ACUTE INFLAMMATION

PRACTICAL # 05
DEFINITION:
• A protective reaction of tissue to irritation,
injury, or infection, which serves to destroy,
dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and
the injured tissues.
• Cardinal signs:
It is characterized by pain, heat redness,
swelling, and sometimes loss of function.
Heat Redness Swelling Pain Loss of function
Components of Inflammation
COMPONENTS:
• Circulating cells
• Circulating proteins
• Connective tissue cells
• Extracellular matrix
• Blood vessel cells
Physiological responses:
Symptoms:
• Release of soluble mediators • Heat
• Vasodilation • Redness
• Increased blood flow • Swelling
• Extravasation of fluid • Pain
(permeability)
• Cellular influx (chemotaxis)
• Elevated cellular metabolism
 ACUTE INFLAMMATION
• Immediate and early response to injury
designed to deliver leukocytes to sites of
injury.
• Three components
1.Neurological response
2.Vascular response
3.Cellular response
I. NEUROLOGIC RESPONSE
Sympathetic nervous system,causes constriction of blood vessels
only for few seconds.

II. VASCULAR RESPONSE

a. vasodilation (increased blood flow)

b. increased capillary permeability)

Triple response
1) 3-50 sec: thin red line (vasodilation of capillaries)
2) 30-60 sec: flush (vasodilation of arterioles)
3) 1-5 min: wheal (increased vascular
permeability,edema)
III.CELLULAR RESPONSE
a. Margination and rolling
b. Adhesion and trasmigration
c. Chemotaxis and activation
d. Phagocytosis
STAGES OF INFLAMMATION
PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION

1.SEROUS INFLAMMATION
One producing a serous exudate (watery,protein poor fluid) and fluid
in serous cavity is called Effusion.e.g skin blisters from burn or viral
infections.

2.SUPPURATIVE/PURULENT INFLAMMATION 
One marked by (purulent exudate) pus formation.

3.ULCERATIVE INFLAMMATION 
That in which necrosis on or near the surface leads to loss of tissue
and creation of a local defect (ulcer).

4.FIBRINOUS INFLAMMATION
Severe vascular injuries cause fibrinogen to pass the endothelial cells.
SEROUS INFLAMMATION
PATHOLOGIC INFLAMMATION

Inflammatory abnormalities are a large group of disorders

which underlie a vast variety of human diseases.

The immune system is often involved with inflammatory

disorders, demonstrated in both allergic reactions and some
myopathies, with many immune system disorders resulting in
abnormal inflammation.

Non-immune diseases with etiological origins in inflammatory

processes include cancer, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart
disease.
 
EXAMPLES OF ACUTE
INFLAMATION:
• Reperfusion injury
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Inflammatory bowel diseases
• Asthma
• Autoimmune diseases
• Glomerulonephritis
• Hypersensitivities
• Vasculitis
Acute Appendicitis

1. Gross
The Appendix becomes
red,
swollen and
covered with exudates
HISTOLOGY OF NORMAL APPENDIX
Acute appendicitis:

2. Microscopic
Acute appendicitis is marked by
•Mucosal ulceration.
•Neutrophils are present throughout all the layers from
mucosa to sub serosa.
Here, the mucosa shows ulceration and undermining
by an extensive neutrophilic exudate
Neutrophils extend into and through the wall of the
appendix in a case of acute appendicitis.