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    Khanal Nilambar
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    This document discusses methods of primary data collection through observation. It describes two types of observation: participative and non-participative. [1] Participative observation involves the researcher disguising themselves and becoming a member of the group to gain access to information and observe context. [2] However, it risks selective perception and narrow experiences from the researcher's perspective. [3] Non-participative observation does not require disguising and discloses the study purpose, keeping a distance to avoid direct contact but lacks advantages of participative observation.

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    How to collect the data, we can understand from this paper.

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    Data collection instruments

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    This document discusses methods of primary data collection through observation. It describes two types of observation: participative and non-participative. [1] Participative observation involves the researcher disguising themselves and becoming a member of the group to gain access to information and observe context. [2] However, it risks selective perception and narrow experiences from the researcher's perspective. [3] Non-participative observation does not require disguising and discloses the study purpose, keeping a distance to avoid direct contact but lacks advantages of participative observation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    12 views5 pages

    Data Collection Instruments

    Uploaded by

    Khanal Nilambar
    This document discusses methods of primary data collection through observation. It describes two types of observation: participative and non-participative. [1] Participative observation involves the researcher disguising themselves and becoming a member of the group to gain access to information and observe context. [2] However, it risks selective perception and narrow experiences from the researcher's perspective. [3] Non-participative observation does not require disguising and discloses the study purpose, keeping a distance to avoid direct contact but lacks advantages of participative observation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    Methods of Primary data collection

    a) Observation Method

    In this method, researcher records the respondent's


    overt behavior, taking note of the physical conditions
    and events.

    Observations are of two types:

     Participative

     Non-participative

    In Participative observation the researcher disguises


    and as a member of the group being observed.

    The researcher also finds a suitable role in the group.


    Wednesday, August 19, 2020
    Merits of participative observation

    Access to information: The researcher is part of the


    group being observed. In such a situation he/she can
    record the natural behavior of the respondent or
    group of respondents. As an insider, the researcher
    has access to information which is not generally
    available to an outsider.

    Contextual response: The researcher will be


    observing the whole event. Thus, he/she can record
    the context in which the respondents' express their
    opinion.

    Validity: The researcher stays with the group for a


    prolonged time period and therefore, he/she has
    ample time to cross check the truth of the
    respondent’s statements.
    Wednesday, August 19, 2020
    Demerits of participative observation

    Selective perception of the researcher: influenced


    by the researcher's background, value system, past
    experience and personality.

    Narrow circle: The researcher often narrows down


    his/her range of experience by taking a particular
    position within the group, with a definite friendship
    circle.

    Non-representative behavior of the respondents.

    Subjectivity: The researcher often participates


    emotionally and loses the objectivity factor in
    scientific observation.
    Wednesday, August 19, 2020
    Non-participative Observation

    Non-participative observation is not disguised.

    The researcher discloses the purpose of his/her study


    to the individuals whom he/she is going to observe.

    The researcher avoids direct contact with the


    respondents and records the respondents' actions
    and behavior by keeping a reasonable distance from
    the respondents.

    This method neither has the advantages nor has the


    problems of the participative observation.

    This method is suitable only when the overt behaviors


    of the respondents are to be observed.
    Wednesday, August 19, 2020
    Observational tools
    Non-mechanical tools

    Observation diary

    Checklist

    Mechanical tools

    Camera

    Audio and video recorders

    Electric scanners

    Counting machines

    Wednesday, August 19, 2020

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