High magnitude direct currents are measured using a resistive shunt of low ohmic value. WHY?? In power systems, it is often necessary to measure high currents, arising due to short circuits. For conducting temperature rise and heat run tests on power equipments like conductors, cables, circuit breakers, etc., measurement of high currents are required. During lightning discharges and switching transients also, large magnitudes of impulse and switching surge currents occur, which require special measuring techniques at high potential levels measuring techniques at high potential levels. HIGH ALTERNATING CURRENT Measurement of power frequency currents are normally done using current transformers only, as use of current shunts involves unnecessary power loss. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS They provide electrical isolation from high voltage circuits in power systems. Current transformers use d fo r extra high voltage(EHV) systems are quite different from the conventional designs as they have to be kept at very high voltages above the ground. A voltage signal proportional to the measuring current is generated and is transmitted to the ground through an electro-optical device. Light pulses proportional to the voltage signal are transmitted by a glass-optical fiber bundle to a photodetector and converted back into an analog voltage signal. Accuracies better than 0.5% have been obtained at rated current as well as for high short circuit currents ± for high short circuit currents. HIGH FREQUENCY IMPULSE CURRENT High impulse currents occur in lightning discharges, electrical arcs and post arc phenomenon studies with circuit breakers, and with electric discharge studies in plasma physics studies in plasma physics. The current amplitudes may range from few amperes to few hundred kiloamperes. The rate of rise of such currents can be as high as 10^6 kiloamperes. The rate of rise of such currents can be as high as 10 to 1012A/s, and rise times can vary from few microseconds to few nanoseconds. The methods that re frequently employed such that the sensing device should be capable of measuring the signal over a wide frequency band are:
i. Resistive Shunts ii. Magnetic Potentiometers or Probes iii. Faraday and Hall Effect Devices