DIS A S T E R

NU R S I NG
PRESENTED BY:
S. M ONIK A K A NWAR
M
 INTRODUCTION
• Disaster is a serious disruption occurring over a short or long period of
time. It is an unplanned event in which the needs of the affected
community outweigh the available resources.

• Disaster is an occurrence arising with little or no warning, which causes

serious disruption of life and perhaps death or injury to large number of
people.
 MEANING OF DISASTER
D = Destruction
I = Incidence
S = Sufferings
A = Administrative, financial failure
S = Sentiments
T = Tragedies
E = Eruption of Communicable disease
R = Research programme & its implementation
 DEFINITION
Any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life,
deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from the outside community or Area.
According to WHO
OR
“A disaster is a situation or event which overwhelms local capacity,
necessitating a request to a national or international level for external
assistance”
According to CRED (centre for research on the epidemiology of
disaster), Belgium
 LEVELS OF DISASTER
• LEVEL III DISASTER: Considered a Minor Disaster. These are
involves minimal level of damage

• LEVEL II DISASTER: Considered a Moderate Disaster- the local and

community resources has to be mobilized to manage this situation.

• LEVEL I DISASTER: Considered a Massive Disaster- this involves a

massive level of damage with severe impact.
 HEALTH EFFECTS OF
DISASTER
Health effects of disasters may be extensive and broad in their distribution
across populations. Disasters affect the health status of a community in the
following way:

- Disasters may cause premature deaths, illnesses, and injuries in the

affected community, generally exceeding the capacity of the local health
care systems.

- It may destroy the local health care infrastructure, which will therefore be
unable to respond to the emergency. Disruption of routine health care
services and prevention initiatives may lead to long-term consequences in
health outcomes in terms of increased morbidity and mortality.
CONTD….
- Disasters may create environmental imbalances, increasing the risk of
communicable diseases and environmental hazards.

- Disasters may affect the psychological, emotional, and social well-being

of the population in the affected community. Depending on the specific
nature of the disaster, responses may range from fear, anxiety, and
depression to widespread panic and terror.

- Disaster may cause large population movements creating a burden on

health care systems and communities.

- Disaster may cause shortage of food and cause severe nutritional

deficiencies.
 GOALS OF DISASTER
NURSING
• To meet the immediate basic survival needs of populations affected by
disasters.

• To identify the potential for a secondary disaster.

• To appraise both risks and resources in the environment.
• To correct inequalities in access to health care or appropriate resources.
• To empower survivors to participate in and advocate for their own health
and wellbeing.

• To respect cultural, lingual, and religious diversity in individuals and

families and to apply this principle in all health promotion activities.

• To promote the highest achievable quality of life for survivors

 PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER
NURSING
Principle of Disaster Nursing according to Grab and Eng,1995

• Prevent the occurrence of the disaster whenever possible

• Minimize the number of casualties if the disaster cannot be prevented.
• Prevent further casualities from occurring after the initial impact of the
disaster

• Rescue the victims

• Provide first aid to the injured
• Evacuate the injured to medical facilities
• Provide definitive medical care
• Promote reconstruction of lives
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
FRAMEWORK
 PHASES OF DISASTER
• PRE-IMPACT PHASE: It is the initial phase of the Disaster, warning
is given prior to the actual occurrence, Emergency centers are opened,
Communication, radio and television, community must be educated.

• IMPACT PHASE: This occurs at the time of disaster. The impact

phase continues until the threat of further destruction has passed and the
emergency plans is in effect. Emergency Operation Theatre (EOC) has
been established, physical and psychological support provided.
CONTD….
• POST-IMPACT PHASE: Recovery begins during the emergency
phase and end with the return of normal community order and
functioning. The victims of disaster go in through 4 stages of emotional
response.
1. Denial
2. Strong emotional response
3. Acceptance
4. Recovery
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of
resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in particular Preparedness, Response, Mitigation and Recovery in
order to lessen the impact of disaster.
 CONTD….
• PREPAREDNESS: Activities prior to a disaster. E.g.: Preparedness plans,
emergency exercises/training, warning systems.

• RESPONSE: Activities during a disaster. E.g.: Public warning systems,

Emergency operations, Search and rescue.

• RECOVERY: Activities following a disaster. E.g.: Temporary housing,

claims processing and grants; long-term medical care and counselling.

• MITIGATION: Activities that reduce the effects of disaster. E.g.: Building

codes and zoning, vulnerability analysis, public education.
 TRIAGE
• French verb “Trier” means to sort our or to choose.

• Baron Dominique Jean Larry organized first triage system

• Triage is a process which place the right person in right place at the
right time to receive right level of care
RICE & ABEL, 1992
 TRIAGE (CATEGORIZING)
• RED (Immediate): Life threatening, requires immediate treatment

• YELLOW(Delayed): Urgent care, can be delay for one hour

• GREEN (Minor): “walking wounded”, can delay for three hours

• BLACK: Dying or dead, mortally wounded, no care required.

 NEED OF TRIAGE

• Inadequate resources to meet immediate needs

• Infrastructure limitations
• Inadequate hazard preparation
• Limited transport capabilities
• Multiple agencies responding
• Hospital Resources overwhelmed
 PRINCIPLES OF TRIAGE
• Every patient should receive and triaged by appropriate skilled health-
care professionals

• Triage is a clinic-managerial decision and must involve collaborative

planning.

• The triage process should not cause a delay in delivery of effective

clinical care.
 ADVANTAGES OF TRIAGE
• Help to bring order and organization to a chaotic scene.

• It identifies and provides care to those who are in greatest need.

• Helps make the difficult decisions easier.

• Assure that resources are used in the most effective manner.

• May take some of the emotional from those doing triage.

 ROLE OF NURSING IN
DISASTERS
• Disaster preparedness, including risk assessment and multidisciplinary
management strategies at all system levels, is critical to the delivery of
effective responses to the short, medium, and long term health care
needs of disaster-stricken population (International Council of
Nurses, 2006)
CONTD….
Major roles of Nurses in Disasters:

• Determine magnitude of the event.

• Define health needs of the affected groups
• Establish priorities and objectives
• Identify actual and potential public health problems
• Determine resources needed to respond to the needs identified
• Collaborate with other professional disciplines, governmental and non-
governmental agencies.

• Maintain a unified chain of command

• Communication
 REFERENCES

NET REFERENCES:

• https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/tulu2015/disaster-nursing-12386297
1

• https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/RemyaRamachandran13/disaster-nur
sing-69191013

• https://rajnursing.blogspot.com/2017/09/disaster-nursing.html?m=1