(Wish)

HOW TO USE WISH

We use the verb wish when we want a situation to be

different to what it actually is.
WISH + COULD
If the wish is about doing something difficult or impossible.

EXAMPLE:
I wish I could play a musical
instrument.
I wish you could hear it
I wish I could pass this subject
MIXED WISHES
EXAMPLES
If we talk about a regret about a present or future event, then
we will use the structure of the second type of conditional
• I wish I had enough money to travel to New York.
If the event we regret happened (or failed to happen) in the
past and is impossible to change, then we use the third type of
conditional.
• I wish I had had enough money to travel to New York.
MIXED WISHES
EXAMPLES

• He likes to swim. He wishes he lived near the sea.

• I wish I knew the answer, but I don't.
• She misses him. She wishes he would send her a letter.
• I said that her cooking was terrible. I wish I hadn't said that.
• Their trip to China was very interesting. I wish I could have
gone there with them.
 • We use 'hope' to talk about things in the present or future
that we think have a good chance of happening.

STRUCTURE
We usually need to use '(that) + clause' after 'hope' or 'to +
infinitive'. It's very common to drop 'that‘
Examples:
•I hope that she passed the exam.
•I hope to pass the exam.

We can also use two short answers: 'I hope so' and 'I hope not'.
 HOPE FOR THE PRESENT
• We can use the present simple (mostly for stative verbs) or
the present continuous.
Example:
• I hope (that) it's sunny where you are
 HOPE FOR THE FUTURE

• We can use either the present simple (more common) or the future simple (less
common). It usually doesn't change the meaning.
• Example:
– I hope that she'll come to the party tomorrow
We often use 'can' with 'hope' for the future.
Example:
– I hope you can come to the party tomorrow.
• We can use 'to + infinitive' with 'hope' for the future, the subject is the same as the
subject of 'hope'.
• Example:
– I hope to run a marathon this year.
 HOPE FOR THE PAST

• We can use 'hope' for the past when something happened and is finished, but
we don't know what the result was. We can use the past tenses and the present
perfect in the normal way
• Example:
– I hope she passed the exam.
• We can use 'hope' for the past when we do know the result or outcome. e use it
to tell someone about how we felt in the past.
• Example:
– I hoped you would pass the exam. (But you didn't pass).
• This use is very compatible with the third conditional.
 ESPERANZA DE DESEOS NEGATIVOS

• It's also possible to use 'hope' in a very negative way. In this case,
the thing doesn't need to be possible.
• Example:
– I hope your hair falls out and you lose all your money!
CONDITIONALS
 ZERO CONDITIONAL

• The "zero conditional" is used when the time we are

referring to is now.
• The time of propositions is the "simple present".
• In type 0 conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually
be replaced by "when" without altering the meaning.
 ZERO CONDITIONAL

• Examples:
• If you heat ice, it melts.
• If you heat the water, it boils
 FIRST CONDITIONAL

• This type of conditional is used in situations where if a condition is

met, a result is given in the future.
• if + present simple, ... will + infinitive
• if + present simple, ... won’t + infinitive

• EXAMPLES:
• If it rains, I won't go to the park.
• If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
• If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
 SECOND CONDITIONAL

• This type of conditional is used to talk about events that

are unlikely to happen in the future.
• Used to talk about impossible or imaginary situations.
STRUCTURE:
• If + Past simple and Would + Infinitive
 SECOND CONDITIONAL

EXAMPLES:

• If I had money, I would travel more.

• If I asked Susan out, would she accept?
 THIRD CONDITIONAL

• The third conditional is used to talk about things that did

not happen, or to imagine what would have happened if
things had been different.
• They are used to talk about hypotheses.
STRUCTURE:
if + past perfect and would + perfect infinitive
 THIRD CONDITIONAL

POSITIVE FORM:

IF SUBJET HAD PARTICIPLE SUBJE WOULD HAVE PARTICIPL

T E

If I had known, I would have gone.

NEGATIVE FORM:
IF SUBJET HADN’T PARTICIPLE SUBJE WOULDN’T HAVE PARTICIPL
T E

If I hadn’t known, I wouldn’t have gone.