BAGIAN 2: THE APPROACH

Bab 2 Problem Solving in Engineering:

2.1 The Methodology of Engineering

Problem Solving
2.2 The Search for Solutions
2.3 The Engineering Process
 Back Ground
Engineer →Problem solver →Solutions
Solutions: Product/ Device, Process, Plan/
Procedure
• Product/Device: Engine, Machine, TV set,
Computer, Condom, Car, Train, Conveyor, etc.
• Process: Producing detergent, cement, sugar,
paint, refining crude oil, etc.
• Plan/Procedure: Inventory System, Plant
Layout, Maintenance Operation, etc.
 Problem & Solution
• Problem: degree complexity →imagination
& creativity.
• Engineering Analysis: ability to abstract
• Engineer: identify, isolate →simplified
representation of the original
problem→”model”
• Solution: “not unique”
 BAGIAN 2: THE APPROACH
General procedure in engineering problem solving:
1. The problem must be understood ands defined, and the
information necessary for its solution obtained. This step
will generally involve abstraction and model
development.
2. The various solutions to the model problem must then be
determined or synthesized.
3. The validity of this solutions are examined and evaluated
for their suitability; from these solutions information
relevant to original problem statement is inferred.
4. Solution must be communicated to others in a form
suitable for implementation.
 Definition
A problem is an expression of a desire to achieve
a transformation from one situation to another.
A solution is the means for achieving this
transformation.
Solution criteria are goals that provide a basis for
preference among solutions.
Solution constraints represent absolute
requirements that the solution must satisfy to be
acceptable.
 indonesianya
• Masalah: suatu pernyataan dari suatu keinginan
untuk mencapai suatu perubahan dari suatu
situasi ke situasi yang lain.
• Solusi: cara untuk mencapai perubahan itu.
• Kriteria solusi: tujuan-tujuan yang memberikan
suatu dasar untuk pilihan diantara solusi.
• Kendala-kendala solusi: mewakili persyaratan
absolut bahwa solusi harus memenuhi agar
dapat diterima.
 Example 1:
• Fuel economy: 25 mpg→ 50 mpg
• Solutions: lightweight or new engine
design??
• criteria: fuel consumption, cost, reliability
• constraint/ restriction: exhaust emission or
safety standard
• Anda ambil contoh-contoh yang lain
sebanyak 4 masalah.
 2.1 The Methodology of
Engineering Problem Solving
The steps of Engineering Problem Solving

Presentation of Results Step 4

Solution Verification Step 3

Solution Evaluation

Solution Synthesis Step 2

Problem Definition
Data Collection Step 1
Model Development
 2.1.1 Step 1: Problem Definition
Engineering
Engineering Problem:
Problem: Vagueness,
Vagueness, lack
lack of
of
definition.
definition.
Essential
Essential elements
elements of
of problem:
problem:
What
What isis known
known and
and unknown,and
unknown,and whatwhat isis
desired.
desired.
“The
“The most
most common
common mistake
mistake made
made by
by inexperienced
inexperienced engineers
engineers is
is to
to
leap
leap immediately
immediately into
into analysis
analysis before
before adequately
adequately defining
defining problem
problem toto
be
be solved”
solved”

Activities: Extensive consultation with reference

materials and collegues, fact gathering,
observation, and careful thought
 2.1.2 Step 2: Determination of
Solutions
Engineering
Tools Analysis

Problem abstracted form

specific problem statement
Model

simplified:
formulated
Assumptions
Approximations

Engineering
Solutions
 2.1.3 Step 3: Validation and
Evaluation of Solutions
• All solutions →carefully verified or checked
{mathemathical analysis, logic, assumptions,
approximations}
“This is due in part to the massive scale of
many engineering projects and their
impact on society” →disaster
 2.1.4 Step 4: Presentation of
Results
1. A concise statement of problem
2. A brief statement of relevant engineering
principles
3. A list assumptions and approximations
4. A precise statement of simplified problem
5. The detail solution
6. A Verification of solution method
7. A discussion of implication of results and
possible conclusions.
 2.2 The Search for Solutions
• 2.2.1 The Search
“Mind set” “einstellung”
open mind
write down ideas (or facts)
chunking (dicacah kecil-kecil)
model→a diagram, a physical object, a mathematical
equation
Stuck →change the form of the model
“incubation”
 2.2.2 The Search for Technical
Information
• Libraries:
Text Book, Proceeding, Transaction, Journal
Card Catalog
Abstract , Index
Standards : ASTM, ANSI, JIS, DIN, ANSI, etc
Codes : piping , pressure vessel, etc.
Patents
web site: key word, subject, link, etc.
2.2.3 Modeling and Simulation

Critical aspect engineering analysis involves

Complex Problems Simple Models

Model is any simplified description of an engineering system or process that

can be used to aid in analysis or design.
 Model The form of a model is called its representation.

to focus on only its essential elements→ predict behavior of systems, communicate

the result of E.A, acquire A.E using bos, evaluate possible design alternatives

Model Representation or form:

1. Iconic Representation: Physical resemble system (3D or 2D)
2. Diagrammatic Representation: Not Physical resemble system
3. Graphical Representation
4. Mathematical models
5. Computer model

Simulation Simulation is the application of models to acquire an

artificial experience with the behavior of system.
 Model Development
1. Abstraction
2. Synthesis
3. Verification

- To isolate the essential components/ elements

- idealized elements →Basic sciences & Applied
sciences
- Comparison with the known behavior of actual
systems
 2.2.4 Optimization and Iteration
• To determine the solution that optimizes
the solution criteria.
• Conflicting solution criteria that demand a
compromise

A trade-off
 Home Work !!!!!!
• Chapter 1
• Chapter 2
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2.3 Engineering Design Process
Deductive Logic
Inductive Logic

Research Design

General Principle

Specific Device or
Process
Experiences
Comparison of Steps in PS and ED
• Steps in PS: • Steps in ED:
1. Problem definition 1. Identification of need
Data collection Information search
Model Development 2. Synthesis of possible
2. Solution synthesis designs
3. Solution verification 3. Feasibility study
Solution evaluation Preliminary design
4. Presentation of results Final design
4. Design documentation
(technical spesifications)
2.3.1 Problem Definition:
Identification of Need
2.3.2 Solution Synthesis, Verification, and
Evaluation: Feasibility Study, Prelimaniry Design,
and Final Design
2.3.3 Design Iteration and
Optimization