INDONESIA : ENVIRONMENTAL

PROGRAMMES AND ACTION PLANS

RISTY KHOIRUNISA
ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION IN PRACTICE
INTRODUCTION

 The Republic of Indonesia is the largest

archipelagic state in the world with 17,500
islands.
 Indonesia consist of 3.1 million km2 of sea (62%
of the total area) and about 2 million km2 of land
area (38% of the total area), most of which is
covered by forests, and the shoreline length of
81.000 km.
 Based on WRI report, Indonesia is a significant
emitter of greenhouse gases due to deforestation
and land-use change which accounts for 85% of
the Indonesia’s annual greenhouse gas emissions.
GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION : MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND
FORESTRY

 The agencies/bodies that administer and enforce the Environmental Law are The Ministry of The Environment
and Forestry (A merger of Ministry of Forestry and Ministry of Environment) as stipulated under Law 23/2014
 The central unit is in Jakarta, Indonesia. However, there are technical implementation units that are divided into
five units throughout Indonesia : Sumatera, Jawa-Bali-Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Maluku-Papua.
 The main environmental legal approach is based on precautionary principle, MOEF have government officials that
have primary role of legal enforcement through warnings and administrative sanctions, including permit
revocation if necessary.
 Other institutions have also been established to deal with specific issues related to the protection of the
environment, for example Regional Environmental Management Agency for regional control.
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

Led by a minister and directly responsible to the president. Its function is to help the President in the
administration of government affairs in the field of environment and forestry. It has some Directorate
Generals who take care of different things
GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION :ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY

 Each region/province has its own Environment Agency and it’s responsible to the head of
regional/provincial respectively.
 Environmental Agency in provincial level is responsible to the governor while Environmental Agency in
regional/municipal level is responsible to regent/mayor. They have the same function that is to help the
head of their area to protect and preserve the environment in their respective areas autonomously.
 OTHER ACTORS

 Indonesia enjoys support from a number of bilateral and multilateral donors, international financing
institutions, and NGO‟s, which is a sign of the regional importance placed on Indonesia.
 For example, The Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP) was established to assist the
government of Indonesia (GOI) to attain the MDG related to sanitation. The ISSDP, supported by the
Netherlands, the World Bank and Sida, and managed by the WSP, states as its purpose to support the GOI to
create effective and coordinated policy, institutional reform, strategic planning and awareness building.
Initial donor funding was allocated for two years (until April 2008).
 Another example, JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) Support for GHG Inventories. JICA
Supported the establishment and operation of the Advisory Committee on Adaptation and Development of
the Strategy for Mainstreaming Adaptation into National Development Planning.
 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REFORM

 The EMA 1997 did not give the clear definition on the action of decision making, on the rule of permit, and so on.
 As in most countries, command and control interventions are the main type of regulation; one might expect the
EMA to include such options. However, the Environmental Management Act 1997 does not contain a clear and
precisely defined framework for permit schemes and general rules.
 The present main environmental law in Indonesia, is the Environmental Management and Protection Act no.
32/2009 (EMPA 32/2009), upgrading the Environmental Management Act of 1997. This new act came as a
consequence to the amendment of Indonesia’s Constitution to achieve more democratic society, decentralized
government and respect to human right.

The Environmental Environmental

Management Act Of Management Act 2009
1997 (23/1997) (32/2009)
SEVERAL EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS BY
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY

Prokasih (Clean River PROPER (Pollution ProKlim (Climate

Program) Control, Evaluation, Village Program)
and Rating )
PROKASIH (INDONESIA CLEAN RIVER PROGRAM, 1989-1994)

 In 1989, the Ministry decided to focus its limited resources on a semi-voluntary program for controlling the
discharge of industrial pollution in waterways. It formally announced its “Clean River Program,” better known as
PROKASIH, on June 19, 1989.
 These “PROKASIH teams” included representatives from a range of agencies, including the regional development
planning board (BAPPEDA), the public works department, the health department, environmental study centers,
and environmental laboratories. They were responsible for several activities, including:
(i) selecting specific rivers or portions of rivers where concerns over water quality were the greatest,
(ii) identifying the industrial facilities that were the most significant polluters,
(iii) drawing up pollution-reduction agreements to be signed by provincial Vice-Governors and polluting
facilities,
(iv) collecting data on pollution concentrations in facilities’ effluent and in receiving waters and reporting those.
 Eight provinces agreed to participate in the program initially and expanded to 13 provinces in 1994
PROKASIH IMPACT

 it appears clearly that many plants did not meet

the terms of their pollution reduction
agreements.
 The median BOD intensity fell by
approximately 55% between 1990 and 1993.
This is by all means very significant. It strongly
suggests that considerable pollution control
effort can be generated from a subset of plants
even in circumstances where resources devoted
to monitoring and enforcement activities are
lacking.
 ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME :
PROPER (1995)

 Indonesia’s Program for Pollution Control, Evaluation, and

Rating (PROPER) is a national-level public environmental
reporting initiative in 1995.
 The objective is to promote industrial compliance with
pollution control regulations, to facilitate and enforce the
adoption of practices contributing to “clean technology,”
and to ensure a better environmental management system.
 The program uses a color-coded rating, ranging from gold
for excellent performance to black for poor performance, as
well as “reputational incentives.”
PERFORMANCE RATING PROCESS TO PUBLIC DISCLOSURE

Gather data Develop a

Select the Verify and inspect pollution database Analyze data at
through mail
polluters plants Ministry/Agencies
surveys

Release the Obtain rating

information to the Report ratings to approval from the Obtain rating from . Verify data at
press. the President Environment the advisory board Ministry/Agencies
Minister
PROPER has had a significant effect in shifting
factories from noncompliance to compliance.
Over two years (June 1995–March 1997), the
compliance level of the pilot program factories,
selected from the three river basins, increased
from 35 percent to 51 percent.
The Performance Rating Process and Criteria
 PROPER COMPLIANCE ANALYSIS (2)

Six key issues related to the compliance analysis in PROPER: ·

 Definition of compliance
 Category assignment process
 Information needed for reliable assessment
 Sources of appropriate information and associated data quality
issues
 Use of existing data to assess compliance
 Minimizing errors in category assignment
 PROPER IMPACT

 PROPER has proved to be cost-effective and has reduced transactional costs by mobilizing external agencies for support, as well
as by leveraging their power to control environmentally deviant behavior.
 PROPER thus has raised the environmental awareness of owners, managers, and employees. While the program enables firms
with good ratings to publicize their status and reap market benefits, it also allows regulators to better use their limited resources
by concentrating on the worst offenders.
 PROPER had an impact on Government Agencies. The promotion of clean technology through the use of reputational incentives
has caused Government to improve its data collection and analysis about factories and their management in waste and pollution.
 PROPER has also contributed to voluntary participation by factories in conducting compliance ratings and has increased
awareness regarding environmental issues.
PROKLIM (PROGRAM KAMPUNG IKLIM) : A CLIMATE VILLAGE
PROGRAMME 2012

 Program to recognize active participation of local communities in implementing actions of integrated climate
change mitigation and adaptation, which contributes to the achievement of national green house gas
reduction target and increases the community resilience to the climate change impact.
 Benefit of the program :
NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
(RAN-API)

 The objective of the National Action Plan to address climate change is for it to be used as guidance to
various institutions in carrying out a coordinated and integrated effort to tackle climate change.
 NAP provides information regarding institutional arrangements, including the development of relevant
regulations in the energy and land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sectors
 In order to meet certain targets and benefits, the NAP should be monitored and improved according to
various principles of public national development, namely by :
 Harmonizing all policies and legal instruments.
 Integrating and harmonizing spatial planning with the utilization of public resources.
 Integrating the efforts of achieving emissions reduction targets with the efforts of promoting the change
towards a more sustainable pattern of consumption and production.
 Integrating all mitigation and adaptation targets with socio-cultural aspects, taking into account specific
characters of local communities and the environment
NAP’S IMPLEMENTATION TIME FRAME

 Immediate Action between 2007-2009: In this period, the required instruments, institutional support, and harmonization
between sectors should be achieved. In this period, necessary information for implementing the NAP should be collected.
 Short Term Action between 2009-2012: This term is set by taking into account the end of the first commitment period
according to the Kyoto Protocol. The NAP explicitly states that the implementation of NAP, particularly in the energy,
forestry, agriculture, mining, public works (infrastructure), and health sectors should be conducted on a voluntary basis.
 Medium Term Action between 2012-2025: Efforts in this term are conducted by taking into account the results of
voluntary efforts conducted in the shorter action. In addition, the basic socio-cultural aspects appropriate to the long term
anticipation of climate change must also be developed. Specifically, the Medium Term Action should be directed to
achieve disaster risk reduction which could be easily measured.
 Long Term Action between 2025-2050: A long term learning period for mitigation and adaptation of climate change, that
covers one generation until 2050, should not only ensure the resilience and endurance of the Indonesian nation, but should
also be able to improve in a sustainable way all the three socio-ecological requirements as discussed in the previous
sections.
MITIGATION AGENDA : EMISSION REDUCTION

Emission reduction target of 26 % by 2020

Law : No 61/2011, National Action Plan on

GHG Emission Reduction Target (RAN-GRK)

Emission reduction plan in these sectors :

Agricultures,
Forestry & Peatland,
Waste,
Industry, and
Energy and Transportation,
During the time period of 2015-2019 the mitigation effort in forestry sector is focusing on five priority
policies, as follows:
• Preventing illegal logging that will contribute to the reduction CO2 concentration in atmosphere
• Forest and land rehabilitation with conservation effort that will increase the carbon absorption
capacity (sink enhancement) and maintain carbon conservation.
• Restructuring the forestry sector, particularly the industry and accelerate the development of
plantation forest to increase forest capacity.
• Empowerment the community around the forest, that contribute to the improvement of the awareness
toward the climate change issue and the capacity to adapt the climate related events.
• Strengthen the forest area by clarifying the forest status and boundary with its institution, then the
illegal activities could be reduced that at the end will contribute in the reduction of emission and
conservation of carbon.

Besides that the mitigation effort in emission reduction is strengthen by the following policies:
1. Incentive and disincentive mechanism for local government in increasing the forest vegetation
coverage, with monitoring and evaluation (MRV System)
2. Tackling and preventing forest fire.
3. Sustainable peat land management.
ADAPTATION AGENDA

 The success of implementing an adaptation agenda is determined by the character of adaptation framework.
 National development with adaptation agenda toward climate change has purposed to create a resilience
development system to the present climate variability and anticipate the future impact of climate change.
 The climate change adaptation agenda will be focus on the area vulnerable to climate change, namely: water
resource, agriculture, fisheries, coastal and marine, infrastructure and settlement, health and forestry
 Four issues should be considered in each focus area, these are: 1) the effort to address poverty; 2) social and
economic development; 3) investment; and 4) spatial planning
 Based on the development goal, to build the capacity and the resilience toward present climate anomaly or
climate variability , the adaptation agenda in the development strategy need to be arranged in three time
periods : immediate, medium and long term.
RAN-API PROGRAM FOR ADAPTATION
EXAMPLE ACTION PLAN OF RAN-API

Example :
Sector: Economy Sub Sector : Food Security
 Cluster 1: Adjustment of Food Production Systems
 Cluster 2: The Expansion of Agricultural Areas of
Food and Aquaculture
 Cluster 3: Improvement and Development of
Climate Proof Agricultural Infrastructure
 Cluster 4: Acceleration for Food Diversification
 Cluster 5: Development of Innovative and Adaptive
Technologies
 Cluster 6: Development of Information and
Communication Systems (Climate and Technology)
 Cluster 7: Supporting Program
MONITORING AND EVALUATION RAN-API

 Monitoring and Evaluation

 To ensure the achievement of climate change adaptation targets
 To monitor impact of the above action on resilience.
 Implementation monitoring process conducted by local
governments and related line ministries and periodically
reported to the Minister of National Development Planning/Head
of Bappenas
 RAN-API Review Mechanism
 RAN-API Document to possible to be updated based on the
latest/new policy based on the result of monitoring and
evaluation
 Ministry of Development Planning / Bappenas will conduct the
evaluation and review process for RAN-API by coordinating with
the line ministries and local government.
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION