Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
NARAYANA PILLAI.P.N
EX: General Manager FEDO-FACT -KOCHI
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Oil Refining & Fractional
Distillation
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Crude Distillation Unit
• FIRE
• EXPLOSION
• TOXIC RELEASE
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LPG FIRE NCIDENTS
• IOC WEST DELHI LPG BOTTLING
MAY16,1983
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HPC -VIZAG
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SOME PICTURES
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RUNNING FOR LIFE
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GREEN BELT AREA
ON SITE
GREEN BELT
(500 MTS)
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Pemex Before BLEVEs
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Pemex After
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F-4 Failure
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Bullet Tank Area
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Maximum Missile
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WHAT IS LPG ?
• Petroleum gases in
liquid form and major
elements are:-
• Propane C3H8
• Propylene C3H6
• N-butane C4H10
• Iso-butane C4H10
• Butylene C4H8
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WHAT IS LPG ? cont--
• Small quantities of one or
more of the following are
also present :-
• Ethane C2 H6
• Ethylene C2H4
• Pentane C5H12
• Pentene C5H10
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TYPES OF LPG
• Commercial Butane
• Commercial Butane –
Propane
• Commercial propane
MOUNDED BULLETS
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LPG FILLING
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PROPERTIES OF LPG cont--
• LPG has a narrow
flammability range between
1.8 to 9.5% in air.
• Flash point of LPG is -24.50
C
• The approximate minimum
ignition temperature of LPG
is in the range 4100C to
5800C.
• LPG is odourless.
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PROPERTIES OF LPG cont--
• Ethyl Mercaptan(C2H6S) is
added as an odourant to detect
LPG in case of leaks.
• LPG is non-toxic.
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ETHYL MERCAPTAN- C2H6S
• F.P - 48C
• LEL 2.8% V
• UEL 18% V
• VP 1.14kg/cm2 AT 37.8C
• DEENSITY 2.1(AIR1.0)
• TOXICITY:-
• Oral LD50 682mg/kg
• Inhalation LC50 > 2.52mg/L
• Dermal LD50 >2000mg/kg
• TLV 0.5PPM
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PROPERTIES OF LPG
• Liquid LPG can cause
severe cold burns to
the skin owing to
rapid vapourisation
and the consequent
lowering of
temperature
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ADVANTAGES OF LPG
• Clean Burning
• No soot, burners have
a longer life - so
maintenance is low
• No spillage as it
vaporises at
atmospheric
temperature and
pressure.
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ADVANTAGES OF LPG cont--
• Effects of corrosion are greatly
reduced
• Instantly controllable flame
temperature
• Avoids Scaling and
decarborising of parts
• Environmentally friendly fuel,
with minimal sulphur content
and sulphur- free emissions
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ADVANTAGES OF LPG cont--
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USED AS REFRIGERANT
• Dry propane (refrigerant designator R-290)
and isobutane (R-600a) the blend "R-290a" has
negligible ozone depletion potential and very
low global warming potential
• Can serve as a functional replacement for R12,
R-22, R-134a and other chloro fluoro carbon
or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in
conventional stationary refrigeration and air
conditioning systems.
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Typical LPG Specification
IS 4576 -1999 VP AT 40C
IS 10.G Kg/Cm2
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G/L RATIO
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LNG STORAGE TANK
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IS CODES
• Physical properties
IS:4576
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BULK STORAGE
• SPHERES
• BULLETS
• MOUNDED BULLETS
• AT AMBIENT TEMP
• AT AMBIENT PR
(REFRIGERATED)
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BULK TRANSPORT
• BY RAIL WAGONS
• BY ROAD TANKERS
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LOADING & UNLOADING
• COMPRESSOR
• PUMPS
• GANTRIES
• INTERCONNECTING
PIPINGS
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LPG HAZARDS
• FIRE
• EXPLOSION
• LEL 1.9 %
• UEL 9.5 %
• BLEVE
• UCVCE
• VAPOUR CLOUD
CAN TRAVEL
TO 1500 Mts
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BLEVE
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RAIL TANKER FIRE
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OTHER HAZARDS
• If 0.1% con air
inhaled for 5 min
person feels giddy
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SAFETY GUIDE LINES
• EMPLOY GOOD
ENGINEERING
PRACTICES IN DESIGN
&
• CONSTRUCTION
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DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION
CODE
• STORAGE VESSELS
ASME Sect VIII Div-1
• BS 1500
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MINIMUM DISTANCE
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METHODS OF PROTECTION
• When exposed to fire:-
• 25 mm thk steel plate will reach 6900 c in 16 min
• 13mm ,, 8 min
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PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE
• Slopping the ground
• Insulation
• Water drenching
• Depressurising
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SLOPPING THE GROUND
• To prevent accumulation of spillage
• Slope 1 in 40
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INSULATION
• ICI LPG code stipulate tank
insulation
• Other codes stipulate fire proofing of
supports only
• Insulation slows down the rate of heat
rise
• Treated as an additional facility to
water drenching
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• LP Gas storage sphere collapsed while being filled for a
hydrostatic pressure test killing a worker underneath.
• Support legs had corroded due to water trapped between
Insulation and support column.
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WATER DRENCHING
(Medium velocity spray system)
Widely used to prevent over pressure
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INSTRUMENT
• ROV IN LIQID OUTLET
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GAS MONITORING
• HYDROCARBON DETECTORS
• DETECTOR HEADS,POWER
UNIT,AMPLIFIER,ALARM,GRAPHIC
PANEL,LEL METER etc are elements
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TRANSPORT BY ROAD
• MAJOR FORM OF
TRANSPORT IS BY
ROAD
• THIS POSES A LOT OF
HAZARDS
• MOTOR VEHICLE RULES
129 TO 137 IS FRAMED
TO PREVENT
ACCIDENTS
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LPG ISO Container
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LP Gas Vehicle parking and
protection against movement
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SALIENT FEATURES ARE
• Display a distinct mark of
the class label appropriate
to the goods
• Size,mode of display,
position ,colour—etc
prescribed
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Salient Features
• Emergency
information panel
• Correct technical
name
• Class label
• Name &Tel no
ofconsigner
• HAZCHEM code
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Salient Features
• Consigner to give safety information to
transporter
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EMERGENCY PANEL
LOCATIONS
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Chemical Safety
Wear Correct Recognize Chemical Symbols
Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
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EXAMPLE –EMERGENCY
PANEL
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HAZCHEM code
NFPA Classification
• USES NUMERALS 1to 4
• Eg:Chemical-Ethylene
• HAZCHEM CODE -2WE
• 2- Indicates that water fog,
foam or dry agent can be
used but not water jet
• W- indicates violent
chemical
• E- means evacuation of
people 78
TREM CARD
• Transport Emergency Card
• chemical identity
• Nature of hazard
• Protective device
• Emergency action
• Spillage
• Fire
• First aid
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Transport Emergency Plan
• Objectives are:-
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IDENTIFICATION&ASSESMENT
OF HAZARD
• Chemicals transported
• Quantities
• Transport route
• Enroute accident prone
points
• Past accident records
• Chemicals usually involved
• Condition of roads --etc
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Above assessment will help
• Improvement of roads
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Elements of planning for
Transport Emergencies
• Notification
• Command &communication
• Fire response
• Fire & spill control
• Vapour control
• Decontamination
• Level of protection
• personnel protection equipments
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THANK YOU
• FOR
• YOUR ATTENTION
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