Chapter 1 ：

Number and
Calculation 1
1.1 Number facts
Addition and subtraction are inverse operations. Sometimes a subtraction
problem can be turned into an addition problem to make it easier and faster to do.

Example 1A:
100 - 76 = ____
If we change it to 76 + ___ = 100.

4 is the complement to 10 of 6, ( 76 + 4 = 80)

20 is the complement to 100 of 80, (80 + 20 = 100 )
Exercise 1A
Work out all of the following without a calculator.
1.) a. 39 + ___ = 100 c. 5 + 14 = _____ e. $22 + ____ = $100
b. 62 + ___ = 100 d. 17 + 5 = _____ d. 43 m + ____ = 100m

2.) Match the complements to 100 to each other. The first one is done for you.
17 69
41 59
68 42
27 83
58 32
31 73
1.2 Adding and Subtracting Numbers
Example 2-3:
* What is 53 + 6 + 204?
* Work out 205 - 34.

Exercise 1B
1.) Work out these numbers:
a.) 13 + 27 + 46 b.) 162 + 39 c.) 615 + 34 + 143
d.) 125 - 29 e.) 269 - 158 d.) 463 - 258
2.) At Market School there are 93 students in Form 1, 105 in Form 2, 87 in Form
3, 79 in Form 4 and 81 in Form 5. How many students are there altogether?

3.) Orji wants to buy a new bicycle for $1000. He has saved $824. How much
more does he need?

4.) In 3 test cricket tournaments in 2010 Sachin Tendulkar

scored 214 runs, 203 runs and 146 runs. How many runs
did he score altogether?
1.3 Multiplication and associated Division Facts
* What is a Multiplication Table?
- A table that shows you the results of
multiplying two numbers.

* The following facts that will help you:

a.) The order you multiply doesn't matter.
b.) Multiplying a number by 1 doesn't change the
number.
c.) Multiplying a number by 10 means you can
just write a zero after the number.
d.) Multiplying by 2 is the same as doubling the
number.
 There are some other hints that can help if you find your multiplication tables
difficult.

* 4's
- Double a number and then double it again.

*5's
- Multiply a number by 10 the halve it.
For example: 8 x 5 (do 8 x 10 = 80, so 8 x 5 = 40)
 There are some other hints that can help if you find your multiplication tables
difficult.

* 6, 7, 8, 9's
- Hold your hands in front of you with your
fingers spread out.
- For 9 x 4 bend your fourth finger from the left
down.
- You have 3 fingers in front of the bent finger (the tens) and 6 after the bent
finger (the units).
 There are some other hints that can help if you find your multiplication tables
difficult.
Exercise 1C
1.) Jane earns $9 an hour. If she works for 9 hour how much will she can?

2.) If Wayan shares $45 between his 5 children, how much do they each get?

3.) A teacher organizing a school trip has 108 students to split into 12 equal
groups. How many students there will be in each group?

4.) Find the missing numbers from the diagram.

( The numbers in the squares are the product of the
1.4 Decimals

4
of the rectangle is shaded.
10

4
Tenths an be written a shorter way: = 0.4
10

Where: 0 - number of units, ( . ) - decimal point, 4 - tenths

The decimal point separates the whole numbers from the tenths.
Representing decimals on a number line

This number line has been divided into tenths.

The distance between each division is one tenth.

Exercise 1E
1.) Show these numbers on the given number line.
a.) 0.3 b.) 1.3 c.) 1.9

2.) Write as decimals the letters marked on the number line.

Two decimals places
If represents 1 unit, then

1
represents 10
(one tenth). Hundredths can be written a shorter way as decimals:

1 hundredth

number of units
no tenths
decimal point
Example 5:
* Show the decimal 0.25 using diagrams:
2
= 0.2
10

0.25
5
= 0.05
100

0.25
Example 6:
* Which is the larger decimal 0.19 or 0.2?
1
1 9
0.19 = + 10
10 100
9
100

2 1
0.2 = 10
10
1
10

The rectangles show that 0.2 is larger.

Representing hundredths on a number line
You can divide a number line into hundredths to show two place decimals.

The number line between 0.5 and 0.7:

The distance between each division is one hundredth.

Exercise 1H
1.) Identify the positions of each of the letters on this number line:

2.) On the number line, show the points:

A = 0.2, D = 0.40
B = 0.25 E = 0.30
C = 0.45 F = 0.05
Thousandths
Each column heading is one tenth of the one to its left:

÷ 10 ÷ 10 ÷ 10
Th H T U

* What happens if you divide the units column by 10?

One One
Unit One tenth
Hundredth Thousandth
 One One
Unit One tenth
Hundredth Thousandth

÷ 10 1÷ 10 ÷ 10 1 1
1 10 100 1000

Thousandths can be 1 thousandth

written as decimals: no hundredths
no units
decimal point no tenths
1.5 Decimals and place value
Column headings are often used to show place value.

For example: The number 384.615 written with column headings is:

Example 7:
* Give the value of each underlined digit:
2
1.) 0.27 = two tenths or 0.2 or 10
4
2.) 6.134 = four thousandths or 0.004 or 1000
 You can use place value to help you write decimals in order of size.

Example 8:
* Write these numbers in order of size, smallest first.
6.3, 6.304, 6.24, 6.242, 6.2, 6.34

6.3 - 6.300
6.304 - 6.304
In order, smallest first:
6.24 - 6.240
6.242 - 6.242 6.2, 6.24, 6.242, 6.3, 6.304, 6.34
6.2 - 6.200
6.34 - 6.340
Decimals and Money
Money is written using decimals.

For example: 2 dollars and 25 cents is written $2.25.

39 cents is written $0.39
3 dollars and 7 cents is written $3.07.

Exercise 1J
1. a.) How many cents are there in a dollar?
b.) Write 1 cents as a fraction of 1 dollar.

2. Give in dollars using the decimal point:

a.) 1 dollar 10 cents
b.) 25 cents
c.) 5 dollars 55 cents
1.6 Decimals and your calculator

Decimal calculations are done very easily on a

calculator.To display a decimal you must use the . button.

1.7 Multiplying and dividing decimals by powers of ten

Look at these results:
* 8.4 x 1 = 8.4 * 8.4 x 100 = 840
* 8.4 x 10 = 84 * 8.4 x 1000 = 8400
 You should have noticed that when a decimal is multiplied by 10, each
number in the decimal moves one place to the left.

Look at these results:

* 7.6 ÷ 1 = 7.6 * 7.6 ÷ 100 = 0.076
* 7.6 ÷ 10 = 0.76 * 7.6 ÷ 1000 = 0.0076

Notice here that when a decimal is divided by 10 each number in the decimal
moves one place to the right.
When divided by 100 each number moves two places to the right.
When divided by 1000 each number moves three places to the right.
1.8 Rounding
For example:
If 13, 284 people attended a cricket match, you can say about 10, 000 people
attended.

You can round a numbers using number line.

1.8 Rounding
Rounding is commonly used by the
media.
At Eden Garden cricket ground in
Kolkata, India, 84 976 people went to
watch a cricket match.

A newspaper reported:

85 000 people watched Kolkata Knight Riders' victory.

The paper has made the figure of 84 976 more manageable by rounding to the
nearest 1000.
Rounding Decimals

Example 12:
* Using the number line, round 12.814 to:
a.) the nearest whole number
b.) one decimal places
Rounding without a number line
To round to 1 decimal place, you only need to look at the second
decimal place (the number in the hundredths column).

Rule:
a.) If the second decimal place is less than 5, leave the first decimal
place as it is and don't write any more numbers after it.

b.) If it is 5 or more, you must round up the digit in the first decimal
place.
Estimation
A close guess of the actual value, usually based on some
thought or rough calculation; to make an approximate or rough
count, measurement or calculation.

Example 14:
* Estimate the result of:
a.) 76 + 296 + 82
= 76 (100) + 296 (300) + 82 (100) → 500

b.) 69 x 84
= 69 (70) x 84 (80) → 5600
Using a calculator
A calculator makes arithmetic easy and can save
a great deal of time. However, unless you are
careful it is still possible to make mistakes.

One way of reducing mistakes

when you use your calculator is
to make a good guess at the
answers first.
1.9 Negative Numbers

* Numbers less than zero are called negative numbers.

For example: -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, ...

* Numbers larger than zero are counting or positive numbers.

For example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, .....

* Integers are whole numbers that can be positive, negative or zero.

For example: -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ....
1.10 Negative Numbers and addition

The order that you add the number does not matter.

Example 18:
* Work out: (number line) -2 + - 3

So, -2 + -3 = -2 - 3 = -5.
1.11 Subtracting negative numbers
Look at these subtractions:
*4-4=0 *4-3=1 *4-2=2
*4-1=3 *4-4=0 * 4 - -1 = ___

That is 5.
* This shows that subtracting a negative number is the same as
adding a positive number.

Example 20:
* Work out: -6 - - 3 + 4
= -6 + 3 + 4
= -6 + 7
=1
1.12 Some ways we use negative number

* Time
The time when something is due to happen,
like the launching of a space ship, is often
called time zero. Times before zero are counted
as negative, times after it are counted as positive.

* Sea Level
Sea level is zero metre. Heights above the
sea level are positive and you could think of
depths below sea level as negative.
* Temperature
The temperature of something tells us how hot
or cold it is.
It is measured using a thermometer. The
temperature of ice is 0°C.

* Money
If you have $400 in the bank you are in credit by
$400. Money is going into your account is credit.
You can use positive number to represent credit.

Money coming out of your account is debit. You

can use negative number to represent debit.
Exercise 1J
1. This is a timetable for launching a space ship.
Time Hour Things to do
8.00 am -4 h Check weather report
9.00 am -3 h Fueling
10.00 am -2 h Final check
11.00 am -1 h Count-down begins
12 noon 0h Launch
1.00 pm 1h Firing final rocket
2.00 pm 2h Into orbit
3.00 pm 3h Docking with space laboratory.

a.) The first check of the space ship is done at -6h. What time is that?

b.) On launch day, the astronaut sleeps until -8h. How many hours are there
between the astronaut waking up and docking with the space laboratory?
Exercise 1J
1. This is a timetable for launching a space ship.
Time Hour Things to do
8.00 am -4 h Check weather report
9.00 am -3 h Fueling
10.00 am -2 h Final check
11.00 am -1 h Count-down begins
12 noon 0h Launch
1.00 pm 1h Firing final rocket
2.00 pm 2h Into orbit
3.00 pm 3h Docking with space laboratory.
1
c.) The astronaut must be dressed in a space suit 2 hours before launching. How would
2
you record that on the timetable?
3
d.)1 hours after fueling, the astronaut is locked into the space capsule. How would you
4
shown that on the timetable?
1.13 Laws of Arithmetic and Inverse operations

* Commutative Law: When adding two numbers or multiplying two

numbers the order of doing this doesn't matter.
For example: 3 + 2 = 2 + 3 = 5
2 x 5 = 5 x 2 = 10

* Associative Law: When adding three or more numbers you can

add any pair of number first. When multiplying three or more
numbers you can multiply any pair of number first.
For example: 3 + 2 + 4 = 5 + 4 = 9 or 3 + 2 + 4 = 3 + 6 = 9
2 x 5 x 3 = 10 x 3 = 30 or 2 x 5 x 3 = 2 x 15 = 30
1.13 Laws of Arithmetic and Inverse operations

* Distributive Law: When a sum (or difference) is being multiplied by

a number, each number in the sum (or difference) can be multiplied by
the number first then these products are added (or subtracted). It is the
same with division.
For example: 5 x (4 + 2) = 5 x 6 = 30
5 x 4 + 5 x 2 = 20 + 10 = 30
1.13 Laws of Arithmetic and Inverse operations

* Inverse Operation: Multiplying and dividing inverses of each other.

For example:

* If 4 x 3 = 12, then 12 ÷ 4 = 3 and 12 ÷ 3 = 4.

* If 12 + 5 = 7, the 7 - 5 = 2 and 7 - 2 = 5.
1.14 Order of Operations

The order of operations (BIDMAS) tells us that in calculations we

do:
* Operations in brackets are completed first. ( ), [ ], {
Bracket first
}
* Number raised to a power (index) are done next.
Then Indices
x2, x3, x5
Then Division and * Divisions and multiplications are completed next,
Multiplication the order you do these doesn't matter.
Then Addition and * Additions and subtractions are completed next, the
Subtraction order you do these doesn't matter.
1.14 Order of Operations

20 - 2 x 4 - (10 - 3)

= 20 - 2 x 4 - 7 (Bracket First)

= 20 - 8 x 7 ( Then Multiplication)

=5 ( Then Subtraction)