ROTARY ENDODONTICS

Guided by:
Presented by:
Dr. Karunakar R.DEEPIKA
Dr.Raji.V.Solomon Pg 3rd yr
Dr sravan kumar
8/18/20 2
 CONTENTS : part 1
• Introduction
• History
• Rotary revolution
 Changes in files
 Changes in handpiece

• Nickel Titanium evolution

• Design features
• Classification
• Steel rotary instruments
 Gates glidden drills
 Peeso reamers
 LA axes burs
 Endo Eze AET
• Nickel titanium rotary
instruments
 Pathfile
 Profile
 Greater taper file
 Light speed
 Protaper
 K3
 Quantec
 Hero
 Race
 Endosequence
 Contents part 2
• Retreatment files
 Protaper universal
• Liberator
 D-race
• V taper
 Mtwo R
• Flex master
 R Endo
• M two
• Single file systems
• Systems with M wire
 Self adjusting file
technology : Vortex
 Twisted file
 One shape
Vortex blue
• Other advances in rotary endodontics
Protaper next
 Hyflex files
 I race
Greater taper X  Bio race
 Plastic files
8/18/20 5
Root canal shaping is one of the key steps in root INTRODUCTION
canal treatment .

8/18/20 6
 HISTORY

Author Year Invention

1885 Gates Glidden

Rollins 1899 The first contra-angle hand piece
kerr 1904 K files
1930 Endocursor handpiece
1958 Racer handpiece
Ingle & levine 1958 1st proposed standardization of instruments
Buehler & Wang 1960 Explained the superelasticity property of NiTi
1964 Geromatic hand piece
Anderson & Hilleman 1971 Porential application of NiTi in dentistry
Civjan & associates 1975 Ideal composition for NiTi instruments
 HISTORY

Author Year Invention

Walia 1988 Suggested use of NiTi in curved canals

1989 ANSI approval of ADA specification No:28 for

endodontic files & reamers

Wildey & Senic 1989 Introduced canal master system

Dr. Ben Jojnson 1993 Introduced Profile system

Stephen Buchanan 1996 Invented GT files

McSpadden 2000 The Quentec series 2000
 Author Year Invention

Dr.Clifford Ruddle, Prof 2001 Protaper system

Jone West & Prif. Pierre
Machtou

Dr. John McSpadden 2002 Sybron Endo K3

2006 Mtwo system

Yared et al 2008 Concept of Reciprocation
By Dentsply 2010 WaveOne & Reciproc
ROTARY REVOLUTION
Disadvantages of stainless steel instruments

• Increased number of instruments and

steps
• Increase time for canal preparation
• Each resultant shape is different
• Obturation is time consuming
• Increased chances for canal
transportation
• High level of procedural errors
• Coronal enlargement burs cause excessive
dentin removal
1959 –William J.Buehler
Nickel Titanium (NiTi)
Nitinol - Nickel Titanium Naval Ordinance
Laboratory

1971 – Andersen & Hillemen –

Orthodontics

1988 – Walia - Endodontics

 Super-elasticity
Properties
 Shape memory effect
 Better resistance to torsional fracture
 Low modulus of elasticity .
 METALLURGY OF NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS

• NiTi = 56% Ni + 45% Ti

• <2% substituted by Cobalt or Boron
•
• to increase surface hardness
•

• The resultant combination is a one-to-one atomic ratio

(equiatomic) of the major components (Ni and Ti).

14
• Other materials with superelastic properties

 Copper zinc,
 Copper aluminium,
 Gold cadmium,
 nickel nobidium

• But nickel titanium is the most biocompatible material &

excellent resistance to corrosion

8/18/20 15
 55 NiTi
(55% wt Ni)
NiTi
60 NiTi
(60% wt Ni)

• Shape memory effect of 60-Nitinol < 55-Nitinol

• Both are more resilient, tougher & have a lower

modulus of elasticity than stainless Steel

8/18/20 16
• shape memory : A shape-
memory alloy is an alloy that
"remembers" its original 
shape and that when
deformed returns to its pre-
deformed shape when heated.

• Superelasticity : Above its

transformation temperature,
Nitinol is superelastic, able to
withstand deformation when
a load is applied and return
to its original shape when the
load is removed.
8/18/20 17
• Superelasticity & shape memory

Application of
stress

Austenite phase Martensite phase

Accomodates greater
stress without increasing
the strain, making the
material more flexible
8/18/20 18
• Parent phase
• Stable, stronger
• Cubic lattice form
• At High temperature
• At lower stresses

• Daughter phase
• Weaker form
• Monoclinic hexagonal lattice
• At lower temperature
• At higher stresses
8/18/20 19
 Cooled

Heating

8/18/20 20
• = 17 c
CM Wire = 55 c

M-Wire = 50 c
Flexibili
R-Phase = 17 c
ty
Conventional NiTi = 16-31 c

8/18/20 21
 Less cutting
efficiency (60%)
Gives false sense of
security- doesn't
show any sign of
deformation

More flexible
More resistance to
fracture in clockwise
torsion
Better wear resistance
Less corrosive
8/18/20 22
 MANUFACTURING:

• Twisting, as it is done with stainless steel K files and K reamers, is

impossible due to the superelastic properties and the memory effect.

• Therefore, machining and grinding is the only way for NiTi.

• Exception- Twisted files

• Machining of the original NiTi wire should be conducted with carbide

burs or silicone carbide wheels under slow speeds.

8/18/20 23
 Strategies For Improved Niti Instruments :

Surface Treatment

 Electropolishing
 Ion implantation :
 Physical vapour deposition (PVD)-

8/18/20 24
 NiTi
• Softer than stainless steel
• Have low modulus of elasticity
• Not heat treatable
• Show super-elasticity & shape memory
• More flexible(2-3times of SS)
• Resist fracture
• Good corrosion resistant
• Better biocompatibility
• Cutting efficiency less
• Gives no indication of fracture
Stainless steel
• Harder than NiTi
• Have high modulus of elasticity
• Heat traetable
• Don’t show elasticiy & shape memory
• Not flexible
• Fracture easily
• Corrosion ressitance fair
• Biocompatibility fair
• Cutting efficiency more ( 60% more than
NiTi)
• Gives indication of fracture
Rotary revolution
Design features of rotary instruments :
 TAPER

• Amount of the file diameter that increases

each millimeter along its working surface
from tip towards the handle
Tapers can be :

• Same taper E.g.: - Profile.

• Varying taper E.g.: - Greater taper files (GT)
• Graduating taper E.g.: - Quantec
• Progressive taper E.g.: - Pro taper

significance of graduating taper & progressive taper-

 Each successive file only engages a minimal aspect of the canal wall, which
reduces frictional resistance and less torque, is required to run the file .
 RAKE ANGLE

• Angle formed by the leading edge and the

radius of the file when the file is sectioned
perpendicular to its long axis.

31
32
Clinical significance :

• Most conventional endodontic files utilize a

negative or “substantially neutral” rake
angle.
• An overly positive rake angle will result in
digging and gouging of the dentin.

33
K3, Protaper, Hero 642,
RaCe & Flex master.

Lite speed & GT rotary

system

Profile etc..
 Rake angle and cutting angle?

• The cutting angle (effective rake angle) is a better indication of the cutting ability of
a file

• Angle formed by the cutting(leading edge) and the radius when the file is sectioned
perpendicular to the cutting edge

• In some quantec files , a file may have a negative rake angle and a positive cutting
angle
• If the flutes of the file are symmetrical ,the rake angle and cutting angle will
essentially be the same

36
 RADIAL LAND
• A radial land is a surface that projects axially from the central
axis, between flutes, as far as the cutting edge.
• The best way to explain this is blade support. Blade support is
defined as the amount of material supporting the cutting blades
of the instrument. .

37
 Clinical significance :

The wider the radial land

, higher the frictional
resistance & greater
torque demands.

Instruments with
It is the combination of a
smaller diameter radial
non-cutting tip and
land and taper are better
radial land that keeps a
able to negotiate the
file centered in the canal.
curved canals.

Reduces tendency of file

Reduces propagation of to screw into the canal &
micro cracks on its contributes to the
circumference strength by adding mass
peripherally.
38
Types of radial land-

Full Radial Land-Profile Recessed Land- Quantec

Modified Radial Land- K3 No Radial Land- ProTaper

39
 HELICAL ANGLE

• Spiral angle
• The angle that the cutting
edge makes with the long
axis of the file.

40
Bigger this angle = Higher the
no.of striae, inc flexibility,
no.of contact points , cutting
efficiency & probability of
fracture .
Smaller the angle = lower
the no of striae, decreases
flexibility, contact points
& cutting efficiency
41
 Clinical
significance :
Constant helical angle :
Debris
accumulate,
“Screw in” effect.

Profile
Variable helical
angle : Debris will
be removed in a
more efficient
manner, No screw
in effect

Alternating
helical angle :
reduces rotational
torque, reduces the K3 , GT series ,
sucked in effect in
to the canal. Protaper,

42
 PITCH

• Pitch is the number of spirals or threads

per unit length

• The distance between the point on the

leading edge and the corresponding point
on the adjacent leading edge

• Smaller the pitch – More the spirals –

greater the helix angle.

• Variable pitch – different core taper and

external taper.
43
 Variable pitch & helical Variable Pitch & helical
angle and constant taper- angle and progressive taper-
RaCe, K3. Protaper

Variable Pitch & helical angle Constant pitch and same

and variable taper- GT taper- Profile

44
 FLUTE
• Groove in working surface used to collect soft tissue and dentin chips
removed from the wall of canal

• Effectiveness of flute–

Depth Width Configuration Surface finish

45
 Clinical significance :

• Flutes create the active portion of the file,

• They aid in transporting debris coronally
• Increase flexibility due to decrease in cross sectional diameter .

46
 FILE CORE

• Cylindrical center part of the file

having its circumference outlined and
bordered by the depth of flutes

• Decreases Flexibility and resistance

to torsion

47
 CORE TAPER

• Core taper and total external taper- different

• Relative diameter of core compared to file’s total diameter- varies-

flexibility and resistance to torsion

48
TIP DESIGN

• Non-Cutting tip- Profile, GT,

Light Speed, K3, Protaper, Hero
642,
• Flexmaster,
Race

•Cutting Tip- K-file, Quantec

49
 Clinical significance :

• Non cutting tips- remain centered

• Cutting tip- distinct possibility of transportation

50
51
 IMPORTANCE OF SPEED AND TORQUE

• Speed refers not only to revolutions per minute but also to the surface feet
per unit that the tool has, with the work to be cut.
• Greater the speed, more the cutting efficiency

Breakage of
Change in
Loss of tactile instruments
anatomical Loss of control
sensation preceded by flute
curvature of canal
distortion

52
TORQUE IN DENTISTRY

• In many aspects of practice in dentistry, especially for root canal

preparation, there is a turning force on an instrument.

• Torque is the ability of the handpiece to withstand lateral pressure on the

revolving tool without decreasing its speed or reducing its cutting efficiency.

Marzouk

53
IMPORTANCE OF TORQUE- DURING
CLEANING AND SHAPING

High torque Low torque

Very active Reduced cutting efficiency

Difficult instrument
Instrument locking progression in canal

Forcing of instrument by
Deformation operator

Instrument locking,
Separation Deformation and Separation

54
Low torque control motors- torque values set on the motor are supposed to be less
than the value of torque at deformation and at separation of the rotary
instruments.

High torque control motors- torque values are relatively high compared to the
torque at deformation and at separation of the rotary instruments.

55
Low torque control High torque control motors
motors

Instrument torque at
Motor will stop deformation and separation
rotating reached

Reverse the Before high torque set on the

direction of motor
rotation

Instrument failure Instrument deformation and

avoided separation

56
 HANDPIECES USED IN ENDODONTICS

• Handpiece is the device for holding

instruments, transmitting power to
them & position them intraorally.

• Both speed & torque in a handpiece

can be modified by the incorporation of
the gear system.

57
 HANDPIECES USED IN ENDODONTICS

Vertical Stroke Reciprocating hand

Rotary hand pieces
handpieces pieces

• Micromotor hand • Racer • Geromatic hand piece

piece • Canal Finder • ATR Vision
• X-Smart Plus
• Reduction gear System • VDW Silver Reciproc
hand piece • Societe endotechnic • VDW Gold Reciproc
• Triauto ZX handpiece • Endo Eze ART

58
First generation without torque control

Second generation with torque limiter

Third generation with simple torque control

Fourth generation with built in apex locator and torque control

59
INSTRUMENT FAILURES

Torsional fractures
Flexural fractures

60
TORSIONAL FRACTURES
 Instrument tip is
larger than canal
section to be
Large surface of shaped
instrument rubs Operator exerts
excessively excessive
against canal pressure on
walls (taper handpiece
lock)

Torsional
failure

8/18/20 62
TAPER LOCK

Larger blade Higher Elevated

Greater taper
dentine torque for torsional
instruments
contact rotation stress

Crown down
technique

8/18/20 63
INSTRUMENT TIP AND CANAL WIDTH

• Tip with poor or non cutting ability

• Canal with a smaller cross-section

• Torsional stress increases enormously

• If the tip binds and the gearing of the motor is higher than the maximum
torque that the instrument can withstand

• Plastic strain and fracture Glide Path

8/18/20 64
EXCESSIVE MANUAL FORCE ON HANDPIECE

• Torque also will rise with increased apical force.

• The ideal amount of pressure to be used for rotary instruments is the

equivalent of the pressure applied when using a sharpened pencil without
breaking the lead

Never instrument should be forced

8/18/20 65
FLEXURAL FRACTURES

• - Cyclic fatigue related

8/18/20 66
 Every 180°
Compression on
rotation- Cyclic fatigue
inner side and
instrument and eventual
Tension on outer
flexes and fracture
side
stretches

Larger sized or greater taper files- increased metal mass- more compressive
and tensile forces- Quicker cyclic fatigue

8/18/20 67
 PREVENTION OF INTRA-CANAL BREAKAGE
OF ROTARY INSTRUMENTS
Assessment of
Straight line Canal orifice
canal
access enlargement
curvature

Rotational
Establishment Crown Down
speed and
of glide path technique
torque control

Irrigation and Operator

lubrication proficiency

Di Fiore PM. A dozen ways to prevent nickel-titanium rotary instrument fracture. J Am

Dent Assoc 2007 Feb;138(2):196-201 8/18/20 68
• Gentle in and out motions while rotation

PECKING MOTION – for radial landed passive files

BRUSHING ACTION - for non-landed active files

• Not left rotating in stationary position

Di Fiore PM. A dozen ways to prevent nickel-titanium rotary instrument fracture. J Am

Dent Assoc 2007 Feb;138(2):196-201
8/18/20 69
 SOTOKAWA’S CLASSIFICATION OF
INSTRUMENT DAMAGE

Bent instrument Clockwise twist

Straightening of Cracking of
twisted flutes instrument along
its long axis

Peeling of metal at
Full fracture of
blade edges
instrument

8/18/20 70
CLASSIFICATIONS

8/18/20 71
 According to ISO and FDI:

Group Endodontic instruments for hand use only. Ex : K-files,H-files ,K- reamers,R-type rasps
I ,Barbed broaches,Smooth broaches,Pluggers,Spreaders.

Group Endodontic instruments with same design as Group-I but are engine
II driven latch type. Ex : Lentulo spirals

Engine driven latch type drills or reamers. Ex: Gates Glidden Drills
Group (G-type),Peeso reamers (P-type),A-type reamers,D-type reamers,Ko-
III
type reamers,T-type reamers,M-type reamers,Root facer.

Group Endodontic points,gutta-percha points,,silver points ,absorbent paper

IV points.

8/18/20 72
 Grossman's classification: Based on use of
an instrument:

Shaping
EXPLORING Debriding/Extirpa Obturating
/Enlarging
INSTRUMENTS ting Instruments : Instruments :
Instruments :
•to locate orifice •to extirpate pulp •To shape the •e.g.
assist in to remove debris canal laterally Lentulospirals,
obtaining and foreign and apically. spreaders,
patency of root material •e.g. files, reamers, pluggers,
canal •eg. barbed powered •Instruments for
•eg. broaches, broaches, rat-tail instruments. thermoplastisizin
endodontic files, hedstrom g gutta-percha.
explorer, probe. files

8/18/20 73
According to manner of activation

• Manual
• Engine driven
• Power driven
• Sonic and Ultrasonic

Webber’s classification
 Reamers
 Files
 Broaches
 Rotary instruments
8/18/20 74
 Harty’s classification :

• Instruments for use during access cavity preparation

• Instruments for use root canal preparation
• Instruments used for filling root canal
• Equipment for storage and sterilization

8/18/20 75
 Based on generations :

1st 2nd 3rd 4rth 5th

generation generation generation generation generation
Have active Significantly reduces
cutting edges and cyclic Another advancement Designed such
Have passive cutting fatigue and, hence, in canal preparation
radial lands and fixed require fewer that the center of mass
broken files. procedures utilizes
tapers of 4% and 6% and/or the center of
reciprocation rotation are offset

Ex : Protaper,
Ex : Twisted File,
Biorace ,
Hyflex, GT and
Endosequence Ex : Revo-S, One Shape
Ex : Profile series 29, Vortex Ex : WaveOne,
and
Greater taper, Profile Reciproc
ProTaper Next

THE SHAPING MOVEMENT 5TH GENERATION TECHNOLOGY by Drs. Clifford J. Ruddle, Pierre Machtou and John D. West.
DENTISTRY TODAY April 2013
8/18/20 76
Endodontic machine-assisted instrumentation can be classified into five groups
according to the instrumentation kinematics as follows:

 rotary motion,
 rotational reciprocating motion,
 vertical vibration plus rotational reciprocating motion,
 vertical vibration and
 rotary motion plus rotational reciprocating motion
(adaptive).
A review of instrumentation kinematics of enginedriven
nickel–titanium instruments
I. D. C apar1 & H. Arslan2. International Endodontic Journal,
49, 119–135, 2016 8/18/20 77
 General Guidelines for Using Rotary NiTi
Instruments

Ruddle CJ. “Cleaning and Shaping the Root Canal System” in Cohen S, Burns RC
(eds). Pathways of the Pulp. 8th ed. St. Louis: Mosby 8/18/20
pg. 242-258 78
 STEEL ROTARY INSTRUMENTS

Gate glidden drills

Peeso reamers

LA axess burs

Endo Eze AET

8/18/20 79
 GATES-GLIDDEN DRILLS/BURS

• Stainless steel/hardened carbon steel

instruments

• Work best in electric gear reduction contra

angle hand piece at 800 rpm.

• Long shank- thin parallel walls

• Elliptical extremity- flame shaped

8/18/20 80
• Guiding non cutting tip
• Nipple at the end- prevents cutting at their tip

8/18/20 81
• Size recognition- circular notches/rings
• #1 has one notch; #2 has two notches…
• #1 – 0.50mm, #2 – 0.70mm… #6 – 1.50mm

8/18/20 82
• Overall length = 28mm ; active part = 15mm

8/18/20 83
 84
08/18/2020
8/18/20 84
ROTARY ENDODONTICS
 85
08/18/2020
8/18/20 85
ROTARY ENDODONTICS
• Weakest point at the start of the shank– easier to remove in case of
fracture within canal

• GG #1 and #2– can fracture at the level of tip

8/18/20 86
• Side cutting instruments

• Used passively on withdrawal from canal with a

brush like circumferential outstroke

• Use should be preceded by preflaring of canals

with hand instruments

• Recommended speed – 750-1500 rpm

8/18/20 87
TWO PROCEDURAL SEQUENCES PROPOSED
WITH GG –

Step-down technique
Step back technique

Start with larger drill with diameter

corresponding to orifice

Start with a smaller drill

Progress for about 1mm and proceed to larger ones

Subsequent smaller instrument

progress deeper into the canal
Larger GG is worked
shorter than the preceding
Best in canals exiting the access smaller one
cavities without severe angulations
8/18/20 88
GG also available as Nickel Titanium instruments
• Eg . MiTy Gates ( JS dental)
• FlexoGates

8/18/20 89
FlexoGates/Handy Gates –

• Introduced by Maillefer in 1992

• Hand instrument designed for apical preparation

• Safe-tipped variation of the traditional Gates-Glidden drill – tip is flattened

• Still to be compared clinically

8/18/20 90
X-Gates –

• Heads of GG 1-4 burs are sequentially stacked on active portion of a single X-

Gates to create a funnel-shaped form
• 500-750 rpm
• Used like a brush to cut dentin with its lateral surfaces or belly on the
outstroke

8/18/20 91
The X-Gates may be used for three purposes:

To initially open,
flare and smoothly
blend the canal
orifices to axial
walls

To intentionally
relocate the coronal-
To remove internal
most portion of a
triangles of dentin
canal away from
furcal danger

8/18/20 92
 Peeso reamers/Largo drills

 Stainless steel instruments for the contra angled handpiece

 Non-cutting tip

 Six sizes

 #1 – 0.70mm

 #6 – 1.70mm

8/18/20 93
• Differ from GG in that the blades are
spread over a wider surface area and the
shape is cylindrical

• Very aggressive cutting action and can

easily cause root stripping if not used
carefully

• Preparation of dowel space in canals

• Retreatment cases to speed up removal of

obturation material

8/18/20 94
ISO Size Gates-Glidden Drills Peeso Reamers

50 1 Stripe -----
70 2 Stripes 1 Stripe

90 3 Stripes 2 Stripes

110 4 Stripes 3 Stripes

130 5 Stripes 4 Stripes

150 6 Stripes 5 Stripes

170 ----- 6 Stripes

8/18/20 95
 LA AXXESS BURS • (Sybron Endo)

• Designed by Dr. L.S. Buchanan

• Uses :Elimination of interferences and

enlarging coronal one third of the
canal

• Recommended rotational speed = 5000

rpm.

8/18/20 96
ENDO-EZE A.E.T. FILES

• Anatomical Endodontic Technology

• Designed by F. Riitano
• Particularly indicated for cleaning of canals with an irregular anatomy-
canals with an elliptical cross-section, C-shaped

Shaping files Apical files

8/18/20 97
Shaping Files

• Contra angled hand

piece having alternate
clockwise/counter-
clockwise movement of
30°

4 lengths (19, 23, 27 and 30 mm) 8/18/20 98

 • Cut even with a lateral
brushing movement

Shaper 2- tip
Shaper 1- tip
diameter of 0.13
diameter 0.10 mm
mm and .045
and .025 taper
taper

Shaper 3- tip Shaper C- tip

diameter 0.13 mm diameter 0.25 mm
and .06 taper and .035 taper

8/18/20 99
Apical Files

• Hand instruments in steel

• Working part with limited length
• Better tactile perception during apical
• shaping

• Lengths of 19, 23, 27 and 30 mm

• ISO diameters of 15 to 50

• Taper of working part .02 up to diameter 25 and then

increases to .025 8/18/20 100
NICKEL TITANIUM ROTARY
INSTRUMENTS

8/18/20 101
 PATHFILETM (DENTSPLY)

• Create glide path rapidly and safely, in place of stainless steel files

• Available in 3 ISO sizes (013, 016 and 019) and 3 lengths (21, 25
and 31mm)
8/18/20 102
Strength- Square cross-section and .02 taper

Flexibility- NiTi alloy as well as an .02 taper

Safety- Gradual increase in tip diameters- easy progression

of files

Efficiency- Four blades, which provide optimal cutting

capability

Simplicity of use

8/18/20 103
• The most significant features of these revolutionary new instruments are
as follows.
• Ensuring great resistance to cyclic fatigue. that facilitates the progression
of the files without the need for strong axial pressure which better
maintains the original canal anatomy.

8/18/20 104
8/18/20 105
 • Light speed technology, San Antonio, TX,
Light speed
USA.
• Introduced by Dr. Steve Senia in
1992.
• Has a long shaft and a working part
in the shape of a very short flame.
• U – shaped, three edges
• Neutral rake angle
• Rotational speed = 750-2000 rpm
• Thin, taperless, non cutting shafts
• Maximizes flexibility

8/18/20 106
• Availability :
• Total 26 lightspeed inst from size 20 to 140.
• with nine intermediate sizes (half sizes) of 22.5, 27.5, 32.5, 37.5, 42.5, 47.5,
52.5, 57.5 and 65.
• Lengths available- 21, 25 and 31mm

Cutting heads
• 3 radial lands and 3 U-shaped spiral grooves
between the lands
• Cutting surface-
• size 20(smallest) – 0.25mm
• size 140(largest) – 2.25mm

8/18/20 107
8/18/20 108
 First 5 LS (20 32.5- Transition
35 to 140
to 30) instrument
• Short, non- • slightly • Longer &
cutting pilot longer, non- slender, non-
tip cutting pilot cutting pilot
• 75° cutting tip tip
angle • 33° cutting • 21° cutting
angle angle
8/18/20 109
SHANKS AND HANDLES

• Ni Ti Shaft ends in Al handle

• Junction of the shaft and shank--
• 21 and 25 mm instrument – 18mm from tip
• 31 mm instrument – 22mm

• Rings- distances from instrument’s tip

• 21 mm – 1 ring (20mm from tip)
• 25 mm – 3 rings (20,22,24 mm from tip)
• 31 mm – 4 rings (24,26,28,30 mm from tip)

8/18/20 110
SIDE VIEW OF LS BLADE

0.1 mm
Very short (non-cutting)
tip

Very short area for greater

cutting efficiency

8/18/20 111
 FRONT VIEW OF LS BLADE

Very small cutting Plenty of

surfaces
space for cut
debris and
bypassing
broken
Radial lands
instrument

8/18/20 112
8/18/20 113
8/18/20 114
8/18/20 115
 • Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland
Profile system

• ProFiles (Dentsply-Maillefer) rotary

instruments in nickel titanium were
introduced by Dr. W. Ben Johnson
in 1994, which uses the crown down
instrumental technique.

8/18/20 116
 Design features :

• “U” shaper
• Three cutting edges
• Negative rake angle
• Radial lands present
• Rotational speed 150-300 rpm
• Non cutting tip = Bullet nose
• 21 and 25 mm length
•

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 Profile GT series

• Designed by Steve Buchanan

• Taper-centric
• Limited maximum flute diameters (MFD’s) of 1mm

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Passive, radiused tip geometry that dramatically
reduces the chances of apical ledging.

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 video

y2mate.com - profile_gt_system_features_QDTiDSkqi9M_240p.mp4

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GT-X files

Dr. L. Stephen Buchanan

GT Series X Endo System with M-Wire NiTi

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 GT-X VS GT

Less is more!!
Less taper needed for apical resistance form than was previously thought
Possible to eliminate the 20-.08 and all of the .10 sizes
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 • The Progressively Tapered (ProTaper) NiTi
PROTAPER rotary files (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues)

• Introduced in 2000
• Prof. Pierre machtou

• Dr. Clifford ruddle

• Prof. John west

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• to provide superior flexibility,
unmatched efficiency and greater
safety.

• The unique design features of the

ProTaper files enables clinicians to
more consistently create uniformly
tapered shapes in anatomically
difficult or significantly curved
canals

21mm & 25mm

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 Shaping file Sx:

• Overall length = 19mm

• Exhibits 9 increasingly larger tapers
from = 3.5% to 19%
• USES : optimally shape canals in
shorter roots,
• relocate canals away from external
root concavities,
• To produce more shape, as desired, in
the coronal aspects of canals in
longer roots.(ideal substitute for gates
glidden drills.)
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 Shaping files S1 & S2:
• Shaping file 1 = coronal 3rd
preparation
• Shaping file 2 = middle 3rd
preparation
• Modified guiding tips
• S1 exhibits 12 increasingly larger
tapers from = 2% to 11% D1
4
• S2 exhibits 9 increasingly larger
tapers from = 4% to 11.5%

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videoplayback.mp4

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 finishing files :

• Designed to finish apical 1/3 rd

• From D3 to D14 there is decreasing
percentage of taper
•

Improve flexibility & reduces the

potential for dangerous taper-lock.
D3

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• with any instrument, increasing its D0
diameter and percentage taper
correspondingly increases its stiffness.

• To improve flexibility, Finisher No. 3 has

a reduced core, as compared to the
other instruments in the series.

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• In 2006 , the protaper universal was
introduced by adding two new
finishing files ,

• F4 (ISO 40) = double black

• 6% apical taper
• F5 (ISO 50) = double yellow
• 5% apical taper

• For apical preparation

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Convex triangular = reduces the
contact area between the blade of
the file and dentin, and serves to
enhance the cutting action and
improve safety by decreasing the
torsional load.

Variable helical angle &

variable pitch

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• ProTaper files have short, 12.5
mm handles as compared to
the more standard file
handle length of 15 mm.

• This feature serves to

improve access into the
posterior regions of the
mouth, especially when there
is a narrow interocclusal
space

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 Silent features :

• Progressively variable tapers

• Modified guiding tip
• Varying tip diameters
• Varying helical angles and pitches
• Convex, triangular cross section
• Positive rake angle
• Short handle
• Three cutting edges
• No radial lands
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8/18/20 138
 K3 rotary system • Sybron endo, West Collins, CA, USA

• Introduced in January 2002 in North America,

• Designed by Dr. John Mc Spadden

• Triple fluted, asymmetric endodontic file

system

• Designed to cut efficiently, quickly and safely

with unparalleled debris removal.

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 The availability of K3 canal shaping files with regard to
taper, tip size and length
Orifice
shapers

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Positive rake angle

& variable helical angle

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 Radial lands

• K3 possess three lands

• Two broad and recessed lands and a narrow full land

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Wide radial land : Increased radial land of the K3
increases peripheral strength behind the cutting blade
which prevents the propagation of cracks and reduces
the chances of separations and deformation from
torsional stresses.

Radial land with relief : reducing frictional

resistance , reliefs help to control the depth of cut.
This aids in protecting the file from over-engagement,
and separations (breakage)

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 Third Radial land: Land without relief. prevent the file
from "screwing" itself into the canal, also prevents
over-flaring the canal by centering and stabilizing the
instrument.

Simplified color coding :

• 0.04 – Green
• 0.06 – Orange

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The proportion of the core diameter to the
outside diameter is greatest at the tip, where
strength is most important. This proportion then
decreases uniformly as it moves up the taper,
which increases flexibility while maintaining
strength. & removes debris efficiently.

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K3™XF NICKEL TITANIUM
FILES

Extraordinary new level of

flexibility and resistance to
Safety and self-centering
cyclic fatigue provided by
features of the original K3
proprietary R-Phase™
Technology

146
08/18/2020 8/18/20 146
ROTARY ENDODONTICS
 QUANTEC

McSpadden in 1996

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• The original Quantec 2000 series had a 90°tip. This sharp tip
predisposes to problems like zip, elbows and perforations.

• So they were replaced by two new series of Quantec instruments i.e.

QLX non cutting tip and QSE safe-cutting tip with 60°tip (Thompson &
Damer, 1998)

Cutting tip Non cutting tip

(Quantec SC) (Quantec LX)

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Quantec SC-

• Facetted cutting tip without a transition angle

• 60° tip angle

• External tip diameter is smaller than the working

surface

• Ideal for small, tight canals, narrow curvatures in tight

spaces, calcified canals, constricted/obliterated canal

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Quantec LX-

• Blunt pointed tip at 60°

• Non cutting
• External diameter inferior to that of working
surface
• Ideal for severe curvatures, Enlargement of mid
root and coronal aspect, Delicate apical regions.

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Design features-

• “s” shaped design

with wide radial lands
.
• Negative rake angle
but Positive cutting
angle
• Flute space that
becomes progressively
larger, distal to the
cutting blade 8/18/20 151
Recessed radial lands-

Prevents stress
Support
cracks

Prevents Reduces
screwing in frictional
canals resistance of file

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 • Micro Mega, Benseneon,
Hero rotary file France

• H- High
• E- Elasticity
• Ro- Rotation
• 642 - available in the tapers 0.06, 0.04 and 0.02.

2% taper 4% taper 6% taper

• Diameters- 20 to • Diameters- 20, 25 • Diameters- 20, 25,
45 and 30 and 30
• Lengths- 21, 25, • Lengths- 21, 25, • Length- 21 mm
and 29 mm and 29 mm

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 Design features :

• A triple helix cross-section

• Three positive rake angles
• A higher “ residual core” inside the
blades which increases the resistance to
torsional loads diminishing the risk of
fracture
• Three variable tapers
• Inactive and self guiding tip that remains
centered in the canal
• The recommended rotational speed is
300 to 600 rpm.
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 Hero Shaper :
• The Hero Shaper are instruments which
are derived directly from the 642
• Triple helix cross-section,
• Reduce the risk of
• Positive rake angles instrument screw in,
• Helical angle of the blades is variable and increases the
flexibility and
• Pitch (distance between two spirals) increases optimizes the removal
of the debris.
with
• The taper of the instruments,
• Shorter handle allows an easier access to
the posterior teeth
• Inactive and self guiding tip 8/18/20 155
 4% taper 6% taper

• Diameters- 20, 25 and 30 • Diameters- 20, 25, and 30

• Lengths- 21, 25, and 29 mm • Length- 21 mm & 25 mm

λ - instrument pitch,
l - reduced length of
the cutting portion

0.06 (A) and 0.04 (B) tapers 8/18/20 156

 • FKG Dentaire, La-Chaux-de-
RACE system Fonds, Switzerland

• RaCe - Reamer with

• Alternative
• Cutting
• Edges

SMD

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• Safety Memo Disc
(SMD)-

• At the handle
• 8 removable petals
• Petals are removed depending
on the severity of the case-
Usually one petal per case

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 • Real World Endo, Brasseler USA,
Endosequenc Savannah, Ga

8/18/20 159
Range of instruments

Expeditor file (0.04

taper, size = # 27,
21mm length)

0.04 taper file 0.06 taper file

21,25,31 mm 21,25,31 mm
• Small (15-30) • Small (15-30)
• Medium (25-40) • Medium (25-40)
• Large (35-60) • Large (35-50)

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 Contents part 2
• Liberator
• V taper
• Flex master
• M two
• Systems with M wire technology : Vortex
Vortex blue
Protaper next
Greater taper X

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• Retreatment files
 Protaper universal
 D-race
 Mtwo R
 R Endo
• Single file systems
 Self adjusting file
 Twisted file
 One shape
• Other advances in rotary endodontics
 Hyflex files
 I race
 Bio race
 Plastic files 8/18/20 163
 references

• Endodontics- 6th edition- Ingle & Bakland

• Pathways of the pulp- 10th edition- Stephen Cohen
• Zarna sanghvi , kunjal mistry. Design features of rotary
instrumentsin endodontics. The journal of ahmedabad dental college
and hospital; 2(1), march 2011 - august 2011
• ‘Revathi M “rao CVN et al . revolutions in endodontic instruments- A
review.

8/18/20 164
• Dr martin trope . biorace niti system: biologically desirable apical
sizes – safely and efficiently.Endodontic practice september 2010
• Zvi metzger et al . the self-adjusting file (SAF). Part 1: respecting
the rootcanal anatomy—a new concept of endodontic files and
its implementation. JOE — volume 36, number 4, april 2010
• Ya shen et al. Current challenges and concepts of the
thermomechanical treatment of nickel-titanium instruments. J
endod 2013;39:163–172)

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