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Week # 6
1
Contents
H ( f ) = H t ( f )H c ( f )H r ( f )
◼ creates echoes and hence time dispersion
◼ causes ISI at sampling time
zk =sk + nk + i si 3
ik
Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
Models
◼ Baseband system model
x1 x2
x
k
Tx filter
ht (t)
Channel
hc (t)
r(t) Rx. filter
hr (t)
zk
x̂
k
t = kT Detector
T Ht ( f ) Hc ( f ) Hr ( f )
x3 T n(t)
◼ Equivalent model
x1 x2
x
Equivalent system
k h(t)
z(t) zk x̂
k
H( f )
Detector
T t = kT
x3 T
n̂(t)
H( f ) = Ht ( f )H c ( f )H r ( f ) 4
Nyquist Bandwidth Constraint
Nyquist Bandwidth Theorem
◼ Nyquist bandwidth constraint:
∞
𝑛
𝐻 𝑓− = 𝑇 ; ∀𝑓
𝑇
𝑛=−∞
5
Nyquist Bandwidth Constraint
Introduction
◼ Nyquist bandwidth constraint:
◼ The theoretical minimum required system bandwidth to detect Rs [symbols/s]
without ISI is Rs/2 [Hz].
◼ Equivalently, a system with bandwidth W=1/2T=Rs/2 [Hz] can support a
maximum transmission rate of 2W=1/T=Rs [symbols/s] without ISI.
1 Rs Rs
= W 2 [symbol/s/Hz]
2T 2 W
−1 0 1 f
− 2T − T 0 T 2T t
2T 2T
1
W= 7
2T
Nyquist pulses (filters)
9
The raised cosine filter
◼ Raised-Cosine Filter
◼ A Nyquist pulse (No ISI at the sampling time)
1 for | f | 2W0 −W
2 | f | +W − 2W0
H ( f ) = cos for 2W0 −W | f | W
4 W −W0
0 for | f | W
Excess bandwidth: W −W0
cos[2 (W −W0 )t]
h(t) = 2W0 (sinc(2W0t))
1− [4(W −W0 )t]2 W −W0
Roll-off factor r =
W0
0 r 1
10
The Raised cosine filter – cont’d
r = 0.5
0.5 0.5 r =1
r =1 r = 0.5
r=0
−1 − 3 −1 0 1 3 1 − 3T −2T −T 0 T 2T 3T
T 4T 2T 2T 4T T
Rs
Baseband W sSB= (1+ r) Passband W DSB= (1+ r)Rs
2
11
Pulse shaping and equalization to remove ISI
H RC ( f ) = H t ( f )H c ( f )H r ( f )H e ( f )
1
He ( f ) = Taking care of ISI
Hc ( f ) caused by channel
12
◼Square-root Raised-Cosine (SRRC) pulse shaping
Amp. [V]
Data symbol
13
◼ Raised Cosine pulse at the output of matched filter
Amp. [V]
14
A useful tool for the qualitative analysis of
signal used in digital transmission.
Eye pattern
Voltage
Time
How is it created?
Voltage
Time
Bits
Superimposed
1 Unit Interval (UI) 15
Displays on an oscilloscope which sweeps
the system response to a baseband signal at
Eye pattern the rate 1/T (T symbol duration)
Distortion
due to ISI Noise margin
amplitude scale
Sensitivity to
timing error
Timing jitter
time scale
16
Example of eye pattern
Binary-PAM, SRRC pulse
Perfect
channel
(no noise
and
no ISI)
17
Example of eye pattern
Binary-PAM, SRRC pulse
AWGN
(Eb/N0=20 dB)
and no ISI
18
Example of eye pattern
Binary-PAM, SRRC pulse
AWGN
(Eb/N0=10 dB)
and no ISI
19
Example of eye pattern with ISI
Binary-PAM, SRRC pulse
20
Example of eye pattern with ISI
Binary-PAM, SRRC pulse
21
Example of eye pattern with ISI
Binary-PAM, SRRC pulse
22
Demodulation and Detection
Receiver tasks
Step 1 – waveform to sample transformation Step 2 – decision making
z (T ) m̂i
r (t ) Threshold
Frequency Receiving Equalizing
comparison
down-conversion filter filter
23
Equalization
Non-constant amplitude
Non-linear phase
Example of a
frequency
selective, slowly
changing (slow
fading) channel for
a user at 35 km/h
25
Equalization:
Channel examples
Example of a
frequency
selective, fast
changing (fast
fading) channel for
a user at 35 km/h
26
Equalizing filters
Baseband Model
◼ Baseband system
a
model
1
a (t − kT )
k Tx filter Channel r(t) Equalizer Rx. filter z(t) zk âk
k
ht (t) hc (t) he (t) hr (t) Detector
t = kT
Ta a Ht ( f ) Hc ( f ) He ( f ) Hr ( f )
2 3
n(t)
◼ Equivalent model H ( f ) = H t ( f )H c ( f )H r ( f )
a1
a (t − kT )
k
Equivalent system z(t) x(t) Equalizer z(t) zk âk
k h(t) he (t) Detector
t = kT
Ta a H( f ) He ( f )
2 3 n̂(t)
filtered noise
n̂(t) = n(t) hr (t) 27
Equalization
◼ Equalization using
◼ MLSE (Maximum likelihood sequence estimation)
◼ Filtering
◼ Transversal filtering
◼ Zero-forcing equalizer
◼ Minimum mean square error (MSE) equalizer
◼ Decision feedback
◼ Using the past decisions to remove the ISI contributed by them
◼ Adaptive equalizer
28
Equalization
Equalization by transversal filtering
Adjust 1 k =0
z(k) =
cn n=−
N
N
0 k = 1,...,N