Prepared by: Ms.

Williams
What is Code-switching?
What is Code-switching?
When it occurs?
Examples of code-switching:

1. If you have an exam next week, şimdiden çalışmaya

başlamalısın. (English + Turkish)
2. Gracias for the lovely gift. Está awesome! (Spanish +
English)
3. Pwede ba tayo mag dinner sa Barney's Burgers later? I want
protein! (Tagalog + English)
4. Are we eating chez ta mère demain? (English + French)
5. Saweyti l-homework tabaa’ik? (Arabic + English)
6. Nó còng đang celebrate cái sinh nhật. (Vietnamese +
English)
7. Ní yào qù get pizza with me ma? (Mandarin + English)
Nicknames for code-switching:
Types of Code Switching

1. Inter-Sentential
In inter-sentential code switching, the language switch is done
at sentence boundaries—words or phrases at the beginning or
end of a sentence. This type is seen most often in fluent
bilingual speakers.
For example: 
If you are late for the job interview, işe alınmazsın.
Types of Code Switching

2. Intra-Sentential
In intra-sentential code switching, the shift is done in the middle
of a sentence, with no interruptions, hesitations, or pauses to
indicate a shift. The speaker is usually unaware of the shift.
For example: 
You are sleepy coğu zaman, because you spend a lot of saat in
your bed. Different types of switches occur within the clause
level and within the word level.
Types of Code Switching
3. Extra-Sentential or Tag Switching
This is the switching of either a single word or a tag phrase (or
both) from one language to another. This type is common in intra-
sentential switches. It involves the insertion of a tag from one
language into an utterance in another language.

For example:
"Él es de Oaxaca y así los criaron a ellos, if you know what I
mean." Another example is how Turkish students use some
boundary words like ama (but) or yani (I mean) while speaking
English
Does the Term "Code Switching" Refer Only to
Speech, or Does It Include Actions Also?

Since its inception, the term "code switching" has expanded to

encapsulate any situation in which speakers finds themselves
switching from one accepted vocabulary, cadence, style, or set of
rules to another. For example, you'd probably speak to a
potential employer differently than you would address a close
friend, so you might switch from casual language to professional-
speak in certain settings. Another example is how many African
Americans describe playing different roles in different settings
and with different micro-cultures, and talk about how they must
be very careful to speak with an academic vocabulary and
cadence in any interaction with a police officer.
 Reasons Speakers Use Code Switching
There are a number of possible reasons for switching from one language to another;
three are described below.

1. To Fulfill a Need.
 A speaker who may not be able to express
him/herself in one language might switch to another
to compensate for the deficiency. As a result, the
speaker may be triggered into speaking in the other
language for a while. This type of code switching
tends to occur when the speaker is upset, tired, or
distracted in some manner, or when they are less
fluent in one language.
 Reasons Speakers Use Code Switching
There are a number of possible reasons for switching from one language to another;
three are described below.

2. To Express Solidarity. 
Switching also commonly occurs when an individual
wishes to express solidarity with a particular social
group. Rapport is established between the speaker
and the listener when the listener responds with a
similar switch.
 Reasons Speakers Use Code Switching
There are a number of possible reasons for switching from one language to another;
three are described below.

3. To Exclude Others. 
Code switching may also be used to exclude others from a
conversation who do not speak the second language. For
example, if two people in an elevator in an English-speaking
place spoke Spanish, then not only would the others on that
elevator who do not speak Spanish would be excluded from
the conversation, but also a degree of comfort and intimacy
would be established between the Spanish-speakers due to
the fact that not all those present in the elevator can listen to
their conversation.
 Is Code Switching a Bad Thing?

 As Skiba (1997) comments, code switching is not

a language interference on the basis that it
supplements speech. Where it is used due to an
inability of expression, code switching provides
continuity in speech rather than presenting an
interference in language.
 When is code switching helpful?
1. The socio-linguistic benefits of code switching include
communicating solidarity with or affiliation to a particular
social group, so code switching can be viewed as a
means of providing a linguistic advantage rather than an
obstruction to communication.
2. Furthermore, code switching allows a speaker to convey
more nuanced attitudes and emotions by choosing from
a bigger pool of words that is available to a bilingual
person, much like how one might use font, bolding, or
underlining in a text document to emphasize points.
3. Utilizing the second language, then, allows speakers to
increase the impact of their speech and use it in a more
effective manner.
When is code switching harmful?
If a dominant culture requires all citizens
to conform to the dominant language and
manner of speaking, or if subcultures are
punished in any way for not conforming
completely to the language majority, this is
harmful.
Code Switching as a Language Interference

 In certain settings, code switching might be a barrier to

communication rather than an aid. In the classroom, for
example, code switching can be seen as language interference
since it might impede learning. Although students may see
code switching as an acceptable form of communication in
society and may feel comfortable switching languages in
everyday normal conversation, in some other settings, this type
of communication would put those who are not bilingual at a
disadvantage, because they would not be able to understand.
Therefore, code switching can be both beneficial and a
possible language interference, depending on the situation and
the context in which it occurs.
Reference:
1. https://www.slideshare.net/ASMMustafizur/presentation-on-c
ode-switching-60267258
THE END