
3  –1  24 
10. Show that 2 tan–1    tan   .
 4
7 5 
  
11. Evaluate : cos sin –1  
 13 
 
12. Evaluate : cos sin –1  4   sin –1  12 
   13
13. Evaluate the  
5
following: –
7
–
7

x –6
3 3
x –4
8 8 x 11 – 3 11
32 32
(i) Lt 5 5
(ii) Lt 5 (iii) Lt 4 (iv) Lt x 17 – 2 17
x6 x
–6 x4 x
– 45 x3
4 x2 x
–2
x 11 – 311
sin tan 1 – cos
(v) Lt (vi) Lt (vii) Lt sin 9 (viii) Lt
7 2
  0 sin 6n11
  0 ta   0 tan 7 x 0 xx sin
x
14. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x.
(i) y = (3x2 + 2x + 1) ex tan x. (ii) y = (2x + 1) (3x – 7) (4 – 9x).
2sin x  3cos x2  3
(iii) y  (iv) y 
x2 cos x  3sin x cos x
x x  log
sin x
(v) y  cos x – x7 (vi) y  exx  x 3
e x sin x x  ex
(vii) y 
x 2 1 (viii) y  x 3 sin x

(ix) y  x 2e x (x) y  x  tan

(x  2) tan exx – sin x
x
 Different Calculus-I � 123

14. (i) (3x2 + 2x + 1) ex sec2x + ex tan x (6x + 2) + tan x (3x2 + 2x + 1) ex

(ii) (2x + 1) (3x – 7) (– 9) + (3x – 7) (4 – 9x) . 2 + (49x) (2x + 1) 3
(2 cos x  3sin x)(2 cos x – 3sin x) – (2sin x  3cos x)(–2sin x 
(iii)
3cos x) (2 cos x  3sin
x) 2 x  cos
x cos x(2x) – (x  3)(–x sin
2

(iv) (v) – sin x – (x  7) cos x –2 sin x.1

x) x 2 cos2 x  (x  7) 
1
 1
(ex  x3 )   – ( x  log x) (ex  3x2 )
(vi)  x x (vii) (x  1)(e cos x  2sec x.e
2 x x
) – e x sin x.2x
(ex  x3 )2 (x  1) 2

2
1
x3 sin x   ex  – ( x  e x )(x3 cos x  3x2 sin x)
(viii) 2 x
x 6 sin2 x

(x  2) tan x (x 2 e x  2xex ) – (x 2 e x )[(x  2) sec2 x  tan
(ix)
(x x .2)
1]2 tan2 x

(ex – sin x)(1 sec2 x) – (x  tan x)(ex – cos x)

(x)
(e x – sin x) 2

ANSWERS
PART – A
1) (i) 60o (ii) 90o (iii) 60o (iv) – 30o (v) 30o (vi) – 45o
(vii) – 180o (viii) 120o (ix) –90o (x) – 45o
p q  –5 3
4) 5) 6) 9 7) 5 8) –2 9) 12x3 10) – x 4
r a 3
b c
3 2 –5 12 456
11) sec2x 12) 8ex + 4 cosec x cot x 14)
13) x – x 7 x – 7 15) – x 58

PART – B
7
1 6) 2 7) 6.35 8) 12 1
5) 3 13 9) 169 10) 5 11) 12 12) 3 13) 3x2 – 8x + 7
1 1
4 1 – 3ex  7 cos x  8sin
x 16)
14) 3x 2 – 3  2 x x  log x .
x x x 2x
15)
1 x
18) (x3– 4) sec2x + 3x2 tan x 10 20) – x log x cosec x cot x  log x cosec x .  cosec x .
(x  3) 2
2 x x
19) x x
sin xe – e cos x x sec x – tan x . 4x 3
21) x cot x  cos x log x . 3x  log x x (–cosec x) 22)
3 2 3 2 4 2
23) x8
x sin2 x
4 9
24) (1 sin x) sin x – (1 –2 cos x) 25) – –2 7 sin x –  xsin x
(1 sin x) x
cos x
PART – C
12 1 512 3.215
12) 16 (ii) (iii) – 7 (iv) (v) 7
11) 65 13) (i) 5 12 17 2
13 60
9
(vi) 6 (vii) 1
11 7 (vii) 2
 UNIT – V

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-II

1. DIFFERENTIATION METHODS
Differentiation of function functions (chain rule), Inverse Trigonometric functions and Implict
functions. Simple Problems.
2. SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION
Successive differentiation up to second order (parametric form not included). Definition of differential
equation, order and degree, formation of differential equation. Simple problems.
3. PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
Definition – Partial differentiation of two variables up to second order only. Simple Problems.

5 . 1 DIFFERENTIATION METHODS

Function of Funtions Rule:

If 'y' is a function of 'u' and 'u' is a function of 'x' then the derivative of 'y' w.r.t 'x' is equal to the
product of the derivative of 'y' w.r.t 'u' and the derivative of 'u' w.r.t 'x'.

dy dy du
i.e.  .
dx du
dx
It is called
function of
function
dy dy rule.
. du dv
.dx du dv
This rule can be dx
extended which
is known as
'Chain rule'.
Chain rule:
If 'y' is a function
of 'u' and 'u' is a
function of 'v'
and 'v' is a
function of 'x'
then.
 Differential Calculus-II � 125

WORKED EXAMPLES
PART –A
dy
Find if
dx
1) y = (2x + 5)3 2) y  sin 3) y = cos4x 4) y = 5) y = log (sec x)
6) y = sin mx x etanx 8) y = cos (2 – 3x)
Solution:
7) y  sec x
1) y = (2x + 5)3
y = u3 where u = 2x + 5

dy du
du  3u dx  2
2

dy dy du
 .
dx du
dx
= (3u2)
(2)
= 6 (2x +
5)2
dy 1 du
  cos x
2) y  sin x
du 2 u
dy  1 
dxy dx 2 u  (cos x)

u where u =
cos x
sin x
2 sin x
3) y = cos4 x
y = u4 where u = cos x
dy du
 4u 3 –
sin x du dx
dy
dx  4u (– sin x)
3

 – 4sin x cos3 x
4) y = etanx
y = eu where u = tan x

dy u du
du  e dx  sec x
2

dy
dx  (e ) (sec x)
u 2

 etan x sec 2 x
126 � Engineering Mathematics-I

5) y = log (sec x)
y = log u where u = sec x

dy 1 du
du  u dx  sec x tan x

dy   1
dx   u (sec x tan x)

  (sec x tan
sec x x)
 tan1 x
6) y = sin mx
y = sin u where u = mx

dy du
du  cos u dx  m
dy
dx  (cos u) (m)
 m cos mx
7) y = cos (2 – 3x)
y = cos
u where u = 2 –
3x dy du
 0 – 3(1) du
 – sin u dx
 –3

dy
dx  (– sin u) (–3)
 3sin(2 – 3x)

8) y  sec x

y = sec u where u =
dy du 1
du  secu .tan u 
x
dx 2x
dy  1 
dx  (sec u tan u)  2 x 
1
 . sec x . tan
x
2 x

Note:
d
1. dx
(emx) = memx

d
2. dx
( sin mx) = m cos mx

d
3. dx
(cos mx) = – m sin mx

d
4. dx
(tan mx) = m sec2mx
 Differential Calculus-II � 127

d
5. dx
(cot mx) = – m cosec2 mx

d
6. dx
(sec mx) = m sec mx tan mx

d
7. dx
(cosec mx) = – m cosec mx cot mx

PART – B
Differentiate the following w.r.t 'x'.
2
1) (2x2 – 3x + 1)3 2) cos (e5x) 3) esin x 4) log (sec x + tan x) 5) y = cosec3(5x+1)
Solution:
1) y = (2x2 – 3x + 1)3
y = u3 where u = 2x2 – 3x + 1

dy du
 3u2  4x – 3 du
dx
dy
dx  (3u )(4x – 3)
2

 3(2x2 – 3x  1)2 (4x – 3)

2) Let y = cos (e5x)
y = cos u where u = e5x

dy du
 – sin u 
5e du dx
5x

dy
dx  (– sin u)(5e )
5x

 –5e5x sin(e5x )
2
3) Let y = esin x

y = eu where u = sin2x
dy u u  v2 where v = sin x
du  e
du dv
 2v  cos x
dv dx
dy dy du dv
 . .
dx du dv dx
 (eu )(2v)(cos x)
2

 2esin x sin x cos x

2

 sin 2x . esin x
4) Let y = log (sec x + tan x)
y = log u where u = sec x
+ tan x
128 � Engineering Mathematics-I

du
dy  1 dx  sec x . tan x  sec2 x
du u
 sec x(tan x  sec
x)
dy 1
dx   u [sec x(tan x  sec x)]
1
  . sec x(tan x  sec
(sec x  tan x)
x) x
 sec
5) Let y = cosec3(5x+1)
y = u3 where u = cosec (5x + 1)
dy
 3u2 u  cosec v where v = 5x + 1
du
du dv
dv  –cosec v cot v dx  5
dy
dx  (3u )(–cosec v cot v) (5)
2

 –15 cosec2 (5x  1) . cosec (5x + 1) cot (5x + 1)

 –15 cosec3 (5x  1) cot(5x  1)

PART – C
Differentitate the following w.r.t x.
1) y = sin (ex log x) 2) (x2 + 5) e–2x sin x 3) y = (x cos x)3
3

4) y  log  1 – cos x  5) y  1 x 3 6) y = e4x + sin (x2 + 5)

 1 cos x 1 x
7) y = x e log(secx)
3 –5x

Solution:
1) y = sin (ex log x)
y = sin u where u = ex log x
du 1
dx  e x log x  e
x x

dy
 cos u (using product rule)
= e x   log
1
du
x
x
 (cos u) e
 x 1  log

dy
x   
dx x 
x
 1 
 cos(e log x) e x  log x 
x 

2) y = (x2 + 5) e–2x sin x
u  x2  5 w  sin x
v  e –2x
du dv dw
dx  2x dx  e (–2) dx  cos x
–2x

 –2e –2x
 Differential Calculus-II � 129

dy dw du dv
uv vw uw
dx dx dx dx
 (x  5) e cos x  e sin
2 –2x –2x

x(2x)  (x 2 – 5) sin x(–2e –2x )

3) y = (x cos x)3
ydy= u3 wheredu
u = x cos x
du  3u dx  x(– sin x)  cos
2

x(1) (using product rule)

 –x sin x  cos
x
dy
dx  (3u )(–x sin x  cos x)
2

 3(x cos x) 2 (–x sin x  cos

x)
4) y  log 1 – cos x 
 1 cos x


y  log u where u = 1 cos x
1 – cos x

dy 1 du (1 cos x)( sin x) – (1 – cos x)(– sin

 
x) du u dx (1 cos x) 2
(using Quotient rule)
dy  1  sin x(1 cos x)  sin x(1 – cos x)  
dx   u  (1 cos 
 x) 2sin x
2

 1 cos x  
  1 – cos x  (1 cos 2 
 
x) 2sin x 
2sin x
 
(1 cos x)(1 – cos x) 1 – cos2
x
2sin x
 sin2 x
2

sin x

1 x 3
5) y 
1 x3
y u where u = 1 – x
3

dy  1 1 x 3

du 2 du (1 x 3 )(–3x2 ) – (1 – x3 )(3x2 )

u dx  (1 x3 )2

 –(1 x3 ) – (1 – x3 )
 3x2  (1 x 3 )2
 

–6x 2


(1 x3 )2
130 � Engineering Mathematics-I

dy

 1  –

 
6x 2 dx
 1 2 u (1
–6x2  
3 (1 x 3 )2 
x 3 )2 2 1 – x 3
1 x
–3x2 1 x3

(1 x3 )2 1 –
x3
6) y = e4x + sin (x2 + 5)

dy
dx  e  4  cos(x  5)  (2x  0)
4x 2

 4e4x  2x cos(x2  5)
7) y = x3e–5x log(secx)
u  x3 w  log(sec x)
v  e –5x
du dv dw 1 sec x . tan
dx  3x dx  e (–5) dx  sec x x
2 –5 x

 –5e–5x  tan x

dy dw du dv
dx  uv dx vw dx uw dx
 x 3 e – 5 x tan x  e –5 x log(sec x)(3x 2 )  x 3 log (sec x)(–5e–5x )

5.1.2 DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

If x = sin y then we get a unique real value of x to the given angle y. But if x is given y has many
values.
We can express y interms of x as y = sin–1x "Inverse sine of x". The Quantities sin–1x, cos–1x, tan–1x,
cot–1x, sec–1x, cosec–1x are called Inverse Trigonometric Functions.
Differential co-efficient of sin–1x:
Let y = sin–1x
 sin y = x
Differentiating w.r.t x

dy
cos y. dx  1

dy 1

dx cos 1
y 
1 – sin2 y
1
d
i.e., dx(sin x)  –1
1– x 2
 Differential Calculus-II � 131

Similarly we get
–1
d
(i) dx(cos–1 x) 
1 – x2
1
d
(ii) dx(tan –1 x)  1 x 2
–1
d
(iii) dx(cot–1 x)  1 x 2
–1
d
(iv) dx(sec–1 x) 
x x2 – 1
–1
d
(v) dx(cosec –1 x) 
xx –1
2

WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
Find dy if
dx
(i) y  sin–1 x
(ii) y  cos–1 (2x)
(iii) y  tan–1 (log x)
Solution:
(i) y  sin–1 x

dy
dx  sin u where u = x
–1

dy du 1
du  1 – u2 dx  2 x
1
1 
dy   
x 
dx   2  
1 1–u 
 1 1
 2
x
1– x
2

1 1
 2 .
1–x2 x
1

2 x(1 – x)

(ii) y = cos–1(2x)
y = cos–1u where u = 2x

dy –1
du  1 – u2 dx
du
dy – .2 
dx  1 – u 2
1 2
–1
 .2
1 – (2x)2

dy –2
dx  1 – 4x 2
132 � Engineering Mathematics-I

(iii) y = tan–1(log x)
y = tan–1u where u = log x

dy 1 du 1 du 1
 
u 2 dx x
dy

dx  1 u 2  1 x 1 
1
 
x[1 (log x) 2 ]

PART – B
Find dy if
dx
(i) y = sin–1(cos x) (ii) y = cos–1(2x + 3) (iii) y = cos–1(2x2 – 1) (iv) y = sin–1(3x – 4x3)
Solution:
(i) y = sin–1(cos x)
y = sin–1u where u = cos x
dy du
du  1– u 2 dx  – sin x
1

dy  (– sin
dx  
2  x)
1 1– u 
 1
 (– sin
1 – cos2 x x)

 – sin x  –1
sin2 x
(ii) y = cos–1(2x + 3)

dy –1 d
dx  1 – (2x  3)2 . dx(2x  3)
–1
 2
1 – (2x  3)2
–2

1 – (2x  3)2

(iii) y = cos–1(2x2 – 1)

dy –1 d
dx  1 – (2x2 – 1)2 . dx(2x )
2

–1
 . 4x
1 – (2x 2 – 1)2
– 4x - 4x -4x - 4x -2
 = = = =
1 – (2x – 1) 2 2
1- 4x4+ 4x2-1 4x2 - 4x4 2x 1 - x2 1 - x2
 Differential Calculus-II � 133

ALITER
y = cos–1(2x2 –1)
Put x = cos θ
y = cos–1 (2 cos2θ – 1)
= cos–1(cos2θ)
y = 2θ
y = 2 cos–1x x = cos θ  θ = cos–1x
–1 –2
dy 
dx  2  1– x 2
1– x 2
(iv) y = sin–1(3x – 4x3)

dy 1 .(3 – 12x2 )
dx  1 – (3x – 4x3 )2

ALITER
Put x = sin θ
y = sin–1 (3 sin θ – 4 sin3θ)
= sin–1(sin3θ)
y = 3θ
y = 3 sin–1x x = sin θ  θ = sin–1x dy

3

dx 1– x 2
PART – C

(i) y = cos–1  1– x 
2

 1 x 2

 2x 
(ii) y = sin –1  2
 1 x
 2x 
(iii) y = tan–1 
 1– x 2
(iv) y = (1 + x2 ) tan–1 x

Solution:

(i) y = cos–1  1– x 
2

 1 x 2

 θ  θ = tan–1x
Let x = tan

y  cos–1  1 – tan  
2

 1 tan 2 
 cos (cos
–1
 2)
 2
y  2 tan–1 x

dy
2

1 dx
1 x 2
 134 � Engineering Mathematics-I

2x 
(ii) y = sin –1 
 1 x 2
 θ  θ = tan–1x
Let x = tan

2 tan  
y  sin –1
 1 tan2 
 sin –1 (sin 2)

 2
y  2 tan–1 x
1
dy
dx  2. 1 x 2

2x 
(iii) y = tan–1 
 1– x 2
Let x = tanθ  θ = tan–1x

2 tan  
y  tan–1 
 1 – tan2 
 tan–1 (tan
 2)

y  2
y  2 tan–1 x
1
dy
dx  2 . 1 x 2

(iv) y = (1 + x 2 ) tan–1 x

1
dy  tan–1 x(0  2x) (using product rule)
dx  (1 x ) 1 x 2
2

 1 2x tan–1 x
5.1.3 IMPLICIT FUNCTION
If the variables x and y are connected by a relation f (x, y) = 0 then
it is called an implicit function.
i.e If the dependent variable (y) cannot be expressed explicitly in
terms of the independent variable
x.
(ii)
Example: 1 x 22 (i)
2
are+implicit
x2 + y2 – 4x y + 12 =function
0
a y  
b2
 Differential Calculus-II � 135

PART –B
1. Find dy if
dx
(i) x2 + y2 + 2y = 0 (ii) x2 + y2 = a2 (iii) xy = c2
(iv) y x
Solution: a

(i) x2 + y2 + 2y = 0
Differentiate w.r.t x

dy dy
2x  2y dx  2 dx  0

dy dy
x  y dx  dx 0

dy
(y 1)dx  –x

dy –x

dx

1 y
(ii) x2x + y22y dy
= adx
2 2
0
Differentiate w.r.t x
dy
x  y dx  0

dy
y dx  –x

dy –x

dx
y
(iii) xy dy
= c2
. dx  y(1)  0 (using product rule)
xDifferentiate
w.r.t x
dy
x dx  –y

dy – y

dx
x
1 1y 
(iv) dy x
  a . 0
2 x 2 y dx
Differentiate w.r.t x
Multiply by 2
1  1 dy
. 0
x y dx

1 dy –1 y

y
dx dy  –
dx x
x
136 � Engineering Mathematics-I

PART – C
1. Find dy if
dx
(i) cos x + sin y = c (ii) x2sin y = c (iii) y = a + xey

Solution:
(i) cos x + sin y = c
Differentiate w.r.t x

dy
– sin x  cos y .dx  0

dy
cos y . dx  sin x

dy sin x

dx
cos y
(ii) x2sin y = c
dy
Differentiate  xsin y(2x)  0 (using product
w.r.t
x 2 cos y. dx
rule)
dy
x 2 cos y. dx  –2x sin y

dy –2x sin y

dx x 2 cos
dy –2
ydx  xtan y
(iii) y = a + xey
Differentiate w.r.t x

dy dy
 0  x ey .  ey
dx dx
dy dy
– xey  ey
dx dx
dy
dx (1 – xe )  e
y y

dy ey

dx 1 –
xey

2. Find dy if
dx
(i) x + y = 3axy
3 3 (ii) x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 5 = 0 (iii) x2 + y2 = xy
(iv) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(i) x3 + y3 = 3axy
 Differential Calculus-II � 137

Differentiate w.r.t x
dy
3x 2  3y2  3a x dy
dx  y(1)

 dx
Divide by 3  (using product rule)
2 dy
x2  y  a x dy 
dx y 

dy  dx
dy 
y2 dx– ax  ay – x 2
dx
dy
(y 2 – ax) dx ay – x 2
dy ay – x 2

dxy2 – ax (ii)

x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 5 = 0
Differentiating w.r.t x
dy dy
2x  2y –46 0
dx
dx dy dy
2y dx  6 dx –2x  4

dy
dx (2y 6)  –2x  4
dy –2x  4 2(–x  2)
 
dx 2y 6 2(y
3)
–x  2

y 3

(iii) x2 + y2 = xy
uv rule dy dy
2x  2y dx  x dx y(1)
Differentiating
w.r.tdyx, dy
2y dx – x dx y – 2x

dy
dx (2y – x)  y – 2x
dy y – 2x
dx  2y – x

(iv) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

Differentiate w.r.t x
2ax  2h x.  y(1)  b(2y).
dy dy dy
 2g(1)  2f. 0
0
 dx  dx
dx
Divide by 2

dy dy dy
dy  hx
ax  hy by  g  f 0
dx (hx  dx  –ax – hy
by f ) dx dx – g

dy –ax – hy – g

dx hx 
by f
138 � Engineering Mathematics-I

5 . 2 . 1 SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION

dy
If y = f(x) then  f (x) is a function of x or constant which can be differentiated once again.
dx
dy
 f (x) is the first order derivative of y w.r.t x.
dx2
d y d  dy 
dx2  dx  dx  is the second order derivative of y w.r.t x
i.e the derivate of dy w.r.t x.
dx
d3 y
d  d 2 y is the third order derivative of y w.r.t x and so on.

dx 3
dx  dx2 
Notations of successive derivatives
dy
dx  y  y  f (x)  D(y)
1

d2 y
 y 2 y
  f (x)  D2 (y)
dx2
dn y
 y n y ( n )  f ( n ) (x)  Dn (y)

dxn WORKED EXAMPLES

PART – A
d y 2
1. If y = e3x find dx 2 .

Solution:

dy
dx  3e
3x

d2 y
 3(3e3x )
dx2
 9e 3x

d2 y
2. If y = sin 3x find dx 2 .

Solution:

dy
dx  3cos 3x
d 2 y 3(–3sin 3x)
dx2 
 –9sin 3x
 Differential Calculus-II � 139

PART –B
1. If y = a cos nx + b sin nx find y2.
Solution:
y1 = a (– n sin nx) + b (n cos nx)
= n (– a sin nx + b cos nx)
y2 = n [– a (+ n cos nx) + b (– n sin
nx)]
= n2 (a cos nx + b sin nx)
= – n 2y
d2 y
2. If y = Ae3x + Be–3x find dx 2 .

Solution:

dy
= A(3e3x) + B (–3e–3x)
dx
= 3[A(3e
= 3 (A.e3x3x–) Be –3x)
– B(–3e –3x)]
dx2 2
d y = 3[3A e3x + 3B e–3x]

= 9 [Ae3x + Be–3x]
= 9y
3. If y = tan x find y2.
Solution:

dy
= sec2x
dx
d 2 y2 = 2 (sec x) × sec x tan x
dx
= 2 sec2x tan x
PART – C
1. If y = x cos x prove that x y – 4xy + (x + 6) y = 0.
2 2 2
2
1

Solution:
y = x2 cos x
y1 = x (– sin x) + cos x (2x)
2
(using product rule)
= – x2 sin x + 2x cos x
y2 = – x (cos x) + sin x (– 2x) + 2x (– sin x) + cos x (2)
2

= – x2 cos x – 2x sin x – 2x sin x + 2 cos x

= – x2 cos x – 4x sin x + 2 cos x
x y – 4xy + (x2 + 6) y = x2 [– x2 cos x – 4x sin x + 2 cos x]
2
2 1
– 4x [– x2 sin x + 2x cos x] + (x2 + 6) (x2 cos x)
= – x4 cos x – 4x3 sin x + 2x2 cos x + 4x3 sin x – 8x2 cos x + x4 cos x + 6x2 cos x
=0
140 � Engineering Mathematics-I

2. If y = ex sin x, prove that y –2y + 2y = 0.

2
1

Solution:
yy1 == eex(cos
sin xx) + sin x (e )
x
x
(using product rule)
y1 = e cos x + y –––––– (1)
x

y2 = e (– sin x)w.r.t
Differentiating + cosx xe+ y
x x
1
y2 = – y + (y1 – y) + y1 from (1)
y2 = – y + y1 – y + y1
= – 2y + 2y1
y2 – 2y1 + 2y = 0
3. If y = a cos (log
x) + b sin (log x)
prove that x2y + xy +
y = 0.
2 1

Solution:
y = acos (log x) +1bsin  1
y1  a  – sin(log x).   b  cos(log x).

(log x) Differentiating xw.r.t
 x 
1
yx 1 x[–a sin(log x)  bcos(log x)]
xy1  –a sin(log x)  bcos(log
x)
Differentiating
xy  y (1) w.r.t
–axcos(log x) .  b  – sin(log x) 1. 
1
2 1
x 

–1 x
xy 2 y 1 x cos(log x)  b sin(log x)]
[a
x[xy2  y1 ]  – y
x 2 y2 xy 1 y  0

5 . 2 . 2 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Definition: An equation containg differential co-efficients is called differential
equation.
Examples:
dy
1. dx y  x
d2 y
2. x 
1 0 dx 2
d2 y dy
3. a b
 cy  d
dx 2

dx
Order of the
differential equation:
The order of the highest derivative in the differential equation is called order of the
differential equation.
 Differential Calculus-II � 141

Degree of the differential equation:

The power of the highest derivative in the differential equation is called degree of the differential
equation.
Example:
2
 dy 7y  sin x
5

(i) 7  d y
2
 5  dx 
 dx 2 

Order – 2, degree –2
Formation of Differential Equation:
A differential equation is obtained by differentiating the function f (x, y) = 0 as many times as the
number of arbitrary constants, followed by elimination of arbitrary constants.
PART –A
1. Find the order and degree of the following differential equations.
4
 d3 y   d 2 y 2
(i) 
dydx3 2 dx2  7y  0
(ii)  dy   xdx  kdy
 dx  dx

1 dy  d
2

(iii)
y
dx

Solution dx2

(i) order = 3, degree = 4

(ii) order =1, degree = 2

1 dy  d
2

(iii)
y
dx
Squaring on
dxboth
2 sides
2
 dy   d 2 y
1 
 dx   dx 2 
Order –2, degree – 2.
2. From the differential
equation
(i) xyby
= celiminating (ii) x y
the constant.
Solution: a

(i) xy = c
dy (using product rule)
x. dx  y . 1 0

dy
x dx  y  0

(ii) x y
a1 1
dy
 . 0
2 x 2 y dx
Multiply by 2
1  1 dy
 0
x y dx
142 � Engineering Mathematics-I

PART –B
From the different equation by eliminating the
constants.
x y
(i) y = ax + b2 (ii) y = m e5x 1 (iv) y2 = 4ax
Solution: (iii) a b
(i) y = ax + b2

dy
dx  a(1)  0
d2 y 0
dx2 
(ii) y = m e5x –––– (1)

dy
dx  m.(5e )
5x

dy from (1) memx  y

dx  5m(e )
5x

dy
dx  5y

(iii) xa  yb 1
Differentiating w.r.t x

1 1 dy
a  b 0
0 0
b dx 2
dx d2 y
 1 
0
d 2 dx
y 2
(iv) y2 = 4ax

dy
2y. dx  4a(0)

y2

dy  y2 
2y.  4   y  4ax,
2
 a
dx
  4x 
dy y2 4x
2y  
dx x
 Differential Calculus-II � 143

5 . 3 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

Functions of two or more variables:

In many applications, we come across function involving more than one independent variable. For
example, Area of the rectangle depends on its length and breadth, volume of cuboid depends on its
length, breadth and height.
Hence one variable u depends on more than one variable.
i.e. u = f (x, y) v = (x, y, z)
Definition of partial differentiation:
Let u = f (x, y) then partial differentiation of u w.r.t x is defined as differentiation of u w.r.t x
treating
u
y as constant and is denoted by  .
x
u f (x  x, y) – f (x,
  x  x0
lim x
y)
Similarly partial differentiation of u w.r.t y is defined as differentiation of u w.r.t y treating x as con-
u
stant and is denoted by  .
y
u f (x, y y) – f (x, y)
  y  y0
lim y

Second order partial derivatives:

u u
In General, and are function of x and y. They can be further dfferentiated partially w.r.t x
and y as follows. x y
  u   2 u


(i) 
 x   x    x 2 

  u   2

u 
(ii) 
 x   y   x
y 

 2 u   2 u
For all ordinary functions   .
  u    x  y    y  x 

2 u 
(iii) 
 y   x    y
x 

  u   2

u
(iv) 
 y   y    y2

144 � Engineering Mathematics-I

WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A

u u
1. Find and x for
 the following:
(i) u = x + y y (ii) u = x3 + y3 (iii) u = ex + y (iv) u = e2x + 3y
Solution:
i) u = x + y

u
1
x
u
1
y
ii) u =
ux + y 2
3 3

  3x
x
u
 y  3y
2

(iii) u = ex + y

u
  e (1)  e
x y x y

x
u
  e (1)  e
x y x y

y
(iv) u = e2x + 3y

u
 e 2x 3y (2)  2e 2x 3y
x

u
 e 2x 3y (3)  3e 2x 3y
y PART – B
u u
(i) Find and for the following:
x y
(i) u = x3 + 4x2y + 5xy2 + y3
(ii) u = 5 sin x + 4 tan y
(iii) u = y2sec x
(iv) u = sin 4x cos 2y
Solution:
(i) u = x3 + 4x2y + 5xy2 + y3

u
  3x  8xy 5y  0
2 2

x
u
  0  4x  10xy 3y
2 2

y
 Differential Calculus-II � 145

(ii) u = 5 sin x + 4 tan y

u
  5cos x  0
x
u
 y  0  4sec y
2

(iii) u = y2sec x

u
  y sec x tan x
2

x
u
 y  sec x.2y
(iv) u = sin 4x cos 2y

u
  4 cos 4x.cos 2y
x
u
  2sin 4x sin 2y
y
 2u  2u
2. Find 2 and  y2 for the following:
x

(i) u = x3 + y3 (ii) u = x3tan y

Solution:
(i) u = x3 + y3

u
  3x  0
2

x2 u
 6x
 x2

u
 y  0  3y
2

 2u
 6y
y 2

(ii) u = x3tan y

u
 x  3x tan y
2

 2u
 6x tan y
 x2

u
  x sec y
3 2

y2 u
 x 3 (2sec y . sec y tan
 y2 y)
 2x3 sec2 y . tan y
146 � Engineering Mathematics-I

 2u 2 for u = x2e5y.
3. Find and y
xu
y 
x
Solution:2 5y
u=xe

u
  2xe
5y

x
 2 u    u 
 y x  y  x  2x . (5e )  10xe
5y 5y


u
  5x e
2 5y

y
 2 u    u 
 x  y  x  y  10xe
5y


PART – C
 2u
1. If u = log (x3 + y3) find
.
 x2
Solution:
u = log (x3 + y3)

u 1 (3x2 )

x x 3  y3
 u (x3  y3 )(6x) – (3x2 )(3x2  0)
2
(using quotient rule)

 x2 (x 3  y3 ) 2
6xy – 3x
3 4
 (x 3  y3 ) 2

2. If u = x – y find 2 u .
y2 x2
Solution: x
y
u= x–y
y2 x2
u x.   –2 –
 y   y3  x 2
1
2 u  –2  –2 
 x    y3  –  x 3
y 2 2
 –
3
x

y3
 Differential Calculus-II � 147

u u
3. If u = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3, prove that x +xy = 3u.
Solution: y
u  x3  3x2 y 3xy2  y3 ..............(A)

u
  3x  6xy 3y  0
2 2

x
u
x   x(3x 2  6xy 3y2 )
x
u .............(1)
x  x  3x3  6x 2 y 3xy2
u  x 3  3x2 y 3xy2  y3

u
  0  3x  3x(2y)  3y
2 2

y  3x2  6xy 3y 2

u
y   y(3x2  6xy 3y2 )
y  3x2 y 6xy2  3y3 ..............(2)
(1)  (2) 

u u
x  x  y   3x3  6x 2 y 3xy2  3x2 y 6xy2  3y3
y  3x3  9x 2 y 9xy2  3y3
 3(x3  3x2 y 3xy2  y3 )
 3u using (A)

EXERCISE
PART – A
1. Find dy if
dx
(i) y = (2x + 5)3
(ii) y  ax  b
(iii) y = sin 2x
(iv) y = cos3x
(v) y = sin 5x
2

(vii) y = sin (cos x) (vi) y = tan x

(ix) y = log (2x + 3) (viii) y = cos (log x)

2
(x) y = ex
2. Find dy if
dx
(i) y = sin–1(2x) (ii) y = cos–1(x2) (iii) y = tan–1( (iv) y = cos–1(ex)
x)
3. Find dy from the following equations
dx
(i) y2 = 4ax (ii) 2x2 – y2 – (iii) x3 + xy = 0 (iv) x sin y = c
9=0
4. If (i) y = 2x5 – 4x2 + 3 d2 y
.
dx2
(ii) y = sin3x (iii)
y = x + cos x find
148 � Engineering Mathematics-I

5. From the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the following equations.
(i) y = ax + b (ii) y2 = 4ax (iii) y = mx

(iv) y  mx  1 (v) x2 + y2 = a2 (vi) y = cx + c3

m
u u
6. Find and if u = x3 + 5x2y + y3.
x y
2 2
u u
7. If u = ex +y find  x and y .


u
8. If u = tan (ax + by) find .
y
u
9. If u = tan (ax + by) find .
x PART – B
1. Find dy if
dx
(i) y = cosec3(5x + 1) (ii) y = tan (x2log x)
3
cos x
(iii) y  cos log x  (iv) y = e
 x
2. Find dy if 
dx
(ii) y = x3 + tan–1(x2) (iii) y = (sin–1x)2 (iv) y = cos–1(4x3 – 3x)
(i)y = x tan–1x

3. If x2 – y2 = 5y – 3x find dy .
dx
4. If y2 = x sin y find dy .
dx
5. If
dy
sin y = x sin (a + y) find
.
dx
d 2 y  2 dy =
6. If y = aex + be–x that x xy .
dx2 dx
cos x
7. If y  xprove that xy + 2y
2 + xy1 = 0.

 2u 2
8. If u = x3 –2x2y + 3xy2 + y3 find and  y 2 .
 x 2u

u
If u = xyfind x , x 2 u.
2
9.

u u
10. If u = x 2  y2 show that x +y
x = u.
y
 Differential Calculus-II � 149

PART – C
1. Find dy if
dx

(i) y = e3x log x sin 2x (ii) y  1 sin 2x

1 – sin
(iii) y  sin(log x) (iv) (3x2 2x
– 2)2 cot x . log sin x.
x
dy
2. Find
if dx
sin–1 x
 1– x 2  (ii) y = x sin (tan x) –1 y
(i) y  cos–1  2
1– x 2
 1 x  (iii)
3. If y = x2 sin x prove that x2y – 4xy + (x2 + 6) y = 0.
2
1
 u
2
 2

u
4. Verify that  for the following functions:
 x y  y x
x y  x 2  y2 
(i) u  –2 2 (ii) u = x sin y + y sin x (iii) u  log xy 
y x
 
2 u 2
5. u 2  y y2 .
If u = x4 + 4x3y + 3x2y2 + y4 find x x 2 2

u u
6. If u = log (x2+ y2) show that x  x+y  = 2.
y
ANSWERS
PART – A
a
1. (i) 6 (2x + 5)2 (ii) 2 (iii) 2 cos 2x (iv) – 3 cos2x sin x
ax  b

1
(v) 10 sin 5x cos 5x (vi) sec2 (vii) – [cos (cois x)] sin x
x
(viii) – 1
2
2 x 2 (x) 2x ex
x (ix) 2x 
sin(log x) 2x 3
2 (ii) – (iii) 1 –e x
2. (i) (iv)
1 – 4x 2 1– 42 2 x (1 x)
1– e 2 x
(ii) dy  2x (iii) –(3x  y) – tan
3. (i) dy  2a 2
(iv)
dx y dx y x y x
4. (i) 40x3 – 8 (ii) 3 sin x [2 cos x – sin x]
2 2
(iii) – cos x
dx
d2 y (ii) y2= 2xy dy (iii) y = x dy (iv) y = x dy +
5. (i) 2 0
dx dx dx dx
(v) x + y dy = 0 (vi) y = x +
 dy 
3
dy dy

dx
6. 3x2 + 10xy,dx
5x2 + 3y2
dx
8. 2x ex2+y2, 2y ex2+y2
9. a sec2(ax + by)
150 � Engineering Mathematics-I

PART – B
1. (i) 15 cosec3 (5x + 1) cot (5x + 1) (ii) x (1 + 2 log x) sec2 (x2 log x)

–(1 log x) sin  log x  3

(iv) – 3 cos2x sin x ecos x
(iii)
x2 x
1  x –3(4x2 – 1)
2. (i) tan x
–1  (ii) 3x 2  2x 2sin –1 x (iv)
 1 x 2 (iii) 1 x
4
1– x 2 1 – (4x3 – 3x) 2
2 x
2x  sin y sin(a  y)
3. 4. 5. 8. 6x – 4y, 6x + 6y
3 5
2y 2y – x cos cos y – x cos(a 
y y)
9. yxy–1, y(y –1) xy – 2
PART – C
4 cos
 sin 2x (ii)
1. (i) e 2 log x cos 2x  3log x sin 2x  x (1 2x
3x
– sin 2x) 2

(iii)
x2
 (3x2 – 2) cot x log (sin x) + (3x2 – 2)2 cot2x – (3x2 – 2) log (sin x) cosec2x
(iv) 12x
2cos(log x) – sin(log
2. (i) (ii) x sec2 xx) (iii) 1 – x 2 – x3sin–1
1 x 2 1x – tan2 x (1 – x 2 )
2
10. 6 (2x4 + 4x3y + 2x2y2 – xy3 + 2y4)
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