Environmental chemistry

Presentation:
Submitted to: Prof.Dr.Kramat Mehmood
Submitted by :Laiba Saeed
Roll no: SP19S2BA034
Class: BS Chemistry(3rd)
Topic 1

Environmenta
l issues in Paki
stan
Major issues

• A number of environmental problem are inherent i

n the country which is a great ecological concern in
terms of its sustainable economic future.
• This includes deforestatio,soil erosion,desertificatio
n,global warming,water logging,fresh pollution,mar
ine water pollution land pollution and water polluti
on etc.
• Soil erosion: The processwhich remove the soil surf
ace
• Deforestation:The cutting of trees and plants.
• Desertification:The fertile land become desert.
• Water logging : The saturation or alloy the soil with
water.
Pollution:
• It is the introduction of contaminants into the envir
onment that cause,
• Instability
• Disorder
• Harm or discomfort
• to the ecosystem i.e physical system or living organi
sms.
Air pollution:
• Presence of certain solid, liquid along with toxic gas
es in the air that are harmful to the environment.
• This comes from the burning of fossil fuels, transpo
rtation and electricity.
• Lack of rainfall and slow wind speed also increase p
ollution.
Land pollutio
n:
Like most developing
countries land polluti
on is also a major envi
ronmental issue of Pa
kistan.
Urbanisation and use
of harmful chemicals
and pesticides cause l
and pollution.
Actually the country g
enerate 48.5 million t
ons of waste with 2% i
ncrease every year
This waste is dumped
into empty lots which
cause land pollution.
Water polluti
on
• Toxic substance suc
h as chemicals wast
e and microorganis
ms contaminatea w
ater body rendering
it harmful to the hu
man use.
Cause:
It is caused due to po
or sewage system, thr
owing chemical wasta
ge from factories into
ocean and increase in
the litter especially pl
astic.
Global warmin
g
It is warming of the pl
anet due to pollution.
Unfortunately, Pakista
n is the biggest victim
of global warming.
The main reason is du
e to burning of fossil f
uels.
Deforestation
Deforestation occurs
when human destroy
forests by cutting the
trees and not replanti
ng them.
It destroy natural bea
uty and have huge im
pact on ecosystem as
it destroyes wildlife h
abita.
Causes
Pakistan has huge def
orestation rate as mor
e and more urban are
as are converting into
urban areas and farm
s.
Growing population is
also a leading cause o
f deforestatio.
 Topic 2
Heat balance of the earth
Heat balance
The relation between
the radiant and therm
al at the earth's surfac
e in the atmosphere a
nd in the earth's atmo
sphere system.
It is important to mak
e earth liveabl.
Role of solar radiations:
• The earth's energy balance is maintained as the ene
rgy received from the sun balances the energy lost
by the earth.
• Solar energy is the principle source of energy for ov
erwhelming the majority of the physica,chemical an
d biological processes in the atmospher,hydrospher
e and upper layer of lithosphere.
• Earth receives a large amount of energy from sun o
ver 1.7x10¹⁷ joules per second.
Formulation of
law of conserva
tion of energy
• Heat balance particularly r
epresents the formulation
of law of conservation of e
nergy and may be calculat
ed
• For a portion of earth's sur
face
• For a vertical column passi
ng through the atmospher
• For a vertical column passi
ng through the atmosphe
r and upper layer of litho
sphere and hydrosphere.
Equation for heat balance o
f earth:
The equation is:
R+P+F₀+LE = 0
involves the algebraic sum of energy fluxes between
earth's surface and surrounding systems. The flux incl
ude radiation balance or net radiation.
• R is the difference between absorbed short wavele
ngth radiation and the effective longwavelength rad
iations from earth surface.
• P is the heat flux betwe
en underlying surface a
nd atmosphere.
• F₀ is the analogous flux
between earth's surfac
e and deeper layers of l
ithosphere and hydros
phere.
• LE is product of mass o
f evaporated water E a
nd latent heat of vapou
rization L.
 Topic 3
Water Pollutants
Major sourc
e of pollut
ion
The four major catego
ries includ
Pathogen,Inorganic m
aterial, organic compo
unds and macroscopic
pollutants.
Pollutants
Water pollutants inclu
des contaminantion d
ue to domestic waste,
pesticides, herbicides,
food processing waste
s,pollutants from lives
tock operations,VOCs,
heavy metal,chemical
waste and others
Classification of pollutant
s:
Point source
• When water pollution arise
from a single source it is poi
nt source.
• e.g. Chemical from a single
factory.
Nonpoint source
• When pollution affecting a
body of water comes from
multiple sources it is nonpoi
nt source
• e.g. Drainag,agriculture run
of,construction site.
1) Oxygen dem
anding materi
als:
They discharge from
municipal waste wate
r treatment plant, pap
er Mills etc composed
of one of most import
ant type of pollutants
and depletes the wate
r from oxygen.
2)Sediments a
nd suspended
solids:
Sediments mostly con
sists of Inorganic wast
es washed into strea
ms as a result of cultiv
ation mining etc
• Organic sediments
cause anaerobic co
nditions and unple
asant odour.
3)Nutrients:
Nutrients mainly Nitro
gen and magnesium p
romotes eutrophicati
on.These are the majo
r pollutant of residen
tial area and agricultu
ral runoff,associated
with plant debris or fe
rtiliser.
4) Heat:
Heat is also considere
d as water pollutant w
hen it comes from hea
ted industrial effluents
that increase the strea
m temperature due to
solar radiation.
It decrease the solubili
ty of oxygen and incre
ase metabolic rate of
microorganisms.
5)Oil Polluti
on:
It can result from leak
age of oil from huge t
ankers loaded with cr
ude oil and cause wat
er pollution with petr
oleum compounds.
6)Acids and B
ases:
Acids and Bases alter
the water quality by ki
lling them or preventi
ng them from reprodu
cing
Sulfur laden water co
ntains compounds oxi
dised to sulfuric acid.
 Topic 4
Methods to remove pollutants
from water
Important Methods:
• A number of methods such as coagulation,

• filtration with coagulation,

• ozonation, adsorption,
• ion exchange, reverse osmosis
• and advanced oxidation processes are us
ed to remove organic pollutants from water.
1) Electrochemical Oxidation:

• It is suitable method when waste water contains no

n biodegradable organic pollutant
• This method doesn't require auxiliary chemicals,hig
h temperature and pressure.
• It is based on the generation of hydroxyl radical at
anode surface
• The oxidation of polyhydroxybenzene was conduct
ed using single Electrochemical flow cell.
2)Biological
Processes:
They were used to re
move heavy metals d
ue to the reactive abili
ty of microorganisms
with a variety of pollu
tants that include org
anic and Inorganic pol
lutant.
3)Adsorption:
• It is compared with other removal methods due to l
ow cost,simple design and ease of operation.
• It does not result in the production of any harmful
substance.
• It can remove household waste,dyes,herbicides, me
tal ions,etc from water.
• It is a method that is capable of removing nondegre
dable waste pollutants.
4)Advanced Oxidation process
(AOP) :
• It uses ambient conditions such as normal pressure
and room temperature.
• Several AOP techniques such as ozonatio,hydrogen
peroxide photo lysis,Fenton proces,photo Fenton pr
oces,heterogeneous photo catalyst have been explo
red for the elimination of pollutants from water.
• The versatility of AOP is enhanced by different ways
for the production of hydroxyl ions.
Ozonation:
• Ozone is unstable in water and its chemical properti
es rely on the experimental conditions.
• It can react as dipole, electrophile, nucleophile due
to its different rasonance structures.
• It is a powerful oxidant and oxidise a large number
of organic and Inorganic materials.
• It react with water by direct and indirect method.
H₂O₂/UV treat
ment :
It involves the formati
on of OH radicals gen
erated by the photo ly
sis of hydrogen peroxi
de in the presence of
UV radiations for degr
adation of organic poll
utants.
5)Filtrati
on:
• Most water filter re
move dirst, silt,sand
and sediments from
water.
• Reverse osmosis filt
er system is effectiv
e system for drinkin
g water.
• They remove 99% h
eavy meta,pesticide
,and other chemical
.
Thank
you 😊