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Reproductive Behavior
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• Chapter 9 Outline
• Sexual Development
• Parental Behavior
Courting behavior
Mating behavior
Parental behavior
Aggression
• ______________:
• A mature reproductive cell; a sperm or ovum.
• __________: contains one member of a pair of ___
chromosomes
• Sex chromosome:
• The X and Y chromosomes, which determine an
organism’s gender. Normally, females are XX and
males are XY.
• __________
• An ovary or testis.
• ____
• The gene of the Y chromosome whose produce
instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop
into testes.
• _______________system
• The embryonic precursors of the female internal sex
organs.
• ________________system
• The embryonic precursors of the male internal sex
organs.
• Anti-Müllerian hormone
• A peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the
development of the Müllerian system, which would
otherwise become the ________________________.
• Defeminizing effect
• An effect of a hormone present early in development
that reduces or prevents the later development of
anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of
females.
• _____________
• A male sex steroid hormone. Testosterone is the
principal mammalian androgen.
• _______________effect
• An effect of a hormone present early in development
that promotes the later development of anatomical or
behavioral characteristics typical of males.
• _______________
• The principal androgen found in males.
• Dihydrotestosterone
• An androgen, produced from testosterone through the
action of the enzyme 5 reductase.
• ____________________________
• A condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning
androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex
chromosomes, causes development of a female with
testes but no internal sex organs. The external genitalia
are _______________________________________.
• _______________________________
A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior
pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone.
• ______________________hormone
• A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that has a
stimulating effect on cells of the gonads.
• _______________________
• The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that
causes development of an ovarian follicle and the
maturation of it as an ovum.
• __________________
• A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes
ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a
corpus luteum.
• In males these same hormones cause the
___________________________________________
_ 19 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.
• Sexual Development
• Sexual maturation (Female)
• _______________
• The principal estrogen of many mammals, including
humans.
• ________________
• A class of sex hormones that causes maturation of the
female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and
development of other physical features characteristic of
females.
• ____________________
• The principal androgen of many mammals, including
humans.
• ______________
• A class of sex hormones that causes maturation of the
male genitalia, growth of facial and body hair, lowering of
the voice, muscle development, and development of other
physical features characteristic of males.
• __________________
• The female reproductive cycle of most primates,
including humans, characterized by growth of the
lining of the uterus, ovulation, development of a
corpus luteum, and (if pregnancy does not occur)
menstruation.
• _________________
• The female reproductive cycle of mammals other than
primates.
• ___________________
• A cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte
which develops into an ovum.
• ____________________
• A cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle
after ovulation; secretes estradiol and progesterone.
• ______________________
• A steroid hormone produced by the ovary that
maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus during
the later part of the menstrual cycle and during
pregnancy.
• ________________
• A period of time after a particular action (for example,
an ejaculation by a male) during which that action
cannot occur again.
• ___________________
• The restorative effect of introducing a new female sex
partner to a male that has apparently become
“exhausted” by sexual activity.
• Females
• ______________
• A sexual spinal reflex seen in many four-legged
animals. Female mammals; arching of the back in
response to approach of a male or to the touch of
the flanks, which elevates the hindquarters.
• Effects of pheromones
• __________________
• A chemical released by one animal that affects the
behavior or physiology of another animal; usually
smelled or tasted.
• ____________________
• The slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles
in groups of female animals that are housed together;
caused by a pheromone in the animal’s urine.
• Effects of pheromones
• ____________________
• The synchronization of the menstrual or estrous cycle
of a group of females, which occurs only in the
presence of a pheromone in a male’s urine.
• ________________________
• The earlier onset of puberty seen in female animals
that are housed with males; caused by a pheromone
in the male’s urine.
• Effects of Pheromones
• ___________________
• Termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a
pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one
that impregnated the female.
• _________________________
• A sensory organ that detects the presence of certain
chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed;
mediates the effects of some pheromones.
• Effects of pheromones
• ____________________
• A neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb
that receives information from the vomeronasal organ.
• _______________________________ (CAH)
• A condition characterized by hypersecretion of
androgens by the adrenal gland; in females, causes
masculinization of the external genitalia.
• Increase in bisexual and homosexual orientation.
• Increase play with male-typical toys.
Homosexual Bisexual
Heterosexual
Revision
2006 PSB
Sexual Preference
• About 4% of the adult population is
homosexual – sexual behavior is directed
towards members of one’s own gender.
• Neuronal factors: LeVay (1991) found that
one region of the hypothalamus was two
times larger in hetersexual males compared
to that for homosexual males. In male
monkeys the surgical destruction of these
cells reduced the monkeys interest in
females, but did not reduce _____________.
Revision
2006 PSB
Sexual Motivation
Origins of Homosexuality
Revision
2006 PSB
Bailey & Pillard (1991; 1992)
Revision
2006 PSB
Origins of Sexual Orientation
Anterior
Commissure
http://www.msu.edu
Anterior
Hypothalamus
Revision
2006 PSB
Changing Attitudes
Revision
2006 PSB
47 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.
• Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
• Males
• ___________________ (MPA)
• An area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus;
plays an essential role in male sexual behavior.
• ____________________________________(VMH)
• A large nucleus of the hypothalamus located near the
walls of the third ventricle; plays an essential role in
female sexual behavior.