Chapter 3:

Shapes and
Constructions
3.1 Lines and Angles
* Lines can be either straight or curved.

* Two straight lines intersect in a point.

( A point indicates positions and has no size.)

* We usually name points with capital letters. These two lines intersect
at point F.

F
3.1 Lines and Angles
* A straight line that extends from a point is called a ray, or often just a
line.

* Two rays and the point where they meet form an angle.

* An angle is a measure of turn.

3.1 Lines and Angles
* Two rays that do not meet are called parallel rays.

* Two rays that meet and form a right angle is called perpendicular
rays.
Naming Angles
* The usual way to name a lie is to use the letters at the end points of
the line.
A line joining two such points is called a line segment.

A B

* The line segments AB and AC meet at the point A. An angle is

formed.
(A small curve is drawn
between the lines to shown the
angle.)
Labeling Shapes

* To label a shape we use the points around the

outside. This rectangle is called shape ABCD.

Exercise 3B
1.) Which of these are correct names for the angle below?

ˆP
a.) QR c.) RPˆ Q ˆQ
e.) PR

ˆR
b.) PQ ˆP
d.) RQ
3.2 Measuring Angles
About 3000 years ago, the
Babylonians thought of a good way to
measure angles.
They divided a complete turn into
360 equal parts because they thought
there were 360 days in a year.

Each of these equal parts is now called a degree.

1
360 of a complete turn is a degree.
One degree is written as 1°.
 a quarter a half turn

You should estimate the size of an

angle before measuring.
3-quarter turn one whole turn
Measuring Angles Accurately
An angle can be measured in degrees, or ° for short. You use a
protractor to measure angles in degree.
anticlockwise scale

clockwise scale

base line

O centre point, O
There are two scales: both read from 0 to 180°.
Angles larger than 180°

* An angle larger than 180° but smaller

than 360° is called a reflex angle.

Measuring reflex angles is easier if you

have a full 360° protractor like this one:
3.3 Drawing Angles
A protractor ca be used to draw angles as well as to measure them.

* Drawing an angle accurately is almost the reverse of measuring an

angle.

Example 3
* Draw the angle PQR = 55°.
* Draw accurately an angle of 235°.
3.3 Drawing Angles

Exercise 3E
* Follow the instructions given:
a.) Draw the line PQ = 5.5 cm.
b.) Draw a 30° angle at P.
c.) At Q, draw a 40° angle.
d.) Label the point where the two lines meet R.
3.4 Looking at Triangles

Triangles can be classified according to their sides:

a.) An equilateral triangle = all three sides and angles are equal

b.) An isosceles triangle = two sides of equal length, and the angles
opposite the equal sides are equal.
 Triangles can be classified according to their sides:
c.) A scalene triangle = has three sides of different lengths and all
three angles are different.
 Triangles can be classified according to their angles:
a.) Acute-angled triangle = a triangle that has an angles of less than
90° .

b.) Right-angled triangle = a triangle that has one of its angle is 90° .
3.4 Looking at Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a plane shape consisting of four angles and four
sides. There are several types of quadrilateral.

a.) Two pairs of parallel sides.

Opposite sides are equal. Rectangle
All angles are equal.

b.) Two pairs of parallel sides.

All sides are equal.
All angles are equal.
Diagonals intersect at right angles. Square
c.) Two pairs of parallel sides.
All sides are equal.
Rhombus
Opposite angles are equal.
Diagonals intersect at right angles.

d.) Two pairs of parallel sides.

Parallelogram
Opposite sides are equal.
Opposite angles are equal.
e.) One pair of parallel sides.
An isosceles trapezium has one
pair of parallel sides and the other Trapezium
pair of sides are equal in length.

f.) Two pairs of equal sides.

Kite
One pair of equal angles.
Diagonals intersect at right angles.
3.6 Polygons

A polygon is any closed figure made up of straight lines.

The names of the common polygons are:

* 3 sides * 4 sides * 5 sides * 6 sides

Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon

* 7 sides * 8 sides * 10 sides * 12 sides

Heptagon Octagon Decagon Dodecagon

Two polygons are said to be similar if:

a.) their angles are the same
b.) corresponding sides are in proportion.
3.7 Solid Shapes
In 3D shapes each side is called a face. Two faces meet at an edge,
and edges meet to form a vertex (or corner).

Edge
Face

Vertex
 Properties of solid shapes to do with edges, vertices and faces.

* The Cube
A cube has all square faces:

Examples:
* sugar cubes
* chicken stock cubes
* dice
 Properties of solid shapes to do with edges, vertices and faces.

* The Cuboid
A box-like solids are called cuboids.
Their six faces are rectangular.

* A cuboid can have square faces.

 Properties of solid shapes to do with edges, vertices and faces.

* The Cylinder
A surface created by projecting a closed
two-dimensional curve along an axis intersecting the
plane of the curve.
 Properties of solid shapes to do with edges, vertices and faces.

* The Prism
Cuboids are special kinds of prism.

→ A prism is a solid shape with constant

cross-section.

→ You can identify and name a prism by the shape of its cross-
section:

Triangular
 Properties of solid shapes to do with edges, vertices and faces.

* The Cone
A shape formed from a circle and a vertex.

* The Pyramid
A polyhedron that has a polygon for the base and the literal faces are
triangles.
The pyramids of Giza in Egypt were built
some 4500 years ago. They are, of course,
shaped like pyramid.
The shape is a pyramid.
 Properties of solid shapes to do with edges, vertices and faces.

→ Square-based pyramid

← Triangular-based pyramid
(Also called as tetrahedron)

→ Hexagonal-based pyramid
 Properties of solid shapes to do with edges, vertices and faces.

* The Sphere
A sphere looks like a ball:
- A set of points an equal distance from a point
in three dimensional space.
- A sphere is formed by revolving a circle about its diameter.
 Properties of solid shapes to do with edges, vertices and faces.

The table summaries the properties of the different solids:

Solid Faces Edges Vertices
Cube 6 12 8 Three-dimensional shapes
Cuboid 6 12 8 with flat faces that are all
Cylinder 3 2 0 polygons are called polyhedron,
Triangular 5 9 6 or polyhedra for plural.
Prism
Cone 2 1 1 A regular polyhedron has
Square-based 5 8 5 identical regular polygons as
pyramid
faces.
Sphere 1 0 0
 A cube is an example of a regular
polyhedron as all of its faces are
regular identical squares.

A cuboid is a polyhedron but not

regular.

A cylinder is not a polyhedron as

it has curved faces and faces that are
not polygons.
Exercise 3S
1.) Write down the name of any solid
a.) a flat surface
- cube, cuboid, cylinder, triangular prism, cone, square-based
pyramid.
b.) a curved surface
- cylinder, cone, sphere
c.) a flat surface and a curved face
- cylinder, cone
d.) a pair of equal and opposite faces
- cube, cylinder, triangular prism
2.) Write down the name of the shape of each object.
a.) a piece of chalk
b.) an orange
c.) a drainpipe
d.) a ten-cent coin
e.) this book
f.) a broom handle
g.) a drinking glass
h.) a globe
i.) a candle
j.) a football
2.) What shape is the object?
a.) the “nose” of a rocket
b.) a tomato
c.) a church steeple
d.) a record
e.) a bicycle pump
f.) a steel drum
g.) the sharp end of a pencil
h.) a new pencil, before it is sharpened
3.8 Constructions
* Given two angles and the included side (ASA)
If two angles and the included side of one
triangle are congruent.

Exercise 3T
1. a.) Mark two points 7 centimetres apart. Join them with a straight line. Call the
line AB.

b.) At A, draw an angle of 50°. At B, draw an angle of 80°. Continue the lines to
intersect at the point C, making a triangle ABC.

c.) Measure AC and BC. What sort of triangle have you drawn?
* Using compasses
Example 5
A. First draw a line 7.5 cm.

B. Next, mark a point A near one end.

C. Open the compasses to exactly 6 cm on your ruler.

D. An arc is a part of a circle. Put the point of the compasses at A, and draw a
small arc to cut the line.
Call the point where the arc intersects the line B.

You now have a line AB 6cm long.

* Given two sides and the included angle (SAS)
If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to
two sides and the included angle of a second triangle, then the triangles
are congruent.
Exercise 3U
1. a.) Using compasses, draw the line XY, 6.2 cm.
b.) At X, draw an angle of 50° using your
protractor.
c.) Open the compasses to 5.1 cm. With the
point of the compasses at X, draw an arc 5.1 cm
along the second arm of the angle. Call the point
Z.
d.) Join YZ. What sort of triangle have you
* Using a set square
There are two types of set squares and they are named according to the angles.

30-60 set square 45-45 set square

As seen earlier in this chapter, lines that are at right angles to each other are said
to be perpendicular lines.

A vertical line is perpendicular to the horizontal, whereas perpendicular lines

can be drawn in any position.
Example 6
* Draw a line
* Place a set square on that line
* Draw a perpendicular line

Example 7
* Place an edge of the set square against a ruler and draw a line along one of the
other edges.
* Slide the set square into a new position while keeping the ruler fixed exactly at
the same position.
* Draw a line along the same edge that was used before to create the parallel
lines.
* Constructing other regular polygons
All the interior angles or a regular hexagons are
the same. They are all 120°. All the sides are the
same length.

Example 8
Draw a regular hexagon with side length 7 cm.
* Draw a base line of 7 cm.
* Place your protractor on this line and draw an angle of 120° to 7 cm long.
* Extend these lines at 120° to 7 cm long.
* Turn your paper around and repeat this for each edge until you have
drawn a hexagon.