Social

organization
SOCIAL NETWORKS
• Consist of individuals who have dyadic
relationships that are interacting with other
relationships within a structure.
• It is a social structure consisting of people
who have varying degrees of relations and
interrelationships.
SOCIOGRAM
• Is a visual representation of the social
networks present in one group or more.
• This was developed by Jacob Moreno, a
psychotherapist in 1951 to understand the
dynamics of the intersections of social
groups. (e.g a school, a church, a village)
TYPES OF ARRANGEMENTS:
• CLIQUE- an exclusive group that is
serparated from the entire unit.
• ONE WAY CHOICE- an individual who relates
to another individual who does not
reciprocate the affiliation.
• ISOLATE- an individual who has chosen no
one and is not chosen by anyone in he
structure.
THREE TYPES OF HUMAN
SOCIAL GROUPINGS
•IN-GROUPS
•OUT-GROUPS
•REFERENCE GROUPS
•IN-GROUPS
•An individual directly affiliates and
expresses loyalty to.
 Characteristics:
• Members use titles, external symbols, and dress to extinguish
themselves from the out-group.
- ex: Jejemon, Military groups
• Members apply positive stereotype to their in-groups and
negative stereotype to their out-groups.
- In-group favoritism- preferring behaviors practiced within an
in-group.
• Members tend to clash with members of the out-group. This
competition can strengthen the unity within the group.
-members of in group harm individuals from out group.
REFERENCE GROUPS
 Primary and secondary groups
• PRIMARY- direct sources of an individual’s social skills and
knowledge.
- informal and holistic interactions
Ex: family, friends, peers, classmates and church
• SECONDARY- more formal in context as the relationships and
interactions in them are limited to a particular role an individual plays
in a group.
Ex: Tenant and landlord
Client and agent
Researcher and informant
 SMALL GROUPS
• Where direct interactions often forms exclusivity, as experiences
and ideas are strictly shared within the small group.
Ex: FAMILY
Types of small group:
Dyad- consists of two individuals
Triad- consists of three individuals
SOCIAL LOAFING- free riding; some individuals tend to depend on
others’ initiative to perform the task that are originally expected
from them.
Conformity
• The behavior of an individual that relates to
following the prescribed norms of his or her
group due to pressure or influence that the
members of the group have on him or her.
GROUP THINK
Based on the majority’s perspective and
decision may not always be correct and
logical.
 Types of leader in small group
• Expressive leader- motivated by the relationship that
he or she has in the group; cooperative style of
management wherein the opinions of the member are
accounted for, as the main goal of group is to maintain
its cohesion.
• Instrumental leader- implements a directive style of
management wherein the members of the group are
directed to perform tasks that lead to the achievement
of the group goal.
Social Organizations
• Are created by individuals to foster more
direct relationship in direct setting.
FORMAL ORGANIZATION- when a secondary
group is directed by its goals.
INFORMAL ORGANIZATIONS- characterized
by informal relations between the members.
RATIONAL PLANNING
• IMPLIES THE IDENTIFICATION OF TASKS,
ROLES, PROGRAMS AND GENERAL
POILICIES.
 ORGANIZATIONAL MODELS
BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION MODELS- Operate
within the frame of rules and regulations that allow
for a more efficient implementation of
organizational objectives.

COLLECTIVIST ORGANIZATION MODELS- this

predicts the demise of bureaucratic models within
a shift from class-based to classless society.
Answer the following question briefly: (C & A)
1. Differentiate an in-group from an out-group.
2. How can a reference group affect an individual’s behavior?
3. Why do secondary groups foster formal and detached
relationships?
4. What are the effects of small groups to its member’s
behavior?
5. What are the characteristics of a small group?
6. Why is social loafing more experienced in larger groups?
7. What are the differences between an expressive leader and
an instrumental leader?