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Wireless and Mobile Networks: Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach
Wireless and Mobile Networks: Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach
Wireless and
Mobile Networks
network
infrastructure
200 802.11n
1 802.15
no base station, no
connection to larger
no no base station, no
Internet. May have to
infrastructure connection to larger
relay to reach other
Internet (Bluetooth,
a given wireless node
ad hoc nets)
MANET, VANET
BER
10-4
SNR versus BER tradeoffs
given physical layer: increase 10-5
A B C
C
space
Hidden terminal problem
B, A hear each other Signal attenuation:
B, C hear each other
B, A hear each other
A, C can not hear each other
B, C hear each other
means A, C unaware of their A, C can not hear each other
interference at B interfering at B
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-15
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
unique “ code” assigned to each user; i.e., code set
partitioning
all users share same frequency, but each user has own
“ chipping” sequence (i.e., code) to encode data
allows multiple users to “ coexist” and transmit
simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes are
“ orthogonal” )
encoded signal = (original data) X (chipping
sequence)
decoding: inner-product of encoded signal and
chipping sequence
M
Di = Zi,m.cm
m=1
M
received 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
d0 = 1
input -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 d1 = -1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 slot 1 slot 0
code channel channel
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Sender 2
BSS 2
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-21
802.11: Channels, association
802.11b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into 11
channels at different frequencies
AP admin chooses frequency for AP
interference possible: channel can be same as that
chosen by neighboring AP!
host: must associate with an AP
scans channels, listening for beacon frames containing
AP’s name (SSID) and MAC address
selects AP to associate with
may perform authentication [Chapter 8]
will typically run DHCP to get IP address in AP’s
subnet
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-22
802.11: passive/active scanning
BBS 1 BBS 2 BBS 1 BBS 2
1
1 1 2 2 AP 2
AP 1 AP 2 AP 1
2 3
3 4
H1 H1
A B C
C
space
RTS(A) RTS(B)
reservation collision
RTS(A)
CTS(A) CTS(A)
DATA (A)
defer
time
ACK(A) ACK(A)
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
control 1 2 3 control 4
Internet
H1 R1 router
802.3 frame
802.11 frame
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-29
802.11 frame: more
frame seq #
duration of reserved
(for RDT)
transmission time (RTS/CTS)
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
control 1 2 3 control 4
2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Protocol To From More Power More
Type Subtype Retry WEP Rsvd
version AP AP frag mgt data
frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
10-2
base station, mobile 10-3
dynamically change
BER
10-4
ad hoc: no infrastructure P
radius of
M
coverage
master/slaves:
slaves request permission to send S P
S P
(to master)
master grants requests
802.15: evolved from Bluetooth
specification M Master device
2.4-2.5 GHz radio band S Slave device
up to 721 kbps
P Parked device (inactive)
mobile and BS
wired network
Legend
Mobile subscribers
G Public
SGSN Internet
Key insight: new cellular data
network operates in parallel GGSN
(except at edge) with existing
cellular voice network Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
voice network unchanged in core
data network operates in parallel Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
G Public
SGSN Internet
GGSN
radio interface
(WCDMA, HSPA)
radio access network core network public
Universal Terrestrial Radio General Packet Radio Service Internet
Access Network (UTRAN) (GPRS) Core Network
wide area
network
permanent address:
address in home
network, can always be
used to reach mobile
e.g., 128.119.40.186
wide area
network
1
2 area
wide
network
mobile contacts
foreign agent contacts home foreign agent on
agent home: “this mobile is entering visited
resident in my network” network
end result:
foreign agent knows about mobile
home agent knows location of mobile
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-48
Mobility via indirect routing
foreign agent
receives packets,
home agent intercepts forwards to mobile
packets, forwards to visited
foreign agent network
home
network
3
wide area
network
2
1
correspondent 4
addresses packets
mobile replies
using home address of
directly to
mobile
correspondent
3
1 2
4
Permanent address:
128.119.40.186
Care-of address:
79.129.13.2
dest: 128.119.40.186
packet sent by
correspondent
R bit: registration
required type = 16 length sequence #
RBHFMGV
registration lifetime reserved
bits mobility agent
advertisement
0 or more care-of- extension
addresses
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-58
Mobile IP: registration example
visited network: 79.129.13/24
home agent foreign agent
HA: 128.119.40.7 COA: 79.129.13.2
mobile agent
MA: 128.119.40.186
ICMP agent adv.
COA:
79.129.13.2
….
registration req.
registration req.
COA: 79.129.13.2
COA: 79.129.13.2 HA: 128.119.40.7
HA: 128.119.40.7 MA: 128.119.40.186
MA: 128.119.40.186 Lifetime: 9999
Lifetime: 9999 identification:714
identification: 714 ….
encapsulation format
….
registration reply
HA: 128.119.40.7 registration reply
MA: 128.119.40.186 HA: 128.119.40.7
Lifetime: 4999 MA: 128.119.40.186
Identification: 714 Lifetime: 4999
encapsulation format Identification: 714
…. ….
time
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-59
Components of cellular network architecture
recall: correspondent
wired public
telephone
network
MSC MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
1 call routed
to home network
3 Public
VLR switched
Mobile
telephone
Switching
network
Center
4
home MSC sets up 2nd leg of call
to MSC in visited network
mobile
user MSC in visited network completes
visited call through base station to mobile
network
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-62
GSM: handoff with common MSC
handoff goal: route call via
new base station (without
interruption)
VLR Mobile
Switching
reasons for handoff:
Center stronger signal to/from new BSS
(continuing connectivity, less
old new battery drain)
routing routing
load balance: free up channel in
old BSS
new BSS current BSS
GSM doesnt mandate why to
perform handoff (policy), only
how (mechanism)
handoff initiated by old BSS