SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

: CASE STUDY
 Waste Classification
Municipal
Solid
Waste
Vegetabl
Industria Medica Domesti Constructio
l l c eMarket n Waste
Waste
Waste Waste Waste
Bio-Degradable Non-Bio-
Degradabl
Kitchen Waste e
Vegetables, Garden Recyclabl
Waste (Tree Non-Recyclable
Peels, e
Leaves)
Plastic, Thermacoal,
Glass, Sanitary
Metal Napkins,
Paper, Diapers
 Composition of MSW
Composition of MSW in India & Regional Variation

53.41
Compostable (%)

52.38
51.91
60
50.89

50.41
50.41
Recyclables (%)
50 Inerts (%)
32.82

40

30.85

29.57
28.86

28.15

28.15
Composition of

21.44
21.44
30
19.23

17.02
16.78
16.28

20
MSW

10

0
Metro Other East India NorthSouth India West India Region/Cit
ndia y
 ~51% of Domestic Waste is Compostable
MSWM Comparison
Existing MSWM System Proposed MSWM System
Domestic Waste Non-Bio-
Degradable
Generation

Bio-Degradable
Segregation at
Mixing in Source
House

Unsegregated Recyclable
Waste Composting At
Collection Source

Collected by
Municipal Vermin- Aerobi
Anaerobi
Corporation Compost c
(Trucks) c
Sanitary Landfill
Recycling Plant
Or Incineration
Transportatio Compost
n Biogas

Open Dumping
AND/OR Burning
India: Overview
 ~920m tons of MSW landfill or 843m tons Open
Dump (91% of Total Waste Generated)
 Inefficient handling of waste by municipalities
(50-60%)
 Receive Treatment : 10% of the collected waste
 Scientific Disposal in Landfill: ~ 0%
 No segregation, unsafe disposal
 Discarded Composting Rejects : 60%
 Utilized Mixed Waste : Only 6-7%
 Non-organics and heavy metals reduced
efficiency
 Calorific Value of MSW-India: NOT suitable for
Energy Generation
 Although LFG recovery reduces overall GHG
emissions
 Opportunity to produce 3.6m tons of waste compost
 Produces 33.1 m TPY of RDF in the form of
composting rejects
 Insufficient information on performance of MSW
composting facilities
 Average Expenditure on SWM : 15 -20% of
Mumbai: Existing Scenario
 Population : ~1.3Crore
 Budget for Waste Disposal: 2300 Crore/yr
 Waste Generate: 11,000 TPD (2014-15 BMC Report)
 ~630 gm/per Family /Day

 15-20% Waste remains uncollected

 Almost 0% Gets Scientific Treatment
 >80% of Domestic Waste is Bio-degradable
 Waste is dumped on Deonar ,it’s capacity is ended 25 years
back,Hari om nagar Mulund it’s closer is declared ,the third is at
Kanjur it is not yet stared fully because of litigations.
 The height of the waste tower at Deonar has reached about 55
meters or 165 feet equivalent , as against the 35-metre cap
mandated by the Airports Authority of India.
Kalyan Dombivali Corporation scenario

 No scientific dumping ground allocated

 Last two years all the new Housing projects are being
rejected
 Unauthorized construction are in full swing
 200 crore revenue loss
 Day by day MSW quantity is on increase
 Dirtiest city in India
 24 Hrs garbage heaps are left burning
 Thane and Mumbai are also on the same Path
Carelessness of the citizens
Unscientific way of handling the waste
All the Rivers are Polluted
Our all the water resources are polluted
and not giving potable water
Mumbai –Malad beach is full of garbage thrown in the deep sea
,came back with high tide
Holy water to immerse Flower
Hazards of open dumping
 Open Burning of Solid Wastes and Landfill Fires Emit 22,000 TPY
of pollutants
 CO, HC,H2S , NO , SO , SO dioxins, furans
x x 2,

 Particulate Matter
 Burning at Ground Levels
 Upper Respiratory tract Disorders to the Locals

 Mix Waste Compost Samples Fall Below QC standards

 Exceeded Quantities of Heavy Metals

 Soil, Air, Water Pollution

 Physically Challenged Next Generation
Agenda
 Understating Municipal Waste

 Existing Methods of composting

 Merits and Demerits
 Case Studies
 Proposed Solution
 De-Centralization of Waste
 Summary
 Conclusion
 Next Steps
 Deonar Fire
 Deonar:
Piles of Trash in Deonar ~30m
Tall 9 Story Building..!!
-NASA
 Caught Severe Fire on Jan 28. 2016
 Largest Garbage Dump in Mumbai, (possibly India)
 132-Hectare Site Receives ~4000 to 5000Tons of waste/Day
 Home to Thousands of Scavengers
 Open Pit Toilet Leading to Health Hazards
 Rs. 3,700-Crore contract for partial closure of dump and
building an integrated waste management facility given to
United Phosphorous (2009)
 Disputes -> No Compost Plant Yet
 Severity: Visible even from Space
 Thick Smoke (Acrid smoke)That Bloated Out the
Sun
 Severe Threat to the health of those who live nearby
 Fire lasted for more than four days
 Possible Causes:
 Self combustion of methane inside the dump
 Misconduct ?
 Irresponsibility ?
NAS
A
Swacchs Bharat Abhiyan
Current Mentality
 People’s Attitude
 Innocence
 Ignorance
 Arrogance
Education on Paper
 The civic administration, in its 2014-15 budget,
has allocated around Rs 44 crore to increase
awareness among citizens regarding waste
management, to improve civic sense and also
streamline the role played by NGOs in this
process.
 Decentralization :Experts opinion

 The BMC needs to draw up a policy to micro-

manage organic waste,” said Dr.Shyam
Asolekar, professor, centre for science and
engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-
Bombay.

Estimates suggest that the Garbage treatment

is Rs 60,000-crore industry has the
potential to grow at 10-15 percent a year
 Comparison
Methods Merits Demerits
• Robust Collection and supply chain in large cities • Recycling tons of garbage will require
Recycle separate factories

• Suitable for Organic Waste (51%-India)

• Fast and Cheap • Possibility of heavy metals entering into food
Aerobic Composting • Low Space ,No Odor ,Most Eco-Friendly chain if used as Mixed .

• Divert waste from landfills • Excessive Water Required

Small Scale • Only successful at small scale • Medium Space Required
Bio-Gas/ Methanization

• Slow process failure chances are more

Vermi Compost • Gets good quality manure

Refuse Derived Fuel • Potential Substitute for Coal • Severe problems during operation
(RDF) • Lack of funding, logistics

Waste to Energy • Recommended after all possible recycling • Flyash is another waste generated
Combustion and composting
(WTE)
Segregation at Manchester
Segregation in UK At Food Joint
Key Concepts: Waste Reduction
 National Level
 Law must be implemented very strictly
 promotion of consumer awareness.
 promotion of producer responsibility for post-consumer
wastes.
 Required Change In Packing Material
 Local Level
 recovery of materials from mixed waste.
 Implementation of Three R
 support of home composting, either centralized or small-
scale.
Composting Levels
• Individual
L • Inside Our House

1
• Small-Sized Groups
L • 10-15 families prepare their own composting
pit
2
• Mid-Sized Groups
• A society of 100 members waste management. So
L that it will require mechanized mixing , sifting etc.

3
Organic Discards:
Contribution to Greenhouse Gasses

Organic
Domestic Waste Discards

Decomposition Natural Aerobic

Decomposition
Anaerobic
Environment

CO2
Emission High High in
Emission No Methane Carbohydrates Nitrogen (Food
Scrap, Manure,
Glass)

N2O
Not Considered in CH4
GH GHG
Computations Emission 21
300Times
more
times
G more
dangerous
than CO2
dangerous
than CO2
 Fish Bone diagram

People are not cultured No enough funds

People are to be educated

Dry and wet Garbage is
Corporaters are inefficient not segregated at source
City garbage
problem is
going out of
There is no enough
space for composting control
There is no
punishment for
Metropolitan cities misbehavior
are growing
uncontrolled Dumping ground is the
only solution of this
problem
Waste Management and Recycling
Sustainable solution Composting
basket
 L1: Kitchen Compost
 Compost Basket
 It converts all the kitchen waste in to good compost inside the
kitchen without any smell
 Gives good quality compost useful for organic Garden
 Very Economical, Last for many years
 No recurring cost
 Makes the citizen aware of their duties
 Converts Food waste ,Fruit waste , Flowers
Tea powder, Fish bones ,Prawn , Egg
shells
in to compost
Very fast and Robust
L1 Scaled to L
2

Common box made up of M.S mesh with Netlon inside of 2X3X2 size of 325 Lts
capacity
 Easily assembled, Good mobility
 Highly recommended for 15-20 families , hotels , Canteens and Garden
waste
 Can be kept open no civil structure is required
 Low Capital cost or running cost
 No emission of Methane .
Useful for about 25 kg waste /day
 L2 Example: Up’Grade- Bangalore Self
Sustaining Zero Waste Community
 In-house Bulk Composting Solution
 Up’Grade Mix + Food Waste = Compost (25-30 Days)
 Primary Segregation into Dry and Wet by Residents
 ~78kg of wet waste /day/complex 780Kg/month
 Beneficial Microbes Isolated from Tropical Agricultural Soils
 Blended with Coco peat as Carrier Material
 Enhance Aerobic Decomposition

 Low Cost
 Shredder (Rs. 30,000) + Crates (Rs.400/unit) by
Society
 Worm Free and Odor Free
Case Studies
 White Coal (RDF/WTE)
 Gorai Dumping Ground Closure
 First Housing Society: No Waste to
Landfills
 White
Coal

 Converting Fallen Trees Into White Coal ( Briquettes )

 Cheaper than firewood and black coal
 Replaces traditional coal, lignite, gas etc.
 Application: Boiler Fuel in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and
Rajasthan
 India : Leading Manufacturer and Consumer -Wikipedia
 Not the Ideal Way
 Wastage of Biomass (Organic Material)
 Required Infrastructure consumes more energy than the
 Need to convert into compost for efficient utilization
 Emits Co2 ,which is trapped by Plants
Zero garbage Society in Parel :
No Waste to Landfills
 Marathon Era Co HSC- Parel, Mumbai
 36 Storey Complex
 236 flats Generate 300kg/day
 No Impact on Environment
 1500sqft Waste Sorting Area
 Section 1: Bio-degradable or wet Waste is Composted
 Wet Waste, Kitchen Refuse
 Section 2: Recycle 9 Categories
 (Plastic, Glass, Paper, Electronics)

 Awareness in Residents..!!
 600kg of ‘Organic Fertilizer’ per month
 Manure is used in society garden

 Excess is distributed among residents

Bio-Digester: Green Project by
BMC
(Bio-Methanization)
 Parel-Mumbai, Mumbai University Canteen
 Wet Garbage, Cow dung, non-potable Water
 Peels, Vegetables ,Waste/ Extra food

 Biogas
 Cost 25000/Rs

 5kg Waste ,4 hours supply of gas

 1m3 in 24 hours
 Residue is used as Organic manure in the
Effectiv
Garden e But
 Remains slushy NOT
 Requires a lot of water and space IDEAL
 Low Efficiency
 Merits and Demerits L1 composting

Merits Demerits

 Your own Property  You have to pay from your

 Simple Maintenance own pocket
 The out put of this is valuable
 It occupies space in your
compost for your garden. house
 This will eliminate the waste
 If the user is not willing to
follow the procedure the
 transportation from
process fails .
Kitchen to dumping ground
 Its very difficult to change the
 Being aerobic process it mindset of person .NIMBY
is faster. syndrome
 Very Economical
Merits And Demerits of L2 composting

Merits Demerits

 Less Space  Require Cooperation of all

 Very Economical
 No Odor
 Significant Reduction in
Transportation Cost
 Easy Maintenance
 Fast Conversion
 Aerobic Decomposition
 No GHG
 No Control Over Team
Members
 Everyone Need to be
Aware
 Shared Responsibility
 System Fails if anyone Fails
to segregate at source
 If not operated properly
Anaerobic decomposition
 GHG
How do organic discards contribute to
greenhouse gases?

By definition, all organic discards contain carbon. When they

decompose naturally under aerobic conditions the CO2 they give off
is part of the natural short-term carbon cycle6. Since this is part of
the natural flux of CO2 it is not considered in GHG computations.
However, when those organic discards are placed in an anaerobic
environment the decomposers will convert and release the carbon as
methane and other volatile organic compounds which can contribute
to global climate change. Organic discards that are high in nitrogen,
such as food scraps, manures and grass clippings, under wet and
oxygen-limited conditions, can also produce N2O during
decomposition, roughly 300 times worse than carbon dioxide.
Gorai Dumpsite
Closure
19.6 Hectare : 2200TPD since 1972

 Total Waste ~2.34 million tons (26m high)
 Scientific Closure on July 25, 2009 by United
Phosphorus
 Covering of Reformed Slopes with Soil
 Relocation and Reformation of Existing Waste
 Landscaping and Compound Wall Construction
 Systems Installed Include
 Landfill Gas Collection and Venting system
 Leachate collection system
 Flaring System
 Incinerate the Landfill Gasses
 Flare Burner with 12m High Chimney
 Maintenance Period 15years
 Power Generation from Methane : for 10 years..!!
 Toxins are still seeping into the ocean
 Fish are getting infected
 Inherently WE are consuming toxins via Fish
 Recycle -> ReUSE

 Recyclable
Waste
Recycling of even pet bottle waste

 In India recycle of PET material is

not used.
 In USA bottle is made of 50%
recycle bottle.
Recycle -> Reuse
 Last but not the least

Everybody Blames
Somebody When Nobody
Does It
What Anybody can Do it
Presented By :-
 Piyush C. Rajput (80)
 Siddhant Mate (84)
 Anurag Mehta (18)