Quiz 2

1. Define the following

a. Data
b. Variable
c. Observations
d. Frequency distribution
e. Histogram
2. Differentiate the ff:
a. Population vs. Sample
b. quantitative data vs. Categorical data
3. Describe the 3 measures of central location
4. List the measures of variabilitywhat the the ff represent?
5. What tdoes the ff represent?
a. 60th percentile
b. 3 quartile
DATA VISUALIZATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES
•Discuss the aspects of data
visualization
• Tables
• Charts
• Data dashboards
DATA VISUALIZATION

• Is the graphical
representation of
information and data.
• By using visual elements
like charts, graphs, and
maps, data
visualization tools provide
an accessible way to see
and understand trends,
outliers, and patterns
in data.
 Tables

Table Design Principles

Cross-tabulation
Pivot Tables in Excel
Recommended Pivot Table in Excel
 EFFECTIVE DESIGN
TECHNIQUES

• DATA-INK RATIO
(Tufte, 2001)
• is the proportion of Ink
that is used to present
actual data compared
to the total amount of
ink (or pixels) used in
the entire display.
(Ratio of Data-Ink to
non-Data-Ink)
TABLES SHOULD BE USED WHEN:
• The reader needs to refer to specific numerical
values
• The reader needs to make precise comparisons
between different values and just relative
comparisons
• The values being displayed have different units
or very different magnitudes
 TABLE DESIGN
PRINCIPLES
• Keep in mind the data-ink ratio
• Horizontal lines are generally necessary
• Vertical lines can be avoided
• Light shading instead of lines
• numerical values should be right-aligned
• Round off to significant number of decimal
points
• Text values are left-aligned
• Center only if values are of similar lengths
• Column headings centered or aligned with
values
 CROSS TABULATION
• Used for tables with
two variables
Table 3.6: Quality Rating and Meal Price for 300
Los Angeles Restaurants
Table 3.7: Crosstabulation of Quality Rating
and Meal Price for 300 Los Angeles
Restaurants

• The greatest number of restaurants in the sample (64) have a very good
rating and a meal price in the $20–29 range
• Only two restaurants have an excellent rating and a meal price in the
$10–19 range
• The right and bottom margins of the crosstabulation give the frequency
of quality rating and meal price separately
PIVOT TABLES IN EXCEL
• Example restaurants.
Recommended PIVOT TABLES IN EXCEL
 Charts
Scatter Charts Bubble Charts
Recommended Charts in Excel Heat Maps
Line Charts Additional Charts for Multiple Variables
Bar Charts and Column Charts PivotCharts in Excel
A Note on Pie Charts and Three Dimensional
Charts
CHARTS
• SCATTER CHARTS
• LINE CHARTS
• BAR CHARTS AND COLUMN CHARTS
• PIE CHARTS AND THREE DIMENSIONAL CHARTS
• BUBBLE CHARTS
• HEAT MAPS
• MULTIPLE VARIABLE CHARTS
• PIVOT CHARTS
CHARTS FOR MULTIPLE
VARIABLES

• STACKED COLUMN
CHARTS
• CLUSTERED-COLUMN
CHARTS
• SCATTER CHART
CLUSTERED AND STACKED BAR CHARTS IN
EXCEL
PIVOT CHARTS IN EXCEL
Table 3.8: Sample Data for the San Francisco
Electronics Store 21
Figure 3.17: Scatter Chart for the San Francisco
Electronics Store 22
Table 3.9: Monthly Sales Data of Air Compressors
at Kirkland Industries 23
Figure 3.19: Scatter Chart and Line Chart for
Monthly Sales Data at Kirkland Industries 24
Table 3.10: Regional Sales Data by Month for Air
Compressors at Kirkland Industries 25
Figure 3.21: Line Chart of Regional Sales
Data at Kirkland Industries 26
Charts 27

Sparkline: Special type of line chart

• Minimalist type of line chart that can be placed
directly into a cell in Excel
• Contain no axes; they display only the line for the
data
• Take up very little space and they can be effectively
used to provide information on overall trends for
time series data
Figure 3.22: Sparklines for the Regional Sales
Data at Kirkland Industries 28
Charts 29

• Bar Charts: Use horizontal bars to display the magnitude of the

quantitative variable
• Column Charts: Use vertical bars to display the magnitude of the
quantitative variable
• Bar and column charts are very helpful in making comparisons
between categorical variables
Figure 3.23:
Bar Charts for Accounts Managed Data 30

Gentry manages the greatest number

of accounts and Williams the fewest
Figure 3.24:
Sorted Bar Chart for Accounts Managed Data 31
Figure 3.25: Bar Chart with Data Labels for
Accounts Managed Data 32
Charts 33

• Pie charts: Common form of chart used to compare categorical

data
• Bubble chart:
• Graphical means of visualizing three variables in a two-
dimensional graph
• Sometimes a preferred alternative to a 3-D graph
• Heat map: A two-dimensional graphical representation of data
that uses different shades of color to indicate magnitude
Figure 3.21: Pie Chart of Accounts Managed 34
Table 3.11:
Sample Data on Billionaires per Country 35
Figure 3.27: Bubble Chart Comparing
Billionaires by Country 36
Figure 3.27:
Bubble Chart Comparing Billionaires by 37
Country
Figure 3.28: Heat Map and Sparklines for Same-
Store Sales Data 38
Charts 39

Additional Charts for Multiple Variables

• Stacked column chart: Allows the reader to compare
the relative values of quantitative variables for the
same category in a bar chart
• Clustered column (or bar) chart: An alternative chart
to stacked column chart for comparing quantitative
variables
• Scatter chart matrix: Useful chart for displaying
multiple variables
Figure 3.32: PivotTable and PivotChart for the
Restaurant Data 40
 Data Dashboards

Principles of Effective Data Dashboards

Application of Data Dashboards
 DATA
DASHBOARDS

• A data-visualization tool
that illustrates multiple
metrics and automatically
updates these metrics as
new data becomes
available
• Includes KPIs or Key
Performance Indicators
Data Dashboards 43

• Key performance indicators (KPIs) in

dashboards:
• Automobile dashboard: Current speed,
Fuel level, and oil pressure
• Business dashboard: Financial position,
inventory on hand, customer service
metrics
Data Dashboards 44

Principles of Effective Data Dashboards

• Should provide timely summary information on KPIs that are important to
the user
• Should present all KPIs as a single screen that a user can quickly scan to
understand the business’s current state of operations
• The KPIs displayed in the data dashboard should convey meaning to its
user and be related to the decisions the user makes
• A data dashboard should call attention to unusual measures that may
require attention
• Color should be used to call attention to specific values to differentiate
categorical variables, but the use of color should be restrained
Figure 3.36: Data Dashboard for the Grogan Oil
Information Technology Call Center 45
DATA DASHBOARDS in EXCEL
PROBLEMS