DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Chapter 2:
Analog Signal Processing
Sampling and Reconstruction
Reference:
S J.Orfanidis, ”Introduction to Signal Processing”, Prentice –Hall , 1996,ISBN 0-13-209172-0
M. D. Lutovac, D. V. Tošić, B. L. Evans, “Filter Design for Signal Processing Using MATLAB
and Mathematica”, Prentice Hall, 2001
Lectured by Prof. Dr. Thuong Le-Tien
National Distinguished Lecturer
Tel: 08-38654184; 0903 787 989
Email: ThuongLe@hcmut.edu.vn,
ThuongLe@yahoo.com

Dated on January 2024

 Sampling and Reconstruction

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Overview of Analog
• 3. Sampling theorem
• 4. Sampling of Sinusoids
• 5. Spectra of Sampled Signals
• 6. Analog signal reconstruction

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 1. Introduction
Three steps for digital signal processing of
analog signals
 Step 1: Digitizing of analog signals:
Sampling, Quantization – Analog to Digital
Conversion (ADC).
 Step 2: Implementing digital signal
processor for discrete samples
 Step 3: Reconstructing the analog signal
after processing – Digital to Analog
Conversion (DAC)
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 2. Review of Analog signals

 FOURIER Transform X() of x(t) is the spectrum of the

analog signal: 


X ()  x(t )e  jt dt

(2.1)

 Where  is the radian frequency (rad/s).

and  = 2f (2.2)

 Definition of Laplace Transform:

 (2-3)
X (s)   x(t ).e dt  st


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 Response of a linear system
x(t) Linear system y(t)
input h(t) output

 The system is characterized by impulse response h(t). The

output y(t) is obtained by the time domain convolution :

y(t )   h(t  t ' ) x(t ' )dt'

 Or frequency domain:
Y ()  H (). X ()
where H() is the frequency response of the system.

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 H() is the Fourier transform of h(t)

H ( )   h( t )e  jt dt
 The steady state response of a sinusoid:
x(t) = exp(jt) Linear system y(t) = H()exp(jt)
H()
Sinusoid in Sinusoid out
 Output is a sinusoid with frequency (),
amplitude equal to the signal amplitude multiplied
by MagH(), and phase shift equal to arg(H()):
x(t )  e jt  y(t )  H ()e jt | H () | .e jt  j arg H (  )

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 Linear superposition: Signals x(t) has two frequency
components
j1t j 2 t
x(t )  A1e  A2 e
 After filtering
j1t j 2 t
y(t )  A1 H ()e  A2 H ()e

 Note: Filtering only change the magnitudes but not

the frequencies

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 The result is presented in frequency domain
X(  ) Y(  )
A1 A2

H(  ) A 1 H(  )
A 2 H(  )

 

 Spectrum of X()
X ()  2A1 (  1 )  2A2 (   2 )
 Spectrum of Y()
Y ()  H () X ()  H ()(2A1 (  1 )  2A2 (   2 ))
 2A1H (1 ) (  1 )  2A2 H ( 2 ) (   2 )

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 3. Concept of Sampling theorem
 Sampling process in Fig. 3.1. x(t) is sampled
by period T, t=nT where n=0,1,2,…
 Many high frequency components appear
in the signal spectrum
 Two questions are often provided for
1. What is the effect of sampling on the
original frequency spectrum?
2. How should one choose the sampling
interval T?

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 The spectrum of the sampled sinusoid x(nT)
will be periodic replication of the original
spectral line at intervals fs=1/T

Figure 3.1 Ideal Sampler

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 Figure 3.2. Spectrum replication caused by sampling.

With the replicated spectrum of the sampled signal, one

cannot tell uniquely What the original frequency was. It
could be any one of the replicated frequencies namely
f’=f+mfs. This potential confusion of the original frequency
with another is known as aliasing and can be avoided if one
satisfies the condition of the sampling theorem

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 Sampling theorem
 For accurate representation of a signal x(t) by its
time samples x(nT), two conditions must be met:
1: x(t) is bandlimited
2: Sampling frequency must be chosen to be
at least twice the maximum frequency fmax,
fs  2fmax:
fs = 2fmax is the Nyquist rate.
fs/2 is the Nyquist frequency or folding
frequency

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Typical sampling rate for some common applications
(An Approximation)
 Antialiasing Prefilter
 Signal must be bandlimited therefore need to pass
through a low pass filter namely prefilter before sampling
Input spectrum
Prefiltered spectrum

prefilter

f f
0 -fs/2 fs/2

Replicated
spectrum

f
-fs 0 fs

Bandlimited
x(t) signal x(nT)
Analog lowpass Sampler and
To DSP
Analog filter x(t) quantizer digital
signal signal

Antialiasing prefilter
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 What happens if we do not sample in
accordance with the sampling theorem?
 Missing important time variations between sampling instants
 May arrive at the erroneous conclusion that the samples
represent a signal which is smoother than it actually is
 Be confusing the true frequency content of the signal with a
lower frequency content. Such confusion of signals is called
aliasing

Aliasing in
The time domain
 4. Sampling of sinusoid: x(t) = cos(2ft)
The number of samples per is given by the quantity fs/f:
f s samples / sec samples
 
f cycles / sec cycle

Special case with multiple frequency components in the x(t)

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 Analog reconstruction and aliasing

Define also the following family of sinusoids, for m in integer

And its sampled version

Using the property fsT=1 and the trigonometric identity

x m (nT )  e 2j ( f  mfs )Tn  e 2jfTn e 2jmfsTn  e 2jfTn  x(nT )

f , f  f s , f  2 f s ,..., f  mf s ,...
Note that xm(t) are different from each other
but they have same samples:
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LPF as an ideal
reconstructor

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 Example
 As sinusoid f=10 Hz, sampled by fs=12Hz. The sampled
signal consists of periodic frequencies 10+m.12Hz, m = 0,
1, 2,… or: …, -26, -14, -2, 10, 22, 34, 46, … but only fa
= 10 mod(12) = 10 – 12 = -2 Hz in the range of Nyquist
interval [-6,6] Hz. So the reconstructed signal with –2 Hz
is not as the original one with 10 Hz.

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 Example: 5 signals are sampled by the rate 4Hz:
 sin(14t ), sin(6t ), sin(2t), sin(10t), sin(18t) (t second)
Let prove they are aliased each other due to their same
samples.
 Sol: The frequencies of the signals: -7, -3, 1, 5, 9 Hz. They
have the same periodic replication in multiples of fs=4Hz.
Writing the five frequencies compactly:
fm=1+4m, m=-2, -1, 0, 1, 2.
xm (t )  sin(2f mt )  sin( 2 (1  4m)t ), m  -2,-1,0,1,2
x m ( nT )  sin(2 (1  4m )nT )  sin(2 (1  4m )n / 4)
 sin(2n / 4  2mn)  sin(2n / 4)

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Example: x(t)=4+3cos(t)+2cos(2t)+cos(3t) t: in ms
Determine the min sampling rate without any aliasing effects
Supposed the signal sampled at half its Nyquist rate.
Determine xa(t) that would be aliased with x(t).
Sol:
Freq. of 4 terms: f1=0, f2=0.5kHz, f3=1kHz,f4=1.5kHz
Example: The square wave sampled at rate fs; t in seconds

Determine the xa(t) that will appear at the output of the

reconstructor for 2 cases fs=4Hz and 8Hz.
Sol:
Fourier series of square wave contains odd harmonics at freq.
For fs =4kHz, the aliased signal will be

For fs =8kHz, the aliased signal will be

•The first case: Sketch for xa(t)
Condition xa(t)=x(nT) evalued at n=1 implies A=1

•The second case: xa(t)=Bsin(n/4)+Csin(3n/4)

Condition xa(t)=x(nT) at n=1,2 give two equations
Example: A given x(t), t in ms and a block of DSP

Determine the y(t) and ya(t) in the following cases:

a. When there is no prefilter, that is, H(f)=1 for all f
b. When H(f) is the ideal filter with cutoff fs/2=20kHz
c. When H(f) is a practical prefilter as follows,
Sol: Six terms of freq. in x(t)
Case a.

Case b.
Case c.
5. Spectra of sampled signals

 Sampled signal: xˆ ( t )   x(nT ) (t  nT )
n  

 In practical sampling, the sampled signal:


x flat ( t )   x(nT ) p(t  nT )
n  

 where, p(t) is flat-top pulse of duration  second.

Ideal sampling with  toward 0.
x ( nT ) ( t  nT )
xˆ ( t ) xflat (t) x ( nT ) p( t  nT )

0 T 2T …. nT t
0 T 2T …. nT t
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 Discrete Time Fourier Transform DTFT

or

This approximation become exact if

Practical approximation
Spectrum Replication

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Aliasing caused by overlapping spectral replicas

Ideal antialiasing prefilter

Practical antialiasing prefilter

Attenuation in dB
6. Analog signal reconstruction

Staircase reconstructor

Analog reconstructor as a low pass filter

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Reconstructed analog signal

yˆ (t )   y(nT ) (t  nT )
n  


y a (t )   y(nT )h(t  nT )
n  


y a (t )   y(nT )h(t  nT )
n  

Y a ( f )  H ( f )Yˆ ( f )

Replicated spectrum

1
Yˆ ( f )   Y ( f  mfs )
T m
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Ideal reconstructor
Staircase reconstructor
Anti-image postfilter
Digital equalization filter for D/A conversion