Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Mechanics of Machining
Lecture No. 3 : On Tool Geometry
Instructional objectives (contents) :
(a) learn
  geometry of single point turning tools
(i) concept of rake and clearance angles
(ii) systems of description of tool geometry
(b) Study and show tool geometry
(i) Machine Reference System (ASA)
(ii) Tool Reference System
• Orthogonal rake system (ORS)
• Normal Rake system (NRS)
(c) Designate tool geometry in :
 ASA system  ORS and  NRS
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(a) Learning Geometry of SPTT

• Material and geom. of tools – equally important
• Those play important roles on
Effectiveness, effici. and econ. of machining
• Tool geometry substantially affects :
— mechanism & mechanics of chip formation
— cutting temperature and wear
— tool life and products accuracy and finish
Cutting tools may be –
• single point – e.g., turning, shaping, boring, etc.
• double point – e.g., drills.
• multipoint – e.g., milling cutters, hobs, etc.
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(a) Geometry of SPTT - continued

(i) Concept of rake and clearance angles
• Tool geometry refers to some specific angles
or slopes of its salient faces and edges
• Rake angle and clearance angle – most imp.
• Illustration of rake and clearance of SPTT.

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(i) Concept of rake and clearance angles – contd.

• Definition of
Rake angle :

clearance angle :

• Sign of rake and clearance angles

VC VC
VC
R R R

=0 -

VC + VC

+ + + 4
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(ii) Reference systems of description of tool geom.

• Tool – in – Hand system
• Machine Reference System – ASA system
• Tool Reference system
 Orthogonal Rake System (ORS)
 Normal Rake System (NRS)
• Work Reference System – WRS
Tool – in – Hand system :
rake surface

principal cutting
Auxiliary cutting edge
edge
Tool nose
principal flank
Auxiliary flank (clearance) surface
(clearance) surface
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(b) Study of Tool Geometry
(i) Express in Machine Reference System (ASA)
Zm
Ym
Ym

Xm
Xm

R X
Y

feed

Planes of reference: axes:

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Tool Geometry in
Machine Reference System - continued

Definitions

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Tool geometry in ASA system
Definition of the tool in ASA system :
• Rake angles,  :
x = side rake: angle of inclination of the rake
surface from the reference plane (R) and
measured on Machine longitudinal Plane, X.
y = back rake: rake angle measured on Machine
Transverse plane Y.

• Clearance angles,  :
x = side clearance: angle of inclination of the
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principal flank from VC and measured on X plane.
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Tool geometry in ASA system - continued

• Cutting angles :
s = approach angle: inclination of PCE(principle
cutting edge) from Y
and measured on R
e = end cutting edge angle: inclination of ACE
from X and measured onR

• Nose radius = r (in inch)

r = radius of curvature of the tool nose
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(ii) Study of Tool geometry in Tool Ref. System

• Orthogonal Rake System, ORS : - ISO-old
Zo

Yo
Yo Xo
Xo

C

R

Planes of Ref. : Axes :

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Tool geometry in ORS – continued

Aux. Orth. rake

Definitions
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Tool geometry in ORS - continued
Definition of –
• Rake angles
o = orthogonal rake measured on o
 = inclination angle; measured on C
 
• Clearance angles
o = orthogonal clearance; measured on o
o' = aux. orthogonal clearance: refers to ACE
 
• Cutting angles
 = principal CE angle: angle bet. C and X
1= auxiliary CE angle: refers to ACE 12
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(b) Study of Tool Geometry
(ii) Tool Reference System
• Normal Rake System, NRS – ISO New
Characteristics of NRS :
• advantages over ASA and ORS
— ASA system is conv. only for inspection
— ORS is conv. for analysis & research
but does not reveal the true geometry
& needs addn.corrections for regrinding
— NRS gives true geom. & need no correc.
• In ORS  &  are measured in o but in NRS,
on n (plane perp. to cutting edge only)
• when  = 0; ORS and NRS become same
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Normal Rake System NRS - contd.

See further in the next diagram.

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Yn Zo Zn
n (B-B)
Zn
n
Yo

n Z Yo Xo, Xn
o
o (A-A)
Yn
o 
o o
B
n  o 
A
A

B
R C n
R

(a)
(b) 15
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(c) Designation (specification) of tool geometry

of single point turning tools
• In ASA System –
(back rack)y , (side rake) x ,
(back clearance)y , (side clearance)x ,
(end cutting edge angle)e , (approach angle) s , (nose radius) r (inch)
 
• In ORS System –
(inclination) , (orthogonal rake)o , (orthogonal clearance) o
(aux ortho clearance) o', (aux cutting edge angle) 1 ,
(principle cutting edge angle)  , r (mm)
• In NRS System –

 , n , n , n', 1 ,  , r (mm)
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