STYLISTICS AND LEVELS

OF LANGUAGE

Prepared by;
Carmelita L. Dasalla, LPT
 GRAPHOLOGY

 It is the study of hand writing.

For example as a way of learning more
about somebody's character through his
writing: contracted forms, commas,
stops, question marks etc.
 PHONOLOGY

 It is the study of sound system of a language

and also describes formal rules of
pronunciation. The phonological analysis
focuses on the analyzing sound patterns,
utterance of different words and forming
systemic use of sound in language in order to
know about the meaning, ideas, focuses and
idiosyncratic behaviors in a text. The
phonological devices are alliteration,
repetition, consonance, assonance etc
 GRAMMATICAL LEVEL
1.Morphological level
2. Syntactic level
 Grammatical level includes grammar, parts
of speech, clauses and phrases used in
writing. It helps us to find out subtleties of
time, place and about what is done, what is
going to be and what was in the past.
Through grammatical analysis of text we can
know the author’s intended meanings and
foreshadowing meanings and events.
 LEXICAL

 Lexical are total amount of vocabulary

items and use of words in a piece of text.
Lexical level: it includes the study of
individual words and idioms in different
linguistics contexts. It involves the study of
semantics, word formation, and
morphology.
 SEMANTICS

 Semantics is the study of, meanings in a

language. Meanings are judged through
the analysis of context, social and
individual point of views. Pragmatics is
also a branch of semantics which allow us
to find out the hidden meanings to be
judged by the reader through the
environment created by the poet in a
poem.
 PRAGMATICS

 Pragmatics is the study of invisible

meaning in a piece of text spoken or
written. It discusses how we recognize the
invisible meanings in a text. It is the
context based study including linguistic
context, thematic context, pre-existing
knowledge and physical context of the
text.
 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

 It is the study of text language and

conversations. When we concentrate in
linguistic description we focus on accurate
representation of form and meaning
within the text. It also provides us chance
to create a complex interpretation of a
simple discourse and simple interpretation
of a complex language in order to facilitate
the readers.
EXAMPLES OF
GRAPHOLOGICAL FEATURES:
1. Rhyme scheme
2. Hyphens
3. Unusual capitalization
4. Frequent use of a particular
word/s
5. Contractions/ contracted forms
6. Punctuations
7. Spelling
 PHONOLOGICAL FEATURES

 End rhyme
 Alliteration
 Assonance
 Onomatopoeic words
 Tone of the author
 GRAMMATICAL FEATURES
 Structural and lexical features
1. Word classes or parts of speech
2. Nouns to interjections
3. Use of verbals
4. Coinages
5. Unfamiliar expressions
6. Connotations
7. Colloquial references
8. Compounding
 PRAGMATIC FEATURES
Quotations
 Deixis -these are some expressions that cannot be
understood without the knowledge of context and
physical context of speaker.
 Person deixis: These are used to point things and
people.
Examples of person deixis are : “Whose, her, his
,their ,him, this”
 Temporal deixis: They point to time. Examples: “whole
time, till, then, soon”
 Spatial deixis: They are used to point location.
Examples are where, there, here, etc
 PRAGMATIC FEATURES
 Inference: it is more dependent upon the
reader’s ability to understand the things than his
dictionary knowledge of words and language.
 Anaphora: when we refer back to the situation,
things, person, events.
 Cataphora: refers to an expression or subject
which is used afterward.
 Repetition: a device that repeats the same
words or phrases a few times to make an idea
clearer.
 Presuppositions: an implicit assumption
about the world or background belief relating
to an utterance whose truth is taken for
granted in discourse.
Eg. Jane no longer writes fiction.

 This statement presupposes that Jane wrote

fiction before.