Problem solving

and
reasoning

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 “
Logic – The science of correct reasoning.

Reasoning – The drawing of inferences or

conclusions from known or assumed facts.

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Inductive Reasoning
-is drawing a general
conclusion from a
repeated observation or
limited sets of
observation of specific
examples.
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Deductive Reasoning
-is drawing general case
to specific examples or
simplify from general
case to specific case.
Inductive reasoning
Example 1: Use inductive reasoning to predict
the next number.

1. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15,
2. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15,

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Inductive reasoning
Example 2: Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture.
Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the
product, divide the sum by 2, then subtract 3.
If the original number picked is 4.
Original number : 4
Multiply by 8 : 4 x 8 = 32
Add 6 to the product : 32 + 6 =38
Divide the sum by 2 : 38 ÷ 2 = 19
Subtract 3 : 19 – 3 = 16
* The answer is 4 times the original number
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Deductive reasoning
Example 1: Use deductive reasoning to make a conjecture, that the
following produces a number that is four times the original number.
Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the
sum by 2, then subtract 3.
If the original number picked is 4.
Original number : n
Multiply by 8 : 8n
Add 6 to the product : 8n + 6
Divide the sum by 2 : (8n + 6) ÷ 2 = 4n + 3
Subtract 3 : 4n + 3 – 3 = 4n

* The answer is 4 times the original number.

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More examples of Inductive Reasoning
1) Every quiz has been easy. Therefore, the test
will be easy.
2) The teacher used PowerPoint in the last few
classes. Therefore, the teacher will use
PowerPoint tomorrow.
3) Every fall there have been hurricanes in the
tropics. Therefore, there will be hurricanes in
the tropics this coming fall.
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More examples of deductive Reasoning
1. All SIAA students eat pizza.
Claire is a student at SIAA.
Therefore, Claire eats pizza.

2. All athletes work out in the gym.

Barry Bonds is an athlete.
Therefore, Barry Bonds works out in the
gym.

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 More examples of deductive Reasoning
3. All math teachers are over 6 feet tall.
Ms. D. is a math teacher.
Therefore, Ms. D is over 6 feet tall.

4. The catalog states that all entering freshmen must

take a mathematics placement test.
You are an entering freshman.
Conclusion: You will have to take a
mathematics placement test.
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90% of humans are right handed.
Joe is human.
Therefore Joe is right handed.

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 You are a good student.
You got straight A’s.
Therefore your friends must get all A’s too.

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All oranges are fruits.
All fruits grow on trees.
Therefore, all oranges
grow on trees.

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 Solving a logic puzzle
Logic puzzles can be solved using deductive
reasoning and a chart that enables to
display information.

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Example: Each of four neighbors, Aster, Anji, Agnes, and
Anna, has a different occupations (writer, teacher, chef,
or doctor). From the following clues, determine the
occupation of each neighbors.

1. Anji gets home from work after the teacher but before the
doctor.
2. Agnes who last to go home from work, is not a writer.
3. The doctor and Agnes leave for work at the same time.
4. The teacher lives next door to Anna.

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Polya’s problem solving
strategies

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 “The Father of Problem Solving”
• George Pólya was a
Hungarian mathematician.

• He made fundamental
contributions to combinatorics,
number theory, numerical analysis and
probability theory. He is also noted for his
work in heuristics and mathematics
education.
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 Polya's Problem Solving Techniques
• In 1945 George Polya published the book How
To Solve It which quickly became his most
prized publication.
• It sold over one million copies and has been
translated into 17 languages.
• In this book he identifies four basic principles of
problem solving.

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 Polya’s Four-step process of problem
solving
Step 1. Understand the Problem

Step 2. Device a Plan

Step 3. Carry Out the Plan

Step 4. Look Backward

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 Step 1. Understand the Problem
• Do you understand all the words used in stating
the problem?
• What are you asked to find or show?
• Can you restate the problem in your own words?
• Can you think of a picture or diagram that might
help you understand the problem?
• Is there enough information to enable you to find
a solution?
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Step 2. device a plan
• There are many reasonable ways to solve
problems.
• The skill lies in choosing an appropriate strategy.
• This best learned by solving many problems.
You will find choosing a strategy increasingly
easy.

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Step 3. carry out the plan
• This step is usually easier than devising the plan.
In general, all you need is care and patience,
given that you have the necessary skills.
• Persist with the plan that you have chosen.
• If it continues not to work discard it and choose
another. Don't be misled, this is how mathematics
is done, even by professionals.

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Step 4. look backward
• Much can be gained by taking the time to reflect
and look back at what you have done, what
worked, and what didn't.
• Doing this will enable you to predict what
strategy to use to solve future problems.

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Guess and check

8 16
2 6 10

14 12 18 5

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24
Make an orderly list
There are 8 people in a party. If everyone at
the party shakes hands with everyone else,
how many handshakes would there be?

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How many different total score could you
make if you hit the dart board shown with
3 darts?
10
5
1

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Draw a diagram
Everyday a postman walks from office to
specific destination to deliver mail. Today
he walked 2 miles west, then 1 mile south,
then 3 miles east and 2 miles north, then 1
mile west. How far is the postman from
office?
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In how many days will it take a slug to get
out of the 12-feet deep well if each day it
climbs up 3 feet and each night it slips
back 2 feet.

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Look for a pattern
For a hexagon with 42 dots, how many dots
are there on each side? How about hexagon
with 300 dots?

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Eliminate possibilities
Three persons, Jhade, Mia, and Ameerah are friends.
Their surnames are Javier, Castillo and Soza, but
not necessarily in that order. Jhade lives in a red
house, Ameerah lives in the yellow house, and
Miss Javier lives in a blue house, and Miss Soza
does not live in a red house. What are the full
names of each person?
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Work backwards
By 7 PM all the party guests had arrived but by 8 PM a third
of them hade departed. By 9 PM a third of those
remaining had also departed. By 10 PM the same
happened again and third of those remaining had also
departed. Finally, the party ended at 11 PM by which time
further third of those remaining had also departed and by
11 PM only 16 guests still remained. How many guests
were originally at the party at 7 PM?

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A bus was three stops away from the bus terminal.
At the first bus stop, 5 passengers got on and 3
passengers got off. At the second bus stop, 4
passengers got on and 8 passengers got off. At the
third bus stop, 2 passengers got on and 12
passengers got off. When the bus arrived at the
terminal, all 75 passengers got off. How many
passengers were on the bus just before it arrived
at the first bus stop?

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Two times the sum of a number and 3
is equal to thrice the number plus 4.
find the number.

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If the length of the top of a rectangle is 15
inches more than its width and the area is
1,350 square inches, find the dimension of
the table.

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“

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 “
Use Polya’s four step problem-
solving strategy to solve each of the
following exercises.

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Two melons weigh the same as a bunch of
bananas. A bunch of bananas weighs the
same as nine apples. How many apples
weigh the same as one melon?

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If the hypotenuse of a right triangle measures
10 meters, and one leg is 2 meters more
than the other. Find the length of the legs.

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Find two consecutive positive integers
whose product is 240.

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Everyday a Claire walks from home to
specific destination. Today she walked 3
miles west, then 2 mile south, then 5 miles
east and 3 miles north, then 1 mile south.
How far is Claire from home??

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 hello!
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 1.

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 “
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White Black
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produced by the combination of all the colors It is the darkest color, the result of the absence
of the visible spectrum. of or complete absorption of light.

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 In two or three columns

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter and Is the colour of the clear sky and Is the color of blood, and because
ripe lemons. In the spectrum of the deep sea. It is located between of this it has historically been
visible light, yellow is found violet and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, danger
between green and orange. spectrum. and courage.

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White Gray Black

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A B C

Yellow 10 20 7

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 Let’s review some concepts
Yellow Blue Red
Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and the Is the color of blood, and because of
lemons. In the spectrum of visible light, deep sea. It is located between violet this it has historically been associated
yellow is found between green and and green on the optical spectrum. with sacrifice, danger and courage.
orange.

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and the Is the color of blood, and because of
lemons. In the spectrum of visible light, deep sea. It is located between violet this it has historically been associated
yellow is found between green and and green on the optical spectrum. with sacrifice, danger and courage.
orange.

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