Unit-I

RDBMS
A LALITHA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
AVINASH DEGREE COLLEGE
Database Concepts

Introduction to Database Management System

 Data

 Information

 Information System

 Database

 Database System

 DBMS

 RDBMS
Evolution of Database system

1960s-Traditional files
1970s-Hierarchical and Network
1980s-Relational
1990s-Object-oriented and Object-relational
2000+-XML
 File based system
File is a collection of record.

Disadvantages of File based system

 Data redundancy and Inconsistency
 Difficulty in accessing data
 Data isolation
 Concurrent access anomalies
 Security problems
 Integrity problems
 Atomicity problem
Database Approach

 Advantages of DBMS over file based system

 Program Data Independence
 Minimal Data redundancy
 Improved data consistency
 Improved data sharing
 Enforcement of standards
 Improved Quality
DBMS ARCHITECTURE

 Logical DBMS Architecture

◦ Three level architecture of DBMS or logical DBMS architecture
 Physical Level
 Conceptual Level
 External Level
Physical DBMS Architecture

◦ DML Pre-compiler
◦ DDL Compiler
◦ File Manager
◦ Database Manager
◦ Query Processor
◦ Database Administrator
Database Administrator (DBA) Functions & Role

 Schema Definition
 Storage structure and access method definition
 Schema and Physical organization modification
 Granting authorization for data access
 Routine Maintenance
 Security
 Backup and Recovery
 Performance Evaluation

 
Types of Database

 User-Single-user
Multi-user
 Location-Centralized
Distributed
 Usage-Operational
Data Models
 Relational Model
 ER Model
 Hierarchy Model
 Network Model
 Object-Oriented Model
 Object-Relational Model
Relational Model
 Domains or Range of values
 Tuple
 Relation
 Super keys
 Candidate keys
 Primary keys and foreign key for the Relations
Constraints

Relational Constraints
 Domain Constraint

 Not Null Constraint

 Default Constraint

 Check Constraint

Key Constraint
 Primary Key Constraint

 Unique Key Constraint

Integrity Constraint
 Entity Integrity Constraint

 Referential Integrity
Relational Operations

 Union
 Intersection
 Difference
 Select
 Project
 Product
 Joins
 Divide
 Assignment
 Join

 • Combines cross-product, selection, and projection

 • Join operator is more useful than the plain cross-product
 operator
 • Three types of join:
 – Condition join
 – Equijoin
 – Natural join
 V
Assignment and Divide

Assignment: The equal sign (=) is the assignment operator. It is used to store the value of
a variable. A=10

Divide: Creates a new relation by selecting the rows in one relation that match every row in
another relation. A
B c:=A/B
Sid cid
12 C1 cid
12 C2 C1 sid

13 C1 13
C2
14 C1
c3
13 C2
13 C3
14 C2
15 C2
Entity Relationship (ER) Model
 Entities

◦ Weak entity
◦ Strong entity
Attributes

◦ Simple
◦ Composite
◦ Single valued
◦ Multi-valued
◦ Derived
Mapping cardinalities
Relationship: Degree of Relationship

Unary

Binary

Ternary
More about Entities and Relationships

 Specialization and Generalization

AGGREGATION
Defining Relationship for College Database
E-R Diagram