Physics XII

Chapter # 11
Heat

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 Lesson - 05
Joule’s Mechanical
Equivalent of Heat

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 Heat as energy

Count Rumford’s Joule’s mechanical

Experiment equivalent of heat

Heat in transit

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 Joule’s Mechanical Equivalent
of Heat

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 Review of Count Rumford’s Experiment

 Count Rumford, had observed the frictional heat

generated by boring cannon. Rumford immersed a
cannon barrel in water.
 He showed that the water could be boiled within
roughly two and a half hours and that the supply of
frictional heat was seemingly inexhaustible.
 Based on his experiments, he published "An
Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the
Heat which is Excited by Friction“.
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  Rumford believed that he had proven that
motion produced heat and that heat was not a
substance called caloric.
 Other scientists of the day were not convinced.
Rumford could not quantitatively connect motion
and heat.
 Half century later, Rumford’s the experiment
inspired the work of James Joule in the 1840s, and
Joule began studying heat and work. Unlike
Rumford, Joule kept precise measurement during
his experiments.
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 Joule’s mechanical equivalent of heat

 In 1845, Joule published a paper entitled "The

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat.”
 The mechanical equivalent of heat states
that motion and heat are mutually interchangeable
and that in every case, a given amount
of work would generate the same amount of heat.
 Joule devised an apparatus where a pair of
masses passing over pulleys performed work that
generated an electric current. The current
produced heat.
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  Joule established a relationship between
mechanical work and heat energy in the form.
Work α Heat
It means that the amount of work done on an
object is directly proportional to an
equivalent amount of heat produced.
 Joule proved that a fixed amount of work
is required to generate one unit of heat.

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 Conclusion

Joule conclusively showed that heat was a form of

energy. As a result of the experiments of Rumford,
joule and others, it was demonstrated that the
various forms of energy can be transformed one into
another.
 A steam or heat engine uses a source of heat to
produce work.
 Heat is emphatically a quantity that describes
energy being transferred. It makes no sense to speak
of the total ‘heat’ an object or system contains.

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