Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared by
Laura Hurd and
David Maidment
3/17/2010
CRWR
Design discharges for flood mapping needed here
http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/peak
1965 flood estimate
With dams
• Extreme events
– Floods
– Droughts
• Magnitude of extreme events is related to their
frequency of occurrence
1
Magnitude
Frequency of occurence
• Return Period: E ( )
Average recurrence interval between events equaling or
exceeding a threshold
• If p is the probability of occurrence of an extreme
event, then E ( ) T 1
p
1
or P ( X xT )
T
8
More on return period
• If p is probability of success, then (1-p) is the
probability of failure
• Find probability that (X ≥ xT) at least once in N years.
p P ( X xT )
P ( X xT ) (1 p)
P ( X xT at least once in N years) 1 P( X xT all N years)
N
1
P ( X xT at least once in N years) 1 (1 p) 1 1
N
T
9
Frequency Factors
• Previous example only works if distribution is
invertible, many are not.
• Once a distribution has been selected and its
parameters estimated, then how do we use it?
• Chow proposed using: xT x KT s
xT Estimated event magnitude fX(x)
KT s
T Return period
x Sample mean
s Sample standard deviation x
10
Return period example
• Dataset – annual maximum discharge for 106
years on Colorado River near Austin
600
xT = 200,000 cfs
200
T = 106/2 = 53 years
100
500
Annual Max Flow (10 3 cfs)
400
300
200
100
0
1905 1908 1918 1927 1938 1948 1958 1968 1978 1988 1998
Year
13
Probability distributions
• Normal family
– Normal, lognormal, lognormal-III
• Generalized extreme value family
– EV1 (Gumbel), GEV, and EVIII (Weibull)
• Exponential/Pearson type family
– Exponential, Pearson type III, Log-Pearson type
III
14
Normal distribution
• Central limit theorem – if X is the sum of n
independent and identically distributed random variables
with finite variance, then with increasing n the distribution of
X becomes normal regardless of the distribution of random
variables
• pdf for normal distribution
2
1 x
1
2
f X ( x) e
2
is the mean and is the standard
deviation
17
Extreme value (EV) distributions
• Extreme values – maximum or minimum
values of sets of data
• Annual maximum discharge, annual minimum
discharge
• When the number of selected extreme values
is large, the distribution converges to one of
the three forms of EV distributions called Type
I, II and III
18
EV type I distribution
• If M1, M2…, Mn be a set of daily rainfall or streamflow,
and let X = max(Mi) be the maximum for the year. If M i
are independent and identically distributed, then for
large n, X has an extreme value type I or Gumbel
distribution.
1 x u x u
f ( x) exp exp
6sx
u x 0.5772
k x
k 1
x k
f ( x ) exp x 0; , k 0
20
Exponential distribution
• Poisson process – a stochastic
process in which the number of
events occurring in two disjoint
subintervals are independent
random variables.
• In hydrology, the interarrival time
(time between stochastic hydrologic
events) is described by exponential
distribution
x 1
f ( x ) e x 0;
x
x 1e x
f ( x) x 0; gamma function
( )
Skewed distributions (eg. hydraulic
conductivity) can be represented using
gamma without log transformation.
22
Pearson Type III
• Named after the statistician Pearson, it is also
called three-parameter gamma distribution. A
lower bound is introduced through the third
parameter ()
( x ) 1 e ( x )
f ( x) x ; gamma function
( )
23
Log-Pearson Type III
• If log X follows a Person Type III distribution,
then X is said to have a log-Pearson Type III
distribution
( y ) 1 e ( y )
f ( x) y log x
( )
24
Frequency analysis for extreme events
Q. Find a flow (or any other event) that has a return period of T years
x u x u
f ( x)
1
exp exp x u EV1 pdf and cdf
F ( x) exp exp
6sx
u x 0.5772
x u
Define a reduced variable y y
F ( x) exp exp( y )
y ln ln F ( x) ln ln(1 p) where p P(x xT )
1
yT ln ln1
T
If you know T, you can find yT, and once yT is know, xT can be computed by
xT u yT 25
Example 12.2.1
• Given annual maxima for 10-minute storms
• Find 5- & 50-year return period 10-minute
storms
x 0.649 in
s 0.177 in
6s 6 * 0.177 u x 0.5772 0.649 0.5772 * 0.138 0.569
0.138
T 5
y5 ln ln ln ln 1.5
T 1 5 1
x5 u y5 0.569 0.138 *1.5 0.78 in
x50 1.11 in
26
Normal Distribution
2
1 x
• Normal distribution 1
2
f X ( x) e
2
xT x
KT zT
s
xT x KT s x zT s
xT u yT
6 6 T
x 0.5772 s s ln ln
T 1
6 T
x 0.5772 ln ln s
T 1
xT x KT s
6 T
KT 0.5772 ln ln
T 1
28
Example 12.3.2
6 5
KT 0 .5772 ln ln 0.719
5 1
xT x K T s
0.649 0.719 0.177
0.78 in
29
Probability plots
• Probability plot is a graphical tool to assess
whether or not the data fits a particular
distribution.
• The data are fitted against a theoretical
distribution in such as way that the points should
form approximately a straight line (distribution
function is linearized)
• Departures from a straight line indicate
departure from the theoretical distribution
30
Normal probability plot
• Steps
1. Rank the data from largest (m = 1) to smallest (m = n)
2. Assign plotting position to the data
1. Plotting position – an estimate of exccedance probability
2. Use p = (m-3/8)/(n + 0.15)
3. Find the standard normal variable z corresponding to the
plotting position (use -NORMSINV (.) in Excel)
4. Plot the data against z
• If the data falls on a straight line, the data comes from
a normal distributionI
31
Normal Probability Plot
600
500
Data
Q (1000 cfs)
400 Normal
300
200
100
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Standard normal variable (z)
33
EV1 probability plot
600
500
Data
400 EV1
Q (1000 cfs)
300
200
100
0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
EV1 reduced variate
The pink line you see on the plot is xT for T = 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 derived
using the frequency factor technique for 34 EV1 distribution.
• HW 10 will be posted online sometime this
week. The due date is April 25
• Next class – Exam 2
Questions??
35