PROJECT QUALITY

MANAGEMENT
 Introduction
• Project quality management includes the process
required to ensure that the project satisfies the
needs for which it is undertaken.

• PQM includes all the activities of the overall

management function that determine the quality
policy, objectives, and responsibilities and
implement them within the quality system.
 Means of Implementation of
PQM
• QUALITY PLANING
• QUALITY ASSURANCE
• QUALITY CONTROL
• These processes interact with each other as well as with
the processes of other knowledge areas
• Each process involves an effort of one or more individual
or group of individuals based on the need of the project.
• Each process occurs at least once in every project phase
during the project life cycle.
 Definition
• Q. What is Quality Planning ?

• A. Quality Planning is identifying which

quality standards are relevant to the project
and determining how to satisfy them
• It is a step required to ensure that specified
standards are met
 Definition
• Q. What is Quality Assurance

• A. Quality assurance is evaluating the overall

project performance/system on a regular basis to
provide a confidence that the project will satisfy the
relevant quality standards.
• It is the procedures for guarding against defects and
deficiencies before and during the execution of the
work.
 Definition
• Q. What is Quality Control
• A. Quality Control is the monitoring of specific
project results to determine if they comply with the
relevant quality standards and identifying ways to
eliminate causes of unsatisfactory performance.
• It is a procedure for evaluating completed activities
and elements of the design for conformance with the
requirements.
 P R O J E C T Q U A L IT Y M A N A G E M E N T

Q U A L IT P L A N N IN G Q U A L IT Y A S S U R A N C E Q U A L IT Y C O N T R O L

1- INPUTS 1- INPUTS 1- INPUTS

-Quality policy -Quality management plan -work results

-Scope statement/Contract Doc -result of quality control -quality management plan

- Product description/Tech. measurements - Operational definitions
spec - Operational definitions - checklists
- Standards and regulations 2- TOOLS AND TECH. 2- TOOLS AND TECH.
- Other process outputs - Quality planning tools and - Inspection
techniques
2- TOOLS AND TECH. - Statistical sampling
- benefit/ cost analysis - Quality audits
- Evaluating Methodology
- Benchmarking 3- OUTPUTS - Work permit
- Flowcharting - Quality improvement
3- OUTPUTS
- Mix Design /other - Quality improvement
experiments - Acceptance decisions
3- OUTPUTS - rework
- Quality management plan
- Completed checklist
- Operational definitions
- Process adjustment
- checklists
- Inputs to other processes
 PQM Approach compatibility
• compatible with ISO 9000 and 1000 series
of standard guidelines
• Approaches to quality as recommended by
Deming, Juran, and Crosby, and others.
• Other approaches such as TQM, Continuous
improvement approaches and others.
 Nature of PQM
• Project quality management must address
both the management of the project and the
product of the project.
• Failure to meet quality requirements in
either dimension can have serious and
negative consequences for any or all of the
project stakeholders
 Common understanding
Quality management should complement
modern project management as they both
recognize the importance of :
1- Customer satisfaction
2- Prevention over inspection
3- Management responsibility
4- Processes within phases
(plan – do –check – act cycle)
QUALITY PLANNING

In detail
 Quality planning
• Quality Planning involves identifying with quality
standards
• It is a key facilitating process during the Project
planning Process
• In modern quality management quality is planned
in and not inspected in
• Prior to the development of ISO 9000 series,
quality planning concepts were widely discussed
as part of quality assurance.
 Quality Planning Flowchart

INPUTS TOOLS AND OUTPUTS

TECHNIQUES

1-Quality policy 1- Benefit/ cost analysis 1-Quality Management

2- Scope 2- Benchmarking plan
statement/Contract 3- Identification/ 2- Inspection/Test Plan
3- Product tracing flowchart 3- Work instruction/
description/Tech. Spec 4- Documented checklists
4- Standards and procedure for queries
regulations
5- Other process outputs
 Quality Planning Inputs
Quality policy
• the over all intentions and direction of an organization
with regard to quality, as formally expressed by the top
management
• In the case of a joint venture, a quality policy for the
individual project should be developed
• The management team is responsible for dissipating the
quality policy to all project stakeholders through
appropriate information distribution channels
 Quality Planning Inputs
Scope Statement/Contract Document

• The scope statement is a key input to

quality planning because it documents
major project deliverables as well as project
objectives which serve to define important
stakeholder requirements
 Quality Planning Inputs
Product description/Technical Specificat.
• Although the elements of the product
description may be embodied in the scope
statement, the product description often
contains details of technical issues and
other concerns that may affect quality
planning
 Quality Planning Inputs
Standards and Regulations

• The project management team any application-area-

specific standards or regulations that may affect the
project
• Referenced Material and Testing Standards such as
AASHTO Standard Specification and Method of
Testing, ASTM and BS
 Quality Planning Inputs
Other Process Outputs

• In addition to the scope statement and product

description, processes in other knowledge areas
may produce outputs that should be considered as
part of the quality planning
• Example: procurement planning outputs may
identify contractor quality requirements that
should be reflected in the overall Quality
Management Plan
 Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning
• Benefit / cost analysis
• The planning process must consider benefit/cost
tradeoffs
• The Primary Benefit: Is less work, higher
productivity, lower costs, and increased stakeholder
satisfaction
• The Primary Cost: Is the expanses associated with
PQM activities
Note: it is elementary that the benefit should outweigh
the cost
 Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning

Benchmarking
• Benchmarking involves comparing actual or
planned project practices to those of other projects
to generate ideas to:
1.Generate ideas for improvement
2. provide a standard for measurement of
performance

Note: other projects compared may be within the same

organization or out side and may be within the same
application area or in another
 Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning
IDENTIFICATION/TRACEBILITY
FLOW CHARTING

• The flowcharting techniques in quality management

generally include System or process flow charts

• Flowcharting can help in anticipating probable quality

problems and thus helps to develop approaches for dealing
with them
 Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning

DOCUMENTED PROCEDURE FOR QUERIES

• Planning exposes any errors, gaps or discrepancies which

may exist in the drawings and specifications defining the
client’s requirements
• Establishing a documented procedure whereby the
contractor’s queries and the designer’s responses can be
recorded formally is a vital tool
 Outputs from Quality Planning
Quality Management Plan

• The quality management plan should describe how

a project management team will implement its
quality policy
• Also called Quality System, (in ISO terminology),
the plan should define :
- The organizational structure
- Roles and responsibilities
- Resources needed for implementation of quality management
 Outputs from Quality Planning
Quality Management Plan (continued)

• The Quality Plan should address:

- Quality Control of the project
- Quality Assurance
- Quality Improvement of the project

Note: the project quality plan can be highly detailed or

broadly framed based on the needs of the project
 Outputs from Quality Planning
INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN
- . The plan, which may be presented as a schedule or
flow chart, will list and reference all the relevant
tests and inspections in the sequence in which they
should be performed, together with the
documentation to be used to record the results
- Notification points (N)
- Hold points (H)
 Outputs from Quality Planning
WORK INSTRUCTIONS/CHECKLISTS
• A checklist is a structured tool used to verify that a
set of required steps or requirements have been
performed.
• Many organizations have standard checklists to
ensure consistency of frequently performed
activities
QUALITY ASSURANCE

In detail
 Quality Assurance
• Quality assurance encompasses all the planned and
systematic activity implemented in a quality system
to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the
relevant quality standards
• Quality assurance is provided by a Quality
Assurance dept.
• Quality assurance can be INERNAL ( from the
project management team to the performing
organization)
• Quality assurance can be EXTERNAL (provided to
the customer and other parties actively involved in
the work of the project
 Quality Assurance Flowchart

INPUTS TOOLS AND OUTPUTS

TECHNIQUES

1-Quality management 1- Quality planning 1-Quality

plan tools and techniques improvement
2- Results of quality 2- Quality audits
control measurements
3- Test Plan
4-checklist
 Inputs To Quality Assurance
• Quality management plan as previously described

• Results of quality control measurements which are

records of quality control testing and measurement
in a format of comparison or analysis
• Test Plan
• checklist
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance

• Quality Planning tools and techniques , which can

be used for quality assurance as well
• Quality Audits which are a structured review of
other quality management activities:
- they may be timely or carried out randomly
- They may be carried out by properly trained
Internal-auditors or by third parties such as quality
systems registration agencies
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
• Quality Audit Tools
• VERIFICATION OF MATERIALS COMPLIANCE
• MONITORING SPECIAL PROCESSES
• DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURE
• SAMPLING
• INSPECTION, MEASURING AND TEST EQUIPMENT
• CONDUCTING INSPECTION AND TESTING
• INSPECTION AND TEST STATUS
• CONTROL OF NON-CONFORMING PRODUCT
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
• VERIFICATION OF MATERIALS COMPLIANCE
• Verification of compliance with specifications commences
when materials or supplies are received at the site. The
criteria for compliance are usually defined in the
specifications, together with the appropriate sampling and
testing procedures.
• The extent to which materials should be inspected on
receipt should be carefully planned, bearing in mind the
costs of inspection and the possible penalties which may
arise from using sub- standard items into the works.
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
• MONITORING SPECIAL PROCESSES
• Special processes can be defined as the results of which
cannot be fully verified by subsequent inspection and
testing of the product and where, for example, processing
deficiency may become apparent only after the product is in
use.
• Examples of special processes carried out on a construction
site include the placement and compaction of concrete,
welding, tunnel grouting and painting. All these operations
depend on operator skill and care.
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
• MONITORING SPECIAL PROCESSES
• The standard stipulates that to ensure that specified
standards are met, such processes require continuous
monitoring and/or compliance with documented
procedures.
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURE
• The procedure should first define the documents which
can directly influence the quality of the product.
Typically, these may include the following:
• Drawings
• Specifications
• Quality plans
• Project procedures
• Work instructions
• Inspection and test plans.
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURE
• These documents are classified as ‘controlled documents’.
This means that a register should be kept of each document
listing:-
 the date of origin or receipt of each version (or revision),
and
 the dates and locations of issues.
• The procedure should identify the person responsible for
holding and maintaining the registers and should define the
system and documentation to be used.
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURE
• the procedure for document issue has to be capable of
ensuring that:
 The pertinent issues of appropriate documents are
available at all locations where operations essential to the
effective functioning of the quality system are performed.
 Obsolete documents are promptly removed from all points
of issue or use’.
• These requirements may be satisfied by the use of a
numbered document issue slip which identifies the
recipient, lists the accompanying documents and has a
tear-off section to be signed by the recipient as a receipt.
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
SAMPLING
• Control and verification of compliance with specification
are provided by inspection and testing. But however
hard we may try, certainty of compliance with
specification will always be beyond our grasp. Even if
our quality plans were to require 100 per cent inspection
and testing of every component
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
INSPECTION, MEASURING AND TEST EQUIPMENT
• The degree of confidence that may be had in measuring and
testing procedures is dependent upon the accuracy and
reliability of the measuring and testing equipment.
Control must therefore be exerted to ensure that only the
correct equipment is used and that it is systematically
maintained and calibrated.
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
CONDUCT INSPECTION AND TESTING

• During the course of the work the checks and tests

scheduled in the Inspection and Test Plans are carried
out in order to control quality.
• standards of quality management system require that ‘the
responsibility, authority and the interrelation of all
personnel who manage, perform and verify work
affecting quality shall be defined’
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
INSPECTION AND TEST STATUS
• A system should be operated to indicate the inspection status
of material during intermediate stages of processing or
manufacture so that it is at all times possible to distinguish that
which has been inspected and found acceptable from that
which has not. In many cases, inspection status can
conveniently be indicated by the attachment of stickers or
labels. Another method is the use of a check list.
• For example, airliner crews use pre- printed check sheets to
tick off all the checks they are obliged to carry out at each stage
of a flight or a check sheet for use on a construction site is the
‘verification documents’ scheduled on the Inspection and Test
Plan .
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
CONTROL OF NON-CONFORMING PRODUCT
• Despite the emphasis of quality system on matters of
prevention, it is inevitable that sooner or later the
production or construction process will yield some
defective work. When this happens it is necessary that
there should be a procedure to prevent any further harm
being done and to put right that which is wrong. There
are three stages to be dealt with in this procedure:
 Identification
 Segregation
 Disposition.
 Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
CORRECTIVE ACTION/QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
• ‘Corrective action’ is a term for measures taken by
management to ensure that conditions which may impede
or prevent the achievement of specification requirements
are identified and corrected. The need for corrective action
may be indicated by evidence that non-conformances
have already occurred, for example through inspectors’
reports or customer complaints.
 Outputs From Quality Assurance
CORRECTIVE ACTION/QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT

• Quality improvement includes taking action to increase the

effectiveness and efficiency of the project to be provide
added benefits to the stakeholders of that project .

• In many cases the implementation of quality improvements

will require preparation of change requests or taking
corrective actions and will be handled according to
procedure for overall change control
QUALITY CONTROL

In detail
 3. QUALITY CONTROL
• Quality control (QC) refers to the
procedures for evaluating completed
activities and elements of the design for
conformance with the requirements
 QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES

• Inputs to Quality Control

• Tools and Techniques for Quality
Control
• Outputs from Quality Control
 INPUT TOOLS & OUTPUT
• Work results. TECHNIQUES
· Works permit · Quality
Checklists. improvement.
· Inputs to other · Regular Inspection. · Acceptance decisions.
processes. · Statistical sampling. · Rework.
· Operational · Evaluation of · Completed checklists.
definitions. contractor's work · Process adjustments.
methodology &
Approval for work
permit
 Inputs to Quality Control
A supervisor should use the following quality control inputs to
supervise the quality of work.
i)Work results.
• Work results include both process results and product results. Information
about the planned or expected results (from the project plan) should be
available along with information about the actual results.
ii)Works permit Checklists.
• A checklist is a structured tool, usually industry- or activity-specific, used
to verify that a set of required steps has been performed. Checklists may
be simple or complex. They are phrased as imperatives (_Do this! _) or
interrogatories (_Have you done this? _). The company has a documented
procedure, referd as WORK PERMIT, with standardized checklists
available to ensure consistency in frequently performed activities.
 Tools and Techniques for Quality
Control…cont’d
• Evaluation of contractor's work methodology
and Approval for work permit
• The contractor's work methodology will be evaluated by
the resident engineer prior to commencing any activity
of work. Following fulfillment of the work methodology
the resident engineer will check physical set up of the
work to verify whether it is as per the stated
methodology. The overall process will be managed as
per the WORK PERMIT DOCUMENTED
PROCEDURE
 Inputs to Quality
Control..cont’d
Inputs to other processes.
• The quality planning process may identify a need for further
activity in another area.
Operational definitions.
• An operational definition describes, in very specific terms, what
something is, and how it is measured by the quality control
process. The detail is specified in the external document called
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
 Outputs from Quality Control
Quality improvement.
• Quality improvement includes taking action to
increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the
project to provide added benefits to the project
stakeholders.
Acceptance decisions.
• The items inspected will be either accepted or
rejected. Rejected items may require rework.
 Outputs from Quality Control
Rework.
• Rework is action taken to bring a defective or non-conforming item
into compliance with requirements or specifications. Rework,
especially unanticipated Rework, is a frequent cause of project
overruns in most application areas.
Completed checklists.
• When checklists are used, the completed checklists should
become part of the project’s records
Process adjustments.
• Process adjustments involve immediate corrective or
preventive action as a result of quality control measurements.