ULTRASOUND

(Prepared by Nimra Asif)

  GROUP MEMBERS
 Nimra Asif Farrukh Baloch. Javeria Shafqat
 Ayesha Khalil. Muhammad Naveed. Zuhha Sagheer
 Mahnoor Zafar. Nabeel Imdad Maryam Malik
Asma Hayat

Presented by:
 Nabeel Imdad
 Zuhha Sagheer
Nimra Asif
 Javeria Shafqat
Muhammad Naveed
  CONTENTS
•DEFINITION
•PRINCIPLE
•DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
•USES OF ULTRASOUND
•ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
ULTRASOUND
 DEFINITION
• Ultrasound is acoustic(sound) energy in the form
of waves having a frequency above the human
hearing range . The highest frequency that a
human ear can hear is approximately 20
thousands cycles per second (20000Hz) . This is
where the sonic range ends and where ultrasonic
range begins .
 PRINCIPLE
Ultrasound is a procedure which involves the use of
small transducer (probe)and ultrasound gel to
expose body to high frequency wave to produce
pictures of inside body. Popular due to availability ,
speed , low cost and patient friendliness (no
radiations) .
DOPPLER
ULTRASOUND
A doppler ultrasound is a non invasive test that can be used to estimate the blood
flow through your blood vessels by bouncing high frequency sound waves of
circulating RBCs.
A doppler ultrasound may help to diagnose many conditions, including
 blood clots
 heart valve defects and congenital heart diseases
 a blocked artery (arteriosclerosis) poorly functioning valves in your leg veins which
can cause blood or other fluids to pool in your legs (venous insufficiency)
 decreased blood circulation into our legs (peripheral artery disease)
 narrowing of an artery such as in your neck (carotid artery)
 WHY DO WE NEED A
DOPPLER ULTRASOUND?
To diagnose the blood clot inside a blood vessel due to injuries or blockage
 Deep vein thrombosis
 Superficial thrombophlebitis
 Arteriosclerosis

How should we prepare for a Doppler

ultrasound?
Your doctors may ask you to stop smoking for several hours
before the test. Smoking cause your blood vessels to narrow,
which can affect the results of your test...
 USES OF
ULTRASOUND
• Ultrasound has a large no. of uses which are as follow:
 FOR LOCATION OF OBJECTS
 TO DETERMINE THE DEPTH OF WATER
 FOR CLEANING PURPOSES
 IN PREGNANCY
 IN NEEDLE BIOPSIES
 IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS
 CONTROL OF MICE AND PESTS
 FOR EVALUATION OF DISORDERS OF OTHER BODY PARTS
 FOR LOCATION OF
OBJECTS
• FOR THIS IT USES THE SAME PRINCIPLE ON WHICH RADAR WORKS . FOR THIS
HIGH FREQUENCY ACOUISTICWAVES REFLECT FROM OBJECTS EVEN
COMPARATIVELY SMALL ONES BECAUSE OF SHORT WAVELENGTHS. THE
DISTANCE OF AN OBJECT CAN BE DETERMINED BY MEASURING THE DELAY
BETWEEN TRANSMISSION OF ULTRASOUND PULSE AND RETURN OF ECHO. THIS
IS WELL KNOWN MEANS BY WHICH BATS NAVIGATE IN DARKNESS, AND THE
SAME PRINCIPLE IS USED BY UNDERWATER DOLPHINS AND WHALES.
 TO DETERMINE THE
DEPTH OF WATER
• Ultrasound can be used in sonar system to determine the depth of water in a location ,
to find schools of fish, to locate submarines and to detect presence of SCUBA
drivers .
 FOR CLEANING
PURPOSES
• It can be used for cleaning purposes . Miniature cleaning instruments are used by
some dentists during routine examination . Scaling is also done by using ultrasonic
equipment like ultrasonic motor for removal of calculus and for the polishing of teeth
 IN PREGNANCY
• In ultrasonic medical imaging high frequency acoustic energy is transmitted into the
human body using a set of transducers attached to skin . The ultrasound waves
reflect from boundaries between organs and surrounding fluid . And between the
regions of differing tissue density . The technique has been used to observe the
condition and behaviour of foetus prior to birth .
 IN NEEDLE BIOPSIES
• Ultrasound imaging can help doctors during the procedures such as needle biopsies
that require the doctor to remove tissue from very precise area inside the body for
testing in laboratory . It can sometime be used to detect soft tissue injuries .
 IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS
• Ultrasound is used to image the internal organs and to detect the anomalies . It is
used for imaging the breast and to guide biopsy of breast cancer. It is also used for
the identification of lung cancer.
 CONTROL OF MICE AND
PESTS
• Rodents such as rats that spread many harmful diseases to mankind can be killed by
using electronic ultrasonic mouse rat roach . On the same way pests can also be
killed by using ultrasonic equipment .
 FOR EVALUATION OF
DISORDERS OF OTHER
BODY PARTS
 ULTRASOUND IS USED TO HELP PHYSICIANS TO EVALUATE SYMPTOMS SUCH
AS PAIN, SWELLING, INFECION, HEMATURIA(BLOOD IN URINE)
 ULTRASOUND IS ALSO USED IN THYROID GLAND DYSFUNCTIONS.
 ULTRASOUND IS USED TO EXAMINE THE INTERNAL ORGANS OF THE BODY
SUCH AS LIVER, PANCREAS,KIDNEY AND BRAIN IN INFANTS.
 ADVANTAGES OF ULTRASOUND
1. The frequency of ultrasound is not annoying to human beings as it lies above the
audible hearing range.
2. Helps in non invasive painless treatment
3. Less expensive
4. It does not use any ionizing radiation during working operation
5. It provides clear image of soft tissues which do not show up in X _ RAY imaging.
6. Preferred method to diagnose complications of unborn babies.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
ULTRASOUND
1. It has poor penetration through or air .
2. MRI scan has long imaging times and relatively higher in cost .
3. Images can be difficult to interpret and requires experienced operators or
radiologists.
4. image resolution is less compared to CT and MRI scan.
5. air or bowel gas prevent visualization of structures.
6. The quality of results and use of equipment's depends on skills of operator.