Computer Communication and Networks

AJAZ KHAN BAIG

Class : BSSE SEMESTER 5

Credit Hours ( 3)
 GRADING STRUCTURE

EXAMS %

ASSIGNMENTS(4) 10

QUIZZES(4) 10

MID TERM EXAM 30

FINAL EXAM 50

ATTENDENCE 80% IS MANDATORY FOR FINAL EXAM

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 CLASS RULES
NOT ALLOWED:
 Talking with others which causes disturbance

 Eating /drinking in class

 Can’t leave class without permission

Can’t use mobile phone in class or out of class



during class hours

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 COURSE OUTLINE
1 Basics of communication 16 Network topologies

2 Transmission 17 LAN architecture

3 Modulation 18 Introduction to IEEE 802 family

4 Synch and ASynch transmission 19 Null Modem

5 OSI model 20 Ethernet AND Fast Ethernet

6 TCP IP protocol 21 Token Ring And FDDI

7 HDLC, ISDN, IP Addressing 22 Broadcast n, Packet Radio Network, CSMA/CA

8 Modes OF Transmissions 23 Resource sharing , User Accounts, Groups,

9 Guided transmission media, wireless 24 Implementing security

10 Data link control techniques 25 Disaster Recovery, Protecting Data, Recovery

11 Protocols 26

12 Multiplexing techniques 27

13 Switched Networks 28

14 Packet Switching routing and congestion 29

15 Switched routing techniques 30

4
Computer Communication And Networks

BOOK:
Data and Computer Communications (7th ed) by Stallings,
William (2004)
Ref Book:
Network Fundamentals by Mark A. Dye • Rick McDonald •
Antoon W. Rufi Used for CCNA & CCNP.

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 Introduction TO Computer Network

Lecture # 1

Basics of Computer Communication AND

Network

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 Key Learning Objectives
After studying Chapter (1), you will be able to describe
Basics of Communication
 Tasks
 Model

 Devices

 Some terms

 Communication software

 Communication channels
 Single vs multichannel
 Transmission system
 Baseband and broadband

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 What Is Communication?
People have many ways of communicating with each other
 Verbal or Non Verbal
 Over the telephone
 Face to Face
 In a handwritten letter
 In a Chat room

 Successful communication require some

rules(protocols)

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 Basic Communication Rules
 Sender and receiver

 Method of communicating(telephone, letter

etc.)

 Common language and grammar

 Agreed-upon speed and timing of delivery

 Confirmation or acknowledgment
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 Computer Communication
Connection of two or more computing
devices
 Computers
 Mobiles

 Tablets

 Routers

 Switches

Data sending or receiving

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 Communications and Networks

Data Communications
 Transmission of signals
 Encoding, interfacing, multiplexing etc.

Networking
 Topology & architecture used to interconnect devices
 Some Communications Tasks

Transmission system utilization Addressing

Interfacing Routing

Signal generation Recovery

Flow control Security

Error detection and correction

Message formatting

Network management
 A Communications Model
Source
 Generates data to be transmitted

Transmitter
 Converts data into transmittable signals

Transmission System
 Carries data

Receiver
 Converts received signal into data

Destination
 Takes incoming data
Communications Model Diagram
Communication Systems
 Digital vs Analog
Analog:
 In wave form(voice)

Digital:
 In 0 and 1 form(text).

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 Communication Devices

 Any type of hardware capable of transmitting

data, instructions, and information between
devices
 Functioning as receiver, transmitter,
converter
 Examples: Dial-up modems, DSL modems,
network interface cards
 Dial-up modem: uses standard phone lines

 Converts digital information into analog

 Consists of a modulator and a demodulator
 Can be external, internal, wireless
 CONTINUE…

 DSL(digital subscriber line) Modem: Allows digital communication

between networks and computers
 Requires a digital modem

 Digital is better than analog

 ADSL(send and receive at equal speed) SDSL(unequal, download

high , upload low)

 Cable modem: a modem that transmits and receives data over the
cable television (CATV) network
 Also called broadband modem (carrying multiple signals)

 The incoming signal is split

 Requires a cable modem

 NIC: Residing in the computer to transmit and receiver data over

the network (NIC)
 Ethernet

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 Some Terms:
Transmitter:
 An electronic device produces radio waves
 Purpose of most transmitters is radio communication of
information over a distance.
 Information is provided to the transmitter in the form of an
electronic signals(audio, video , digital signals)
 The transmitter combines the information signal to be carried with
the radio frequency signal which generates the radio waves.
 Example: Modem, wireless modem, radio transmitter.

Receiver:
 Receive the incoming signal and convert it back to electronic form
(audio, video, digital signal)
 Modems are transmitter as well as receivers

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 SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
Baseband
 Data is sent as digital form through single channel that uses the
entire bandwidth.
 Baseband communication is bi-directional
 Short distance signal travelling (LAN)

Broadband:
 Sends information in the form of an analog signal
 Signal travelling distance is long
 Each transmission is assigned to a portion of the bandwidth
 Broadband communication is unidirectional
 Two frequencies are needed to send and receive the signals(CABLE
TELEVISION)

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 Communication Software
Examples:

Email, messengers, web browsers etc.

 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):

 Domain Name Service (DNS): A name-to-address translation

application that uses both TCP and UDP transport.

 File Transport Protocol (FTP):

 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP):

 HTTP
HTTP:
 A client/server application
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol is used by the World Wide

Web (www).
 uses TCP for transport to retrieve HTML pages.

 HTTP defines how messages are formatted and

transferred, and what action web servers and browsers

should take in response to various commands.
 The HTTP protocol was originally developed(1991) to

reduce the inefficiencies of the FTP protocol

 The technology used to communicate between web

servers and web users.

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 HTTPS
HTTPS:
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure or

HTTP over SSL, is the use of Secure Socket

Layer (SSL) as a sub layer under regular
HTTP. The use of HTTPS protects against
eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle
attacks (1994).
 SSL: SSL is a secure encryption Web

protocol used to make data safe when

transmitted over the Internet
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 FTP
FTP:
 File Transfer Protocol, uses TCP to

transfer files from one host to another

host over the TCP network(1980).

 Mostly used for file downloading or

uploading

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 TFTP
TFTP:
 Trivial file transfer protocol use to

transmit files over the network.

 A file transfer application that uses UDP

for transport

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 FTP vs TFTP
FTP TFTP

Session-oriented, general purpose file transfer protocol TFTP is used as a bare-bones special purpose file transfer
protocol.

Bi-directional Uni-directional

FTP depends on TCP, is connection oriented, and provides TFTP depends on UDP, requires less overhead
reliable control

FTP provides user authentication No authentication

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 Communication Channels

A channel is a path between two communication

devices
Channel capacity: How much data can be passed
through the channel (bit/sec)
 Called bandwidth
 The smaller the pipe the slower data transfer!
Consists of one or more transmission media
 Physical: wire cable
 Wireless: Air

T1
lines T1
destination lines
network
server T3
lines

T1
lines
 Physical Transmission Media

Twisted-pair cable:

 One or more twisted wires bundled together

 Made of copper

Fiber-optics:

 Made of glass or plastic used to transmit light

 Very high capacity, small size

 Wireless Transmission Media

Broadcast Radio
 Distribute signals through the air over long
distance
 Uses an antenna

 Typically for stationary locations

 Can be short range

Cellular Radio
 A form of broadcast radio used for mobile
communication
 High frequency radio waves to transmit voice or
data
 Wireless Transmission Media

Microwaves
 Radio waves providing high speed
transmission
 They are point-to-point

 Used for satellite communication

Infrared (IR)
 Wireless transmission media that sends
signals using infrared light- waves
 Home network

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Summary:
Communication is the process of sharing information and data with
others on a network. Devices communicates with other by sending
some data to others.
Transmission is carried out by following some rules for communication
called protocols. (ftp, Tcp, udp, http, smtp)
There are two types of media used to transport the data
wire media(digital)
wireless media(analog)
Communication devices are used like routers, switches, modems, cables,
etc. for data transmission.

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 Key Terms:
Protocol: Successful communication require some rules is
called.
http: hyper text transfer protocol used for send data using
TCP protocol
HTTPS: same as http but addition security is embedded
with the data which encrypts the data for security.
ftp: file transfer protocol used for streaming(UDP)
Bandwidth: How much data can be passed through the
channel (bit/sec)
 SSL is a secure encryption Web protocol used to make

data safe when transmitted over the Internet

 LAN: local area network

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 Reference Readings
Book
Data.And.Computer.Communications.8
e.WilliamStallings chapter 1
(overview)

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