OPTICAL FIBERS

Presented To :
Dr . Mohsin

Presented By :
SaharAbdullah Rimsha

ShaizaAfzal Ayza Nayab

Faiqa Saeed Nageen

Maria Riaz Hamdi Osman

Zunaira Tariq Sadia Abdullah

Adnan Ghulam Nabi JunaidAhmed

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Table of Content
 History
 Parts
 Principle
 Types
 Properties
 Benefits
 Applications
 Power Losses
 Applications

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 HISTORY
1854 –John Tyndall
First guided transmission of light. JOHN
TYNDALL
Used basin with hole in bottom to direct steam of water. (1820-1893)
Sunlight was refracted through the stream of water.
1880-William Wheeling
Use mirrored pipes to carry light from one source to many rooms.
1880-Alexander Graham Bell
He invented the photophone a device to carry voice signals through the air instead of

wires . It did not materialize but became the forerunner to a networking technology
called Free Space Optics(FSO).

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1920-First attempt with optical transmissions

John Logie Baird (England) & Clarence W.Hansel(US) jointly filed

patent for a method to carry television images through transparent
pipes.

1954-Invention of Modern Optical Fiber

Abraham Van Heel covered a bare glass fiber with a transparent

coating.
This coating later called CLADDING had a low refractive index than
the bare fiber.
The result was that the light contained in the fiber and did not leak out.

1970-Corning glass invents optical fiber

Inventors: Drs . Robert Maurer , Peter Schults and Donald Keck

Single mode fiber at 633nm wavelength.

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 OPTICAL FIBER
‘‘A thin flexible fibers with a glass core through which light
signals can be sent with very little loss of strength.’’

PARTS 1 2
• CORE : This the physical medium that transports optical data
signals from an attached light source to a receiving device .
• CLADDING : This is a thin layer that surrounds the fiber core
and serves as a boundary that contains the light waves and
causes the refraction , enabling the data to travel throughout
the length of fibre segment.
• COATING : This is a layer of plastic that surrounds the core
and the cladding to reinforce and protect the fiber core.
• STRENGTH MEMBER : These components help protect the
core against crushing forces and excessive tension during
installation .
• OUTER JACKET : This is outer layer of any cable.

.
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PRINCIPLE :
Optical fiber works on the principle of ‘‘Total Internal Reflection’’ of light .
This principle states :
‘‘ When a ray of light travelling from an optically rarer medium
to a relatively denser medium , is incident upon it with an
angle , greater than the critical angle for that pair of medium ,
the light ray gets totally internally reflected .’’

ϴ1=ϴc and ϴ2=90̊

n1sin c=n2 , sinϴc=n2/n1

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• TYPES OF PTICAL FIBERS
(Based on mode of propagation)
Single mode fiber(SMF) : Single mode fiber transmit only one mode of light.
Diameter of core is 5µm and is comparatively thin than cladding.
Uses strong monochromatic light(LASER).
it can carry more than 14 TV channels and 14000 phone calls.

Multimode fiber(MMF) : It has two types:

Multimode step index fiber : Multimode step index fiber transmit light in two modes.
Diameter of core is 50µm.
White light is use as a source but due to dispersion effects it is useful for
short distances only.

Multimode graded index fiber: Multimode graded index fiber

transmits multiple modes of light.
Diameter of core ranges from 50µm to 1000µm.
There is no noticeable boundary between core and cladding.
Refractive index decreases gradually from the middle to the outer surface
of the fiber.
PROPERTIES:
1- Directional Light source 2- Stable optical output
3- Low dispersion 4- Narrow optical source
5- Optical power 6- Wide bandwidth
7- Inexpensive & reliable 8- Linear optical source
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 BENEFITS

 Low Transmission Losses

 Huge Potential Bandwidth(10^14 Hz)
 Small size, low weight & High flexibility
 Electrical Isolation
 Security to signals
 No cross talk & Immunity to interference
 Potential low cost
 Reliable system
 Not attractive for theft

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 POWER LOSSES

1- Absorption 2- Impurities

3- Splicing 4- Scattering

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5- Bending 6- Dispersion

7- Connection/Insertion Losses

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APPLICATIONS OF FIBER OPTICS IN DIFFERENT FIELDS

 Optical Fiber uses in Medical Industry

 Optical Fiber uses in Communication
 Optical Fiber uses in Defence Purpose
 Optical Fiber uses in Industries
 Optical Fiber uses for broadcasting
 Optical Fiber uses for Lighting & Decorations
 Optical Fiber uses in Mechanical Inspections

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 ? U S E
W T O TE
HO P LA
T EM
TH I S
h

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