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Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9 Ed
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9 Ed
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
The Capacitor
Conductors Dielectric
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
The Capacitor
VV SS D ie le c t ric
The charging ++
+ ++
Le a d s
process… ++ + + +
+ ++ P la t e s
++
++ + +
+
Initially
Source
Fully
Charging
charged
removed
uncharged + +
+
++ +
+ + E le c t r o n s
+ +
+
+ + + B
AA A + BB
+
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Capacitance
Capacitance is the ratio of charge to voltage
Q
C
V
Rearranging, the amount of charge on a
capacitor is determined by the size of the
capacitor (C) and the voltage (V).
Q CV
If a 22 F capacitor is connected to
a 10 V source, the charge is 220 C
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Capacitance
An analogy:
Imagine you store rubber bands in a
bottle that is nearly full.
You could store more rubber bands
(like charge or Q) in a bigger bottle
(capacitance or C) or if you push them
in with more force (voltage or V).
Thus,
Q CV
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Capacitance
A capacitor stores energy in the form of an electric field
that is established by the opposite charges on the two
plates. The energy of a charged capacitor is given by the
equation
1
W CV 2
2
where
W = the energy in joules
C = the capacitance in farads
V = the voltage in volts
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Capacitance
The capacitance of a capacitor depends on
three physical characteristics.
A
C 8.85 1012 F/m r
d
C is directly proportional to
the relative dielectric constant
and the plate area.
C is inversely proportional to
the distance between the plates
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Capacitance
Find the capacitance of a 4.0 cm diameter
sensor immersed in oil if the plates are
separated by 0.25 mm. r 4.0 for oil
r A 12
C 8.85 10 F/m
d
The plate area is A πr 0.02 m 1.26 10 m
2 2 3
2
3
The distance between the plates is 0.25 10 m
4.0 1.26 10 3 m 2
C 8.85 1012 F/m 178 pF
0.25 103 m
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Capacitor types
Mica
Mica capacitors are small with high working voltage.
The working voltage is the voltage limit that cannot
be exceeded.
F o il
M ic a
F o il
M ic a
F o il
M ic a
F o il
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Capacitor types
Ceramic disk
Ceramic disks are small nonpolarized capacitors They
have relatively high capacitance due to high r.
L e a d w ire s o ld e re d
t o s ilv e r e le c t ro d e
S o ld e r
D ip p e d p h e n o lic c o a t in g
C e r a m ic
d ie le c t ric S ilv e r e le c t r o d e s d e p o s it e d o n
t o p a n d b o t t o m o f c e ra m ic d is k
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Capacitor types
Plastic Film
Plastic film capacitors are small and nonpolarized. They
have relatively high capacitance due to larger plate area.
H ig h - p u r it y
f o il e le c t ro d e s
P la s t ic f ilm
d ie le c t ric
O u t e r w ra p o f
p o ly e s t e r f ilm
C a p a c it o r s e c t io n
( a lt e rn a t e s t rip s o f
f ilm d ie le c t r ic a n d
L e a d w ir e f o il e le c t ro d e s )
S o ld e r c o a t e d e n d
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Capacitor types
Electrolytic (two types)
Electrolytic capacitors have very high capacitance but
they are not as precise as other types and tend to have
more leakage current. Electrolytic types are polarized.
_
Al electrolytic
Ta electrolytic
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Capacitor types
Variable
Variable capacitors typically have small capacitance
values and are usually adjusted manually.
A solid-state device that is used as a variable
capacitor is the varactor diode; it is adjusted with an
electrical signal.
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Capacitor labeling
Capacitors use several labeling methods. Small
capacitors values are frequently stamped on them such
as .001 or .01, which have units of microfarads.
Electrolytic capacitors have larger
values, so are read as F. The unit is usually
VTT
stamped as F, but some older ones may be
VT T
shown as MF or MMF).
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Capacitor labeling
A label such as 103 or 104 is read as 10x103
(10,000 pF) or 10x104 (100,000 pF)
respectively. (Third digit is the multiplier.)
When values are marked as 330 or 6800, the
units are picofarads.
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Series capacitors
When capacitors are connected in series, the total
capacitance is smaller than the smallest one. The
general equation for capacitors in series is
1
CT
1 1 1 1
...
C1 C2 C3 CT
The total capacitance of two series capacitors is
1
CT
1 1
C1 C2
…or you can use the product-over-sum rule
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Series capacitors
C 1 C 2
0 .0 0 1 µ F 800 pF
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Parallel capacitors
When capacitors are connected in parallel, the total
capacitance is the sum of the individual capacitors.
The general equation for capacitors in parallel is
CT C1 C2 C3 ...Cn
If a 0.001 F capacitor is
C C
connected in parallel with 1 2
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
V f in a l
Capacitors in dc circuits
When a capacitor is charged
through a series resistor and
0 t
dc source, the charging curve ( a ) C a p a c it o r c h a rg in g v o lt a g e
is exponential.
R I in it ia l
0 t
( b ) C h a rg in g c u r re n t
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
V in it ia
Capacitors in dc circuits l
( a ) C a p a c it o r d is c h a r g in g v o lt a g e
exponential. (Note that the
current is negative.)
R I in it ia l
0 t
( b ) D is c h a rg in g c u rre n t
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Capacitors in dc circuits
VS
The same shape curves are
seen if a square wave is
used for the source.
What is the shape of the VC
current curve?
R
C
V S VR
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Universal exponential curves
Specific values for 100%
98%
99%
95%
current and voltage 86%
80%
can be read from a Rising exponential
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Universal exponential curves
The universal curves can be applied to general formulas for
the voltage (or current) curves for RC circuits. The general
voltage formula is
v =VF + (Vi VF)et/RC
VF = final value of voltage
Vi = initial value of voltage
v = instantaneous value of voltage
The final capacitor voltage is greater than the initial
voltage when the capacitor is charging, or less that the
initial voltage when it is discharging.
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Capacitive reactance
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Capacitive phase shift
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Power in a capacitor
Energy is stored by the capacitor during a portion of the ac
cycle and returned to the source during another portion of
the cycle.
Voltage and current are always 90o out of phase.
For this reason, no true power is dissipated by a capacitor,
because stored energy is returned to the circuit.
The rate at which a capacitor stores or returns
energy is called reactive power. The unit for reactive
power is the VAR (volt-ampere reactive).
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Summary
Switched capacitors
Switched capacitors move charge in a specific time interval
between two points that are different voltages. The
switched capacitors emulate a resistor with a value of
R=1/fC. Switched capacitors are widely used in certain
types of integrated circuits because they can be made very
small, have virtually no drift, and do not dissipate heat.
0 T/ 2 T
Position 1 Position 1 Position 1
I1 1 2
V1 V2
+ C +
- - Position 2 Position 2
0 T /2 T
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Selected Key Terms
Capacitor An electrical device consisting of two conductive
plates separated by an insulating material and
possessing the property of capacitance.
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 12
Quiz
Answers:
1. c 6. a
2. b 7. c
3. c 8. d
4. b 9. d
5. a 10. d
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved