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OPERATING PRINCIPLE
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Operating principles clearly state

what should not be done, as well as
what should be done.
By using operating principles, you
can create a strategy that’s actually
meaningful. This is an important
detail to consider.
DRAFTING
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Drafting is a graphical representation of

structures, machines, and their component parts
that communicates the engineering intent of
a technical design to the craftsman or worker
who makes the product.
Drafting involves three important factors: first is
the itemization of every detail and requirement of
the final product or project. Second, application
of good judgment and knowledge of standard
drafting procedures to select the combination of
drawings and specifications that will convey the
information identified in first stage in the clearest
possible manner and third, deployment of skilled
personnel and suitable equipment to produce the
documents specified in second stage.
                                                                    

Architectural drawing, 1902

BLUEPRINT
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Architectural drawing, Canada, 1936

A blueprint is a reproduction of a technical drawing, an 
architectural plan, or an engineering design, using a contact print
 
Blueprint is a reproduction of a technical drawing,
 process on light-sensitive sheets. 

an architectural plan, or an engineering design,

using a contact print process on light-sensitive
sheets. They create an accurate negative
reproduction of the original using a contact print
process on light-sensitive sheets.
Reproductions are made by placing the original,
translucent document above a ferro-gallate coated
sheet in a frame and then exposing them to light. The
unconverted coating is then washed away, leaving a
stable negative reproduction of the original.
SITE ANALYSIS 5

Site analysis is a preliminary phase of architectural and urban design processes

dedicated to the study of the climatic, geographical, historical, legal, and infrastructural
context of a specific site.
The site design process is divided up into three sections; Research phase which is the
first step is defining the problem and its definition. The site design and site planning
process begins with the initial problem to be solved. Analysis phase which is the next
step involves programming the site as well as site and user analysis, which is focused on
in-depth below. There are numerous site elements related to the analysis during this
phase. This is part of the analysis phase in site planning. And synthesis phase which is
the third step deals with schematic design of a site plan as well as a preliminary cost
estimate for the site.
PARAMETRIC
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MODELLING
Parametric modelling is the creation of a digital
model based on a series of pre-programmed rules.
Typically, parametric rules create relationships
between different elements of the design. So for
example, a rule might be created to ensure
that walls must start at floor level and reach the
underside of the ceiling. Then if
the floor to ceiling height is changed, the walls will
automatically adjust to suit. Other examples might
include the height of windowsills above floor level,
the relationship between walls and a pitched roof,
the relationship between floor area and the size
of windows or number of luminaires and so on.
 ISOMETRIC DRAWING
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Isometric drawing is a method of graphic representation of three-dimensional objects, used

by engineers, technical illustrators, and, occasionally, architects for isometric projection.
The technique is intended to combine the illusion of depth, as in a perspective rendering,
with the undistorted presentation of the object’s principal dimensions—that is, those
parallel to a chosen set of three mutually perpendicular coordinate axes.
The isometric is one class of orthographic projections. (In making an orthographic
projection, any point in the object is mapped onto the drawing by dropping a perpendicular
from that point to the plane of the drawing.) An isometric projection results if the plane is
oriented so that it makes equal angles (hence “isometric,” or “equal measure”) with the
three principal planes of the object. Thus, in an isometric drawing of a cube, the three
visible faces appear as equilateral parallelograms; that is, while all of the parallel edges of
the cube are projected as parallel lines, the horizontal edges are drawn at an angle (usually
30°) from the normal horizontal axes, and the vertical edges, which are parallel to the
principal axes, appear in their true proportions.