EARS AND HEARING

NORMAL ANATOMY OF EAR

ABNORMAL FINDINGS
FOREIGN BODY

• Most frequently seen in

children
• Sense of fullness
• Decreased hearing
• Hearing movement of the
insect
• Severe pain
INFECTION
• Acute otitis Media
• group of inflammatory diseases of the
middle ear. The two main types are
acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis
media with effusion (OME). AOM is an
infection of abrupt onset that usually
presents with ear pain
• Otitis externa
• also called swimmer's ear, is
inflammation of the ear canal. It often
presents with ear pain, swelling of the
ear canal, and occasionally decreased
hearing. Typically there is pain with
movement of the outer ear.
HEARING LOSS
• Conductive hearing loss
• occurs when there is a problem conducting
sound waves anywhere along the route
through the outer ear, tympanic membrane
(eardrum), or middle ear (ossicles)
• Sensorineural hearing loss
• is a type of hearing loss, or deafness, in which
the root cause lies in the inner ear or sensory
organ (cochlea and associated structures) or
the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve
VIII)
TEST USED TO EVALUATE AUDITORY
FUNCTION
• WEBER’S TEST
• The tuning fork is placed on the midline of the skul
• Conduction loss- sound lateralizes to the defective ear
• Sensorineural loss- sound lateralizes to unaffected ear
• RINNE TEST
• The tuning fork is placed on the mastoid bone for bone conduction and
placed in front of the ear for air conduction
• Conduction loss- will hear bone conduction longer than air conduction
• Sensorineural loss- will hear air conduction longer than bone conduction
MOUTH
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
• Plaque
• Invisible soft film that adheres to the
enamel surface of teeth which
consist of bacteria, molecules of
saliva and remnants of epithelial cells
and leukocytes
• Tartar
• Visible hard deposit of plaque and
bacteria that forms at the gum lines
INFLAMMATION/INFECTION

• Herpes simplex type 1(cold

sore)
• Prodromal burning, tingling
or pain sensation before the
outbreak of the lesion
• Gingivitis
• Inflammation of the gingiva
• Hyperplasia of the gums,
erythema and bleeding with
manipulation
• Tonsilitis
• Infection of the tonsils
• Sore throat, odynophagia,
fever, chills and tender
cervical lymph nodes
• Parotitis
• Inflammation of the parotid
salivary gland
• Glossitis
• Inflammation of the
tongue

• Candidiasis (oral thrush)

• Caused by candida
albicans
• Appears as soft white
plaques on the tongue,
buccal mucosa or
posterior pharynx
NOSE AND SINUSES
ABNORMAL FINDINGS

• Epistaxis
• Bleeding from the nose
 INFLAMMATIONS
• Allergic rhinitis
• Inflammation of the nasal
mucosa
• Rhinophyma
• Hypertrophy of the nose caused
by rosacea
• Pronounced flushing reactions
especially in response to heat,
emotional stimuli, alcohol, hot
drinks or spicy food
• Acute sinusitis
• Infection of sinuses that
typically occurs as a result of
pooling of secretions within the
sinuses
• Throbbing pain- affected sinus,
tender to palpate, thick
purulent discharge, edematous,
erythematous nasal mucosa
Nasal speculum