Medical and surgical device

What is a Medical Device?

“any instrument, apparatus, appliance, material
or other article, whether used alone or in
combination, including the software necessary for
its proper application intended by the
manufacturer to be used on human beings for the
purpose of:
– diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment
or alleviation of disease,
– diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, or alleviation
of or compensation for an injury or handicap,

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 – investigation, replacement or modification of
the anatomy or of a physiological process,
– control of conception
and which does not achieve its principal
intended action in or on the human body by
pharmacological, immunological or metabolic
means, but which may be assisted in its function
by such means.”
HealthCare Activities

 Prevention
 Diagnosis
 Curative (therapeutic)
 Rehabilitation
 Palliative care (when cure is not
possible)

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Medical Imaging Devices (in vivo diagnosis)
 X-ray projection imaging
 Computerised Tomography (CT)
 Ultrasound (USI), Doppler imaging
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
 Radionuclide imaging (nuclear
medicine)
 Thermography
 Etc.

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Medical Laboratory Devices (in vitro diagnosis)
 sample separation, centrifugation
etc
 electrophoresis, capillary
electrophoresis
 pH / ISE meters
 particle / cell counters
 spectrophotometers
 flow cytometry
 microscopy
 HPLC (chromatography)
 haematology
 immunology
 scintillation systems
 genetic analysis

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Physiological Measurement Devices
(in vivo diagnosis)
 Instruments for measuring physical and chemical
variables in vivo
 Thermometers
 Cardiovascular physiology: blood pressure monitors,
flowmeters, pulsed Doppler US systems
 Electrophysiology: ECG, EEG, EMG
 Audiology and ophthalmology
 Respiratory physiology: spirometers, pulse oximetry,
impedance pneumograph….
 Endoscopes

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 ECG (aka EKG)

Screen of a multipurpose clinical monitor sphygmomanometer 8

Paediatric Intensive Care

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Endoscopy

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Radiotherapy Devices
 X-ray and electron, resp.
hadron beams from
accelerators (shape, direction,
and intensity of beam changed
often continuously)
 gamma-ray beams from tele-
isotope radioactive sources Linear accelerator
like Co-60
 brachytherapy
 dosimeters

Leksell gamma knife

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Physical therapy Devices
 Electrotherapy
 UV and IR therapy
Ultrasound
 Shortwave diathermy therapy unit

 Ultrasound therapy
 Laser therapy

Shortwave diathermy
Muscle stimulator

Laser therapy
unit
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Prosthetic Devices - Implants

Robotic device for knee

prosthesis implantation
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 Prosthetic Devices – „Artificial Organs“

Artificial heart
Cochlear implant Ventilator
Cardiopul-
monary bypass

Retinal implant
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 Devices for Self-testing (‘home devices’)
 'device for self-testing`: any
device intended by the
manufacturer to be able to
be used by lay persons in a
home environment
 thermometers, pressure
measuring instruments etc
 test kits (pregnancy,
glucose levels in blood
used by diabetes patients
etc)

Blood glucose
meter 16
Disposable Medical Devices

Suction catheter

Umbilical cord clamp

I.V. cannulae

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 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

Surgical instruments are

- precisely designed and manufactured tools.
- for single (disposable) or multiple use (non-disposable),
- must be resisted physical and chemical effects, body
fluids, secretions, cleaning agents and sterilization

For this reason, most of them are made of high-quality stainless steel;
chromium and vanadium alloys ensure the durability of edges,
springiness and resistance to corrosion.
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

Classification:
1. Cutting and dissecting instruments
2. Grasping, clamping, occluding
instruments
3. Hemostatic instruments
4. Retracting and exposing instruments
5. Wound-closing instruments and materials
6. Special instruments
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

1. Cutting and dissecting instruments

The function of these instruments is to

divide tissues, sutures, bandages, etc.
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS
1.1. Scalpels

Handle and
detachable blade

Blades
Conventional scalpel
Use of scalpels

Fiddle-bow-holding Pencil-holding
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

1.2. Scissors
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

Use of ring-ended instruments with right and left hands

1-4 instrument-holding
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

1.3. Dissecting hemostatic forceps

Pean

Mosquito abdominal Pean

Three mail functions: - dissecting tool,

- grasping tool,
- hemostatic tool.
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

1.4. Electrocoagulating system

Monopolar Bipolar
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

1.5. Ultrasonic 1.6. CUSA 1.7. CO2-LASER,

cutting system (Cavitron Ultrasonic neodymium-YAG-LASER
Surgical Aspirator)
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

1.8. Dissector 1.9. Amputating knives 1.10. Saws 1.11. Raspatories

 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

2. Grasping, clamping and occluding instruments

These istruments are used to grasp, pick up, hold

and manipulate tissues, tools and materials.
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

2.1. Forceps

Anatomical Surgical Ophtalmological Ring tip forceps Dental

forceps forceps forceps forceps
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

Use of forceps

Forceps should be held

like a pencil!

Forceps must never be held in the palm!!!!!!

 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

2.2. Towel-holding clamps

Bachaus towel clamp Schaedel towel clips

 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

2.3. Hemostatic forceps

Traumatic Ι Atraumatic hemostatic forceps

Kocher Lumnitzer Bulldog Blalock Satinsky

 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

2.4. Needle holders

Mathieu needle holder Hegar needle holder

 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

2.5. Organ clamps

Allis Ringed gallblader clamp Babcock
(lungs) (gallblader)

Klammer (intestinal clamp)

 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

2.6. Sponge-holding clamp

Sponge-holding Handled sponge

clamp
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

3. Hemostatic instruments

These instruments are establishing hemostasis

during the operation.
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

Important member of this group are the hemostatic claps (Pean,

mosquito, abdominal Pean, Kocher, Lumnitzer, Satinsky, bulldog)
and electocoagulatins system.

3.1. Deschamp needle and Payr probe

 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

3.2. Argon beam coagulator (ABC)

 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

4. Retracting and exposing instruments

These instruments are used to hold

tissues and organs in order
to improve the exposure and hence the visibility
and accessibility of the surgical field.
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

4.1. Hook 4.2. Rake retractor 4.3. Roux-retractor

 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

4.4. French retractor 4.5. Visceral retractor 4.6. Abdominal

wall retractor
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

4.7. Weilaner self-retractor 4.8. Gosset self-retractor

 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

5. Wound-closing instruments and materials

These instrument and surgical materials are used

during tissue closure procedures.
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS
5.1. Staplers

Circular Stapler
Linear Stapler
 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

5.2. Clips

5.3. Self-adhesive strips

Michel-clips

5.4. Surgical adhesives

 BASIC SURGICAL TOOLS

5.5. Surgical materials

SURGICAL MATERIALS

Surgical needles
 SURGICAL MATERIALS

Shape of needle

¼ Circle 3/8 Circle ½ Circle 5/8 Circle

Progressive curved

Multiple curved
Straight J-shaped
 SURGICAL MATERIALS

The criteria of the ideal surgical needles

- Made in best quality and minimal tissue reaction causing

stainless steel

- Slim and narrow, but strong

- Stabil fixation and control in the needle holder

- Lead the thread by safely and minimal traumatisation

- Sharp to get through the tissues

- Easy sterilisation
 Syringe
• A syringe is a simple pump consisting of a
plunger that fits tightly in a tube to assist
pushing liquids or solids into an object either
through a needle, tubing, or a nozzle.
• The most common use of a syringe is to
administer injections into the body
Anatomy of a Syringe
Syringes are available in various sizes
 INSULIN SYRINGE
• Significantly small in size and are capable of
holding 0.3 to 1 ml of medication.
• Use for Subcutaneous Injections
• Finer gauge needles, for less pain.
Common Parenteral Routes of Drug
Administration