Hybridization

Atomic Orbits
Hybridization
 the concept of mixing atomic
orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals
suitable for the qualitative
description of atomic bonding
properties
The sp hybrid atomic orbitals
 The sp hybrid atomic orbitals
are possible states of electron in an
atom, especially when it is bonded
to others. These electron states
have half 2s and half 2p characters
 For example, the
molecule H-Be-H is
formed due to the
overlapping of two 1s
orbitals of 2 H atoms
and the two sp
hybridized orbitals of
Be. Thus, the H-Be-H
molecule is linear. The
diagram here shows
the overlapping of
AOs in the molecule
H-Be-H
The sp2 hybrid orbitals
 The energy states of the valence
electrons in atoms of the second
period are in the 2s and 2p orbitals.
If we mix two of the 2p orbitals with
a 2s orbital, we end up with three
sp2 hybridized orbitals. These
three orbitals lie on a plane, and
they point to the vertices of a
equilateral triangle as shown here.
 When the central
atom makes use of
sp2 hybridized
orbitals, the
compound so
formed has a
trigonal shape.
BF3 is such a
molecule:
The sp3 hybrid orbitals
 Mixing one s and all
three p atomic orbitals
produces a set of four
equivalent sp3 hybrid
atomic orbitals. The
four sp3 hybrid
orbitals points towards
the vertices of a
tetrahedron, as shown
here in this
photograph
 In the case of methane, the three
2p orbitals of the carbon atom are
combined with its 2s orbital to form
four new orbitals called "sp3" hybrid
orbitals.
 .
Hybridization Involving Multiple
Bonds

 Only a maximum of two electrons

can occupy any orbital whether it is
an atomic orbital or a molecular
orbital due to electron-electron
repulsion.
 When we draw a double or a triple-
bond between two atoms, we imply
that either four or six electrons are
directly between these two atoms.
 Since this is impossible, we must
have these extra electrons off to the
side in what we refer to as pi bonds.
 Therefore, all multiple bonds are
composed of two different kinds of
molecular bonds called pi-bonds
and sigma-bonds.
 The sigma-bond is defined as the
linear overlap of atomic orbitals
(hybrids except for hydrogen) in
which two electrons are directly
between the two bonded nuclei.
 Pi-bonds are defined as the parallel
overlap of p-orbitals. A double bond
has one sigma-bond and one pi-
bond. A triple bond thus consists of
a sigma-bond and two pi-bonds
with the pi-bonds in different planes