TEST-III PRESENTATION

DARK MATTER
COURSE CODE: PH533

PRESENTED BY
RANOJIT BARMAN
ROLL NO: PHY17018
DEPT. OF PHYSICS
TEZPUR UNIVERSITY

Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 1

 Outline
 Introduction

 Sources of Evidence

 Properties

 Possible Candidates

 Discussions

 References
Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 2
Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

Ordinary Matter:

 Made up of sub atomic particles.

 Interact via fundamental forces.

 Mass density of ordinary matter is about

4% of the total energy density of the
Universe!

Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 3

Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

 In 1933, the Swiss astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky

found the first indication of “Dark Matter”.

 The speed of galaxies in large clusters are much

too great to keep them gravitationally bound
together.

 They must weigh over one hundred times more

than one would estimate based on the number of
stars in the cluster.

Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 4

Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

How do we know it is there?

 Missing mass problem in clusters:

R
By virial Theorem, M  V 2 
G
M
Thus,
L  M L
 300

L: Total luminosity of the galaxies.

η: Mass/light ratio.
M: Total mass of the galaxies.

Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 5

Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

 Spiral galaxies
Observed data:

2
mv
 Fr
r v

1

vr 2

Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 6

Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

Gravitational Lensing: Mapping the

Distribution of the Dark Matter

• We know from general relativity that

mass - whether it is visible or not -
bends light. This opens a possibility of
“seeing” the distribution of dark matter.

• Chowlson (1924) and Einstein (1936)

predicted that if a background object is
directly aligned with a point source
mass, the light rays will be deflected into
an “Einstein Ring”.
Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 7
Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

Dark matter is mainly non-baryonic

 These original discoveries do not shed any light on the nature of dark matter
except that it does not emit visible photons.

 X-Ray observations show that a part (about 10%) of dark matter in clusters is
in the form of hot gas emitting X-Rays.

 Estimations of cluster masses (and CMB observations) yield Ωmh2~0.14

 CMB anisotropies (and nucleosynthesis) require Ωbh2~0.02

 Hence most of the dark matter is non-baryonic.

Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 8

Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

Hot dark matter:

• Consists of species which are relativistic at the time of structures formation.

• The prototype of HDM are Standard Model neutrinos: they were thermally
produced in the early Universe.
• Hot DM models are today disfavoured. Because density perturbation is supressed
beyond the free streaming length.

Cold dark matter:

• The standard theory of structure formation requires that Dark Matter is cold, i.e.
it is made of particles that have become non-relativistic well before the matter
domination era, and that can therefore clump on small scales.

Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 9

Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

What could this dark matter be?

1) Massive Compact Astrophysical Objects (MACHOs)

- Bodies composed of normal baryonic matters.

- Emits little or no radiation.
- Include primordial black holes, neutron stars as well as brown and red
dwarfs.

2) Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs)

- Non-baryonic particles.
- Particles beyond standard model.
Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 10
Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

• Sterile neutrino:

• A hypothetical neutrino that does not interact through the weak force could be the
source of a recently detected x-ray emission line coming from galaxy clusters.

• A sterile neutrino with a mass of 77 kilo-electron-volts (keV) could be a viable dark
matter candidate that both explains the new x-ray data and solves some long-standing
problems in galaxy structure formation.

• Neutralino:

•A hypothetical neutral, massive particle. the lightest neutralino is the LSP. This
hypothetical particle is probably the most studied and most popular SUSY dark matter
candidate and a concrete example for a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP).
Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 11
Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

• LSP neutralino can be produced thermally in the hot early universe and
leave approximately the right relic abundance to account for the observed
dark matter.

• Axions:

• Hypothetical elementary particle originally postulated to solve CP violation

problem.

•Extraordinarily weakly interacting and could be produced in the right

amount to constitute dark matter.

Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 12

Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

Matter- energy distribution of the universe:

• Our Universe is flat and thus that the total energy density is critical,
ρtot ≃ ρ c = 3H02/8πGN or, Ωtot ≡ ρtot/ρ c ≃ 100%, with contributions of Ω Λ ≃ 72%,
Ωdm≃ 23%, Ω b ≃ 4.6% , Ω γ ≃ 0 .005% , 0 .1% ≤Ω ν ≤1 .5%

• The density parameter Ωγ is given basically by the photons of the cosmic

microwave background (CMB). The understanding of the remaining Ωtot − Ωγ ≃
99.995% requires physics beyond the Standard Model.

• The dominant amount of the non-baryonic dark matter density Ωdm must
reside in one or more species with a negligible (thermal) velocity to allow for
structure formation.
Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 13
Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

• Relying on the astrophysical and cosmological considerations that point to

the existence of dark matter we think that a particle physics candidate for
dark matter has to be electrically neutral, colour neutral, and stable or have
a lifetime τdm that is generally larger than the age of the Universe today, t 0
≃ 14 Gyr, i.e., 1 τdm > t 0 ≃ 4.3 × 1017 s .

• A dark matter candidate cannot be found within the Standard Model.

Thus, one can consider the existence of dark matter as evidence for new
physics.

Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 14

Introduction Sources of Evidence Properties Possible Candidates Discussions References

References:

 An introduction to relativity, J. V. Narlikar

 F. D. Stiffen, Eur.Phys.J.C59:557-588,2009 https://arxiv.org/abs/0811.3347

 Marco Taoso, Gianfranco Bertone , Antonio Masiero (2008)

http://arxiv.org/abs/0711.4996v2

 Wikipedia

Monday, August 24, 2020 Dept. of Physics, TU 15