A-RAKE Technology and System P

erformance
Contents

★ Technology background
★ Overview of ARAKE technology
★ System/terminal support condition
★ Simulation results
★ Lab performance verification
★ Field ARAKE commercial performance
★ Commercial conclusion & promotion suggestions
Technology Background

WCDMA system is interference –limited in uplink. The interference exists among multi-
paths of the same user.

3GPP R6 allows minimum SF=2, in 3GPP R7 adds 16QAM technology in

order to let WCDMA support high uplink direction and supports bigger
data rate in uplink direction. transport block.

The gain of RAKE receiver is not sufficient to offset ISI

caused by multi-path interference. So, it is impossible to
achieve high transmission rate in fading environment

ARAKE receiver is developed for the purpose of interference suppression. It uses multi-
path correlation to suppress interference. So it can improve SNR, and has better
performance than RAKE receiver.

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 Overview of ARAKE Technology
Finger Process
w1*
Finger 1

Channel delay Spreading waveform y  d1 

d1 correlator

Finger 2

rt  Channel delay Spreading waveform y d 2  z

d2 correlator

w2*

Finger N

Channel delay Spreading waveform y d N 

dN correlator

w*N
Structure of RAKE Receiver

RAKE receiver is the best matched filter under white Gaussian noise. It takes interference as
whit e noise. However, it’s not the case under colored noise. ARAKE is introduced to reject
multipath interference. It treats interference as colored noise.
Through the correlation calculation among multipath signals, ARAKE rejects the multipath
interference, reduces mean square error and improves better performance.

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 Overview of ARAKE Technology
RAKE Receiver

Useful Signal
Path1 n2 Path2
n1 x2
I1 Noise

I2 S2 Interference
x1
S1

Path 1 Path 2 (90 degrees rotated)

• RAKE receiver considers that the multi-paths are time diversity. The interference of
different finger has no dependence.
• User Signal Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is the best choice. Combining weight
is equal to the channel fading coefficient.
• RAKE aligns the phase of different multipath and then combines the signals
according to power of each finger.

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Overview of ARAKE Technology

…0
101
1 0… …010110…
+
…010110… .010110…
…010110… ||
..0111010…

In high data rate, the multi-path

interference becomes more serious. Demodulation ×
The noise path is used for inter-path Demodulation ×
interference cancellation. Noise Path Generation Demodulation ×
Weight calculation is based on Demodulation ×
minimum mean square
error(MMSE).
Weight

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 Overview of ARAKE Technology
ARAKE Receiver

Path1 n2 Path2
n1 x2 Useful Signal
I1
I2 S2 Noise
x1
S1 Interference

Path 1 Path2 (180 degrees

rotated)

• ARAKE does not regard the interference of different finger as independent

multivariable White Gaussian Noise. ARAKE calculates the covariance matrix of
multipath signals , then gets the combining weight based on minimum mean square
error.
• ARAKE enhances the multipath delay selection function. The fingers which are
assigned different multipath delay are used for demodulating desired signal and
reducing mean square error.
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 A-RAKE and IC Relationship

RAKE/A-RAKE RAKE/A-RAKE

Original Antenna Data Interference

Cancellation

Delay τ00 Delay τnn

ARAKE and IC Relation:

• ARAKE aims to eliminate the interference Demodulation Demodulation

due to multipath effects of the same user

in the cell to improve the user’s SNR . ……
Decoding Decoding
With multipath effects, there is no
interference between two channels
because of different OVSF code;
• IC aims to cancel the interference Reconstruction Reconstruction

among different users in the same cell to

1st group demodulation Nth group demodulation
improve every users’ SNR.
• The inter-cell interference is regarded as
white noise in ARAKE and IC.

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System/terminal Support Condition

Network elements Support version

RNC 3.11 and above
NodeB 4.11.10.14 and above
UE No special requirements

Only BPK board supports ARAKE technology, BPC doesn’t support.

ARAKE can be enabled independently, it doesn’t rely on any other feature.

ARAKE receiver starting condition is SF =[2 2] or [2 2 4 4].

If TTI=10ms ， the gain of ARAKE receiver isn’t obvious. ARAKE receiver only
supports TTI=2ms.

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Simulation Results-FRC3
FRC3, PA3 FRC3, PB3
1 1
3GPP 3GPP
0.9 RAKE 0.9 RAKE
ARAKE ARAKE
0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
BLER

BLER
0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0 0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
EcN0(dB) EcN0(dB)

FRC3, VA30
1
3GPP
0.9 RAKE

0.8
ARAKE
[Simulation conclusion]
0.7 If there are many paths in fading
0.6
channel, ARAKE receiver can suppress
inter-path interference effectively, then
BLER

0.5
obtains better performance than RAKE
0.4 receiver. In PA3, the searcher often gets
0.3 only one path, the inter-path
0.2
interference is not big, the advantage
of ARAKE receiver isn’t obvious.
0.1

0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
EcN0(dB)

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Simulation Results-FRC8_boosting
FRC8 boosting, PA3 FRC8 boosting, PB3
1 1
3GPP
0.9 RAKE 0.9
ARAKE 3GPP
0.8 0.8
RAKE
0.7 0.7 ARAKE

0.6 0.6

BLER
BLER

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
EcN0(dB) EcN0(dB)

FRC8 boosting, VA30

1

0.9

0.8 [Simulation conclusion]

3GPP
0.7
RAKE
For FRC8, because minimal spread
0.6 ARAKE factor (SF=2) and bigger transmit block
(16QAM) are used, the RAKE receiver
BLER

0.5
can’t meet the 3GPP’s requirements.
0.4
However, the performance can be
0.3 improved largely if ARAKE receiver is
0.2 used. And it brings much more gain
0.1
compared to 3GPP’s requirements .
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
EcN0(dB)

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 Lab Performance Verification
Throughput(Mbps)

ARAKE Gain Test [Test condition]

ARAKE Single user in a cell
4.5
3.92
RAKE Free scheduling , receive diversity
4 3.68
NHR=0.1~0.3
3.5 3.37
3.11 ROT=6dB
3 2.86 2.79
2.56
Peak rate: 5.76Mbps
2.41
2.5

1.5

1
[Test conclusion]
In the lab environment, with the same
0.5
ROT configuration, the gain of ARAKE
0 receiver is high up to 21.4%.
PA3 gain: PB3 gain: VA3 gain: VA30 gain:
6.5% 18.6% 20.7% 21.4%

Channel Mode

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Commercial Performance – Field CQT (Call Qua
lity Test) Result
[Test condition]
Dual-antenna cell
NHR=0.1~0.3
ROT=24dB
Good radio environment: there is a
visible direct path from UE to
NodeB’s antenna
Poor radio environment: there is no
direct path from UE to NodeB’s
antenna; it is strong scattering
environment
Mobile radio environment: walking
speed

[Test conclusion]
In the good radio environment with
direct path, the gain of ARAKE is
very small; in the poor environment
with multi-path or mobile radio
environment, the gain of ARAKE is
obvious.

13
Commercial Performance – Explanation of Field C
onfiguration

[Site configuration]
Choose eights sites from a commercial network. Enable ARAKE function: four sites with high load, the other four sites with low
load.

[Data selection]
Select the KPI data during busy hours (19:00 to 22:00) from four high-load sites and make analysis .

[Statistical principle]
Compare two groups of KPI data of the sites during the same time, one is obtained before ARAKE is enabled, the other is
obtained after ARAKE is enabled.
Operate linear & curve fitting on linear ROT and throughput. The bigger the slope of the curve is, the higher throughput rate the
same ROT can provide.
Compare the slope of two fitting curves , then obtain the ARAKE gain.

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Commercial Performance - High-load Site Busy-Hour Sta
tistics Over a Week
ROT VS Throughput (NodeB 1,Gain=37.16%) ROT VS Throughput (NodeB2 ,Gain=15.97%)
250 250
ARAKE OFF ARAKE OFF
ARAKE OFF ARAKE OFF
PS HSUPA traffic UL Throughput(MAC)(KB/s)

PS HSUPA traffic UL Throughput(MAC)(KB/s)

ARAKE ON ARAKE ON
200 200
ARAKE ON ARAKE ON

150 150

100 100

50 50

0 0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
ROT(dB) ROT(dB)

ROT VS Throughput (NodeB 3,Gain=20.1%) ROT VS Throughput (NodeB 4,Gain=19.48%)

200 250
ARAKE OFF ARAKE OFF
180 ARAKE OFF ARAKE OFF
PS HSUPA traffic UL Throughput(MAC)(KB/s)

PS HSUPA traffic UL Throughput(MAC)(KB/s)

ARAKE ON ARAKE ON
160 200
ARAKE ON ARAKE ON
140

120 150

100

80 100

60

40 50

20

0 0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
ROT(dB) ROT(dB)

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Commercial Performance- Field Test Overall Performance
PS
Cell HSUPA Cell UL Average Number
Call Setup Dropped Traffic Traffic of Traffic of traffic UL Traffic of including only
ARAKE Cell
Success call rate Volume, HSDPA HSUPA Through Volume, HSDPA + HSUPA ROT(dB)
Status Load
rate(%) (%) speech (Erl) (Erl) put(MAC PS(FP) users in the best
(Erl) ) (KB) cell(Piece)
(KB/s)

Off 0.993 0.004 0.68 3.81 4.22 12.69 49151 3.28 0.91 18.8%

On 0.993 0.0038 0.71 4.15 4.66 15.05 55189 3.63 1.07 21.8%

Gain 4.5% 8.9% 10.4% 18.6% 12.3% 10.5% 15.5%

[Data sources]
Enable ARAKE function in eight sites. Compare two groups of 3-week KPI data, one is obtained before ARAKE function
is enabled, the other is obtained after the function is enabled.

[Statistical results]
UPA UL throughput increases by 18.6%, the cell load increases by 15.5%, i.e. throughput has bigger increase than cell
Load . And call setup success rate and dropped call rate do not change obviously.

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Configuration of ARAKE Function

It is very simple to enable ARAKE

function, what you need is to configure
CMX at OMMB side.
The configuration operation is: from
menu bar, click “SDR Configuration
Management”->“CMX-OMCB”,
Then choose the sites to be modified.
As seen from the left table, click the
NodeBFunction worksheet, change the
default value from 0 to 1 in
enableARake cell. In this way, the ARAKE
switch is enabled. To be noticed that
only when SF=[2 2] or [2 2 4 4], the user
can be switched to ARAKE.

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Commercial Conclusion & Promotion Suggestions
Commercial conclusion
ARAKE receiver technology in uplink has been fully verified in both commercial sites and laboratory test. Viewing the
performance, we know that:
1. The overall KPI conforms to expectation, all basic indexes such as call setup success rate and dropped call rate don’t
become worse. It has no negative impact on system performance.
2. ARAKE receiver can improve the performance of high- load sites as well as the capacity of uplink. Under the
condition of the same ROT, it can achieve higher transmission rate.
3. Viewing from the entire network, we find that the overall performance can be improved by more than 10%. In high
traffic scenario or during busy time, ARAKE gain is obvious.
4. ARAKE can improve use experience of the UEs with high throughput rate.
5. ARAKE receiver technology in uplink has passed commercial network test. The technology is matured, and the
performance gain is considerable. It can be deployed in a large scale.

Suggestions of the commercial promotion

1. Activate ARAKE function .

2.ARAKE is based on BPK.

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 Thanks!

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