ULTRASOUND

MODALITY
BY AMBREEN ALI
ULTRASOUND
• ULTRASUND:IT IS A MECHAINICAL WAVE WITH FREQUENCY GREATER
THAN 20000HZ
• DIAGNOSTIC:2-10MHz
US reflectivity of various tissues on gray
scale
• TISSUE REFLECTIVITY SHADE
• Bone high white
• Muscle low gray
• Air nil black
 Features and application of probe having
different frequency
• FREQUENCY PENETRATION RESOULTION STUDY DEPT AGE GROUP
• (MHZ) IN TISSUE OF IMAGE
• 2.5-3.5 Good less deep adult
• 5.0-7.5 less good superficial child
BASIC PRINICIPAL OF ULTRASOUND

PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT:
• When electrical energy reaches the transducer ,it is converted into
the mechanical energy when medium is provided, the crystals in
transducer vibrates and reflect back the mechanical waves after
striking with tissue into electrical energy .
• The image is formed and now seen on screen
INDICATIONS
• Stones
• Infections
• Inflammation of organs
• Fetal development
• Fibroids
• Cysts
• Hypertrophic organs
• Tumors
APPLICATION
• Ultrasound imaging is used in following medical working area
• Hospitals
• General practice
• Physical therapy practice
• Obstetrics center
DEPARTMENTS WHERE ULTRASOUND
IS USED
• Radiology dept
• Interventional radiology dept
• Physiotherapy dept
• Cardiology
• Surgery especially musculoskeletal (ligament reconstruction) ,
INTEVSIVE CARE UNIT
• Intensivist deploys ultrasound to assess heart function, the status of
fluid in the lungs and for guiding interventions.
• The use is focused on quick and easy assessments.
• If more profound ultrasound examination is required, they will refer
the patient to a more specialized sonographer.
• Catheter during gastrotomy for fluids and nutrients.
PHYSIOTHERAPY:
• Physiotherapist uses to assess structures such as tendons, muscles,
bone, joints, capsules, ligaments, and nerves among others.
• Ultrasound helps her to confirm or disprove earlier diagnosis, refer
the patient earlier to specialized physicians, or even change their own
therapy approach.
RADIOLOGY
• Radiologists and sonographers uses ultrasound to visualize the
anatomy as well as physiology of all the regions of the body.
• For example the may focus on the abdominal organ, which are very
suitable for ultrasound assessment.
• The liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, aorta and urinary
bladder may be examined.
• Only those organs containing air such as the stomach and intestines
are more difficult to assess.
INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
• Ultrasound Guided procedure such as
• Needle aspiration
• Drainage
• Tumor ablation
• Biopsies
• IV line insertion especially in chemotherapy .
MUSCULOSKELETAL ULTRASOUND
• In musculoskeletal sonography visualization of tendons and ligament
are better seen.
• It helps in detection of ruptures or tears of ligaments and tendons
around the joints.
• Inflammation of synovial fluids around joints are better visualized .
OBSTETRICS
• During pregnancy, women visits sonographers multiple times and get
various pieces of information about their future child like gender,
growth, potential abnormalities and 3D impression.
VASCULAR SURGERY\DOPPLER
ULTRASOUND
• Doppler imaging is frequently used here to analyze blood flow,
velocity and direction.
• The health of all kinds of blood vessels can thus be checked upon,
including vessels lumen narrowing, widening and insufficiency.
Types of ultrasound
• Two basic types includes
• 1:Diagnostic
• 2:Threaputic
• 3:doppler
•
• Diagnostic ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic technique used to
image inside the body.
• Therapeutic ultrasound is often used by physiotherapists to reduce
pain, increase circulation and increase mobility of soft tissues.
• Doppler ultrasound Functional ultrasound combines information such as
the movement and velocity of tissue or blood.
ADVANTAGES OF ULTRASOUND
• First line of investigation
• No radiations
• Easily available
• Patient friendly
• Painless procedure
•  less expensive
• Better visualization of soft tissues
CONTRAINDICATIONS
• Stones greater than 2 to 3cm are not visualized
• cystine and struvite stones not seen .
• Bone fractures
• Obese patients pathologies are not better visualized
• Nature of tumors not clearly recognized
• Bowel inflammation stops the better visualization of the pelvic organs