BIOMASS

TECHNOLOGY #1
SMJC4643 2022/2023-
2022/2023-1

Dr. Pramila a/p Tamunaidu (Cooridinator)

*Prof. Dr. Masa Goto
ChEE/MJIIT, UTM-
UTM-KL

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Course Schedule (tentative)

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 Course organization
• Physical classes
• UTM e-Learning for materials distribution and
assignments submission
• Attendance
• QR code (+ assignment submission)
• 80% of lecture sessions (my part)
• Assignments: total of 6 (or more) topics (my part)
• On no more than a single sheet of A4 paper
• Due in the same week, by 23:55 Sunday
• via e-Learning system (dead-line is set)
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 SDGs and biomass management
 UN Summit in 2015
 2030 Agendas for Sustainable Development

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 SDGs and biomass management
• Sustainable Development Goals : Blueprint for a
better and more sustainable future for us all
• SDGs address the global challenges :
• poverty, inequality, climate, environmental
degradation, prosperity, and peace and justice
• 17 goals, 169 targets & 232 indicators
(SDGs tracker, 2018)
•with specific targets for each SDG
•SDGs and Targets : To be achieved by 2030

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 SDGs and biomass management

COP26 Glasgow
2021 United Nations Climate Change is held in Glasgow,
Scotland between 31 Oct and 12 Nov 2021.

COP27 Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt)

2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference is held in 6
Sharm el-Sheikh, Sinai, Egypt between 6 and 18 Nov 2022.
SDGs #7 and #11, and more
By 2030, increase substantially
the share of renewable energy in
the global energy mix

By 2030, reduce the adverse per

capita environmental impact of
cities, including by paying
special attention to air quality and
municipal and other waste 7
management
 What is BIOMASS ? 1
 Merriam-Webster (2021)
 1 : The amount of living matter (as in a unit area or
volume of habitat)
 2 : Plant materials and animal waste used especially as
a source of fuel
 usually measured in units of weight or carbon per unit area or
time, or both. e.g. Gt/y, t-C/km2/y etc.
 Federation of American Scientists (2019)
 Organic matter that can be converted into energy
includes food crops, crops grown specifically to
produce energy (e.g., switchgrass or prairie
perennials), crop residues, wood waste and byproducts,
and animal manure. Biomass may be used to produce
heat, electricity, or liquid transportation fuel.
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 What is BIOMASS ? 2
 A generic term of biological (energy) resources such
as animal- and plant-origin material. Biomass can be
regenerated in a shorter cycle compared to fossil
resources (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy,
METI Japan, 2017)
 Biomass is renewable organic material that comes
from plants and animals (US EIA*, 2021) * Energy Info. Admin. USA
 Biomass contains stored chemical energy from the sun.
Plants produce biomass through photosynthesis. Biomass
can be burned directly for heat or converted to renewable
liquid and gaseous fuels through various processes.
 In the context of biomass for energy, this is often used
to mean plant-based material, but biomass can equally
apply to both animal and vegetable derived material
(Dr. P) 9
 Categories of Biomass
- sources
• Biomass Waste
• e.g. food residue, sewage sludge, MSW, black liquor...
• Unused Biomass (Waste Biomass)
• e.g. inedible agricultural parts, forest logging residue
• Cultivated (energy) Crops
• e.g. corn, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, Napiergrass,
and microalgae for bioalcohol, BDF...

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 Categories of Biomass
- characteristics
• Wet Biomass
• e.g. less than 30 - 40 % solid matters
• Dry Biomass
• e.g. greater than 30 - 40 % solid matters
• Others
• Liquid: "black" liquor from paper mill industry, spent
cooking oil, waste glycerol (from BDF process)

• Hard biomass (wood) & Soft biomass (grass)

• Terrestrial biomass & Aquatic biomass (algae,
microalgae) 11
Types of
Biomass

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 Assignment #1
• Submit a report on the following topic.
• One sheet of A4 paper only. You may use MS Word or a
similar application. Free format.
• Due on 23 October, by 23:55 PM. Submit via e-Learning.
********************************************
Q: Matrix shown in Slide 11 is rather badly prepared,
especially the last row. How would you revise the third row?
You may want to change the row category to liquid, and/or
add new column category(ies) such as Industrial or
Cultivated biomass, etc. What would you propose to
improve the matrix?

(Note: There is no definite answer!)

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Types of
Biomass

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 Major Sources of
Food residue, Municipal
Biomass in Malaysia
Solid Waste (MSW)

Sewage sludge

Plant biomass: forest residue, saw

dust, mown grass ...

Livestock manure
Poultry residue And... Biomass from
Oil Palm Industry Inedible agro-biomass: straw, husk,
fruit peels, bagasse ... 15
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 Annual discharge of
Biomass in Malaysia
Mt/year

1.63 EFB
2.82
0.39 10.5 Kernel Shell
Fronds
22.43
6.63 Trunks
Rice Husk
96.54 Mt/yr 5.61
Rice Straw
Forest residue
46.53 MSW

Oil Palm Biomass

(84%)
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 Annual discharge of
Biomass Waste (Japan)
Annual generation (Mt/yr)
(Biomass Nippon 2010)
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14
4.1
Forest residue
4.3
Inedible agro residue
Construction waste
19
Lumbering residue
87
Food residue, garbage
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255.4 Mt/yr Paper
Black liquor
14 Sewage sludge
Livestock manure
79

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 Waste Management in Japan
• General waste and Industrial waste
• Waste which is not Industrial waste is General
waste ?!
• Waste which isSources
Types and/or not General waste is
are defined byIndustrial
law
waste
• Types?!and/or sources of Industrial waste are defined
• 20 types and sources
• Any waste other than Industrial waste is General waste
• Responsibility: Who treats and disposes of waste?
• A business entity is responsible for the appropriate disposal
of its Industrial waste
• City is responsible for General waste from households
• Manifest system for Industrial waste (traceability)
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 1970 : a turning point in Japan
• 1960s - Many waste-related issues including severe
pollutions were becoming obvious
• Minamata, Itai-itai, Yokkaichi asthma..
• 1971 - : Tokyo Waste War "Not in my backyard"
• Rapid economic growth continued - increase in
waste discharge
• Not enough incinerators / No landfill sites on
land within Tokyo Special 23 Wards
• Coastal reclamation site in Koto Ward was
accepting 70% of the waste and ash from the
23 Wards
• 5,000 trucks a day
1970 : a turning point in Japan
 1970 National Diet Assembly (the
64th Assembly)

• Many environment-related laws/acts

were revised and enacted
New
• Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Act
• Water Pollution Control Law
• Environmental Pollution Offense Act
• Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution
• Agricultural Land Soil Pollution Prevention Act
 1970 National Diet Assembly (the
64th Assembly)
• New Principles were introduced

• Polluters Pay Principle : PPP

• The entrepreneur bears the cost of public
pollution control and clean-up works

• Change in stance (Law)

• "Appropriate" intermediate treatment is
required for conservation of good living
environment and public health in addition
to the sanitation (infectious decease
prevention)
Waste managements

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 Annual discharge of
Industrial and General Waste
(Annual Report on the Environment, the Sound Material-Cycle Society
and the Biodiversity in Japan 2021. Ministry of the Environment, Japan)
• (data : 2018, 2019)

• Industrial waste ：379 million tons/year

• General waste ： 42.7 million tons/year
• 918 g/capita/day
• 70% domestic (household), 30% office
• Waste biomass
• organic (sewage) sludge 78 Mt/y
• livestock waste 88 Mt/y
• food residue (garbage etc) 19 Mt/y

• total : 255.5 Mt/y (est. 2010 MoE)

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 Big issue: availability of
final disposal sites
• Scarcity of landfill sites (data 2018, 2019)

• For industrial waste : 17.4 years of remaining capacity

• it was only 3.9 years in 2000!
• For general waste : 21.4 years of remaining capacity
• 82 g/capita/day (cf. generation rate: 918 g/capita/day)
• Counter measures
• New sites development and new design
• Reuse of the existing landfill sites, or extension of the life-span
by rigorous separation
• Material recycle and reuse

covered off-shore
landfill landfill
 Big issue: availability of
remaining
final disposal sites
capacity (x108 m3)

remainin
g
capacity
(years)

covered off-shore
landfill landfill
 Intermediate
Treatment and Final
Disposal
• General waste (data 2018)

• 38.7 Mt/y (90%) of General waste was treated for

reduction in mass and volume, and stabilization before the
final disposal
• incineration, material recycling, composting, bio-
gasification, cattle feed production
• 4.6 Mt/y was recycled as a result of intermediate
treatment
• Total of 8.40 Mt/y was recycled indirectly or directly

• Recycling ratio has increased from 5.4% (1990) to 19.7%

(2018)
Legislation : Recycle Laws
(Japan)

Livestock Manure
(1999)

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 Reuse and Recycle
(Japan) Reuse, recycle technology
Reuse
90 Other 10 •compost
Livestock manure
unused
74 26 •const. materials, compost
Sewage sludge
•fuel
Black liquor 100
•recycled paper
Paper 80 20
•animal feed
Food residue, garbage 27 73

•pulp, fuel
Lumbering residue 95 5

•reuse, recycle (woody)

Construction waste 90 10

•compost, livestock feed

Inedible agro residue 30 55 15
plow-in
Forest residue 0 100 •( none )

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
[%]

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 Annual discharge of
Biomass in Malaysia
Mt/year
EFB
2.82 1.63
10.5 Kernel Shell
0.39
Fronds
22.43
Trunks
6.63
Rice Husk
96.54 Mt/yr 5.61 Rice Straw

Forest residue

MSW
46.53

Oil Palm Biomass

(84%)
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 Biomass from
Oil Palm Industry

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 Livestock biomass waste
• Animal excreta,
excreta, especially from dairy and meat industries
• large amount:
• 25 - 60 kg/head/day - cow
• 125 - 135 g/day - chicken
• rich in N and P: organic fertilizer if properly converted.
• surface and ground water nitrogenous pollution
• If left in the environment under anaerobic conditions, can be
converted to methane by natural microorganisms.
• GHG coefficient of methane 21 - 25.
• ruminant animals keep methane producing
microorganisms in their rumen.
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NEDO 技術のロードマップ：2010
2010

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