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Chapter 23 - The Evolution of Populations
Chapter 23 - The Evolution of Populations
Figure 23.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Concept 23.1: Population genetics provides a
foundation for studying evolution
• Microevolution
– Is change in the genetic makeup of a
population from generation to generation
Figure 23.2
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Modern Synthesis
• Population genetics
– Is the study of how populations change
genetically over time
– Reconciled Darwin’s and Mendel’s ideas
CANADA
ALASKA
MAP
AREA
Beaufort Sea
Porcupine
herd range
N
TE OR
RR TH
IT W E
O S
RI T
ES
•
Fairbanks
Fortymile
•
ALASKA
YUKON
herd range
Whitehorse
Figure 23.3
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The gene pool
– Is the total aggregate of genes in a population
at any one time
– Consists of all gene loci in all individuals of the
population
Generation
2
All CRCW
(all pink flowers)
50% CR 50% CW
gametes gametes
Come together at random
Generation
3
25% CRCR 50% CRCW 25% CWCW
50% CR 50% CW
gametes gametes
Come together at random
Generation
4
25% CRCR 50% CRCW 25% CWCW
Sperm
CR CW
(80%) (20%)
p2 pq
(80%)
CR
Eggs
p2
64% 16%
CRCR CRCW
(20%)
qp 16% 4%
CW
CRCW CWCW
q2
If the gametes come together at random, the genotype
frequencies of this generation are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
• In real populations
– Allele and genotype frequencies do change
over time
– No gene flow
– No mutations
– Random mating
– No natural selection
Figure 23.6
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Point Mutations
• A point mutation
– Is a change in one base in a gene
– Genetic drift
– Gene flow
Figure 23.7
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Bottleneck Effect
• In the bottleneck effect
– A sudden change in the environment may
drastically reduce the size of a population
– The gene pool may no longer be reflective of
the original population’s gene pool
Figure 23.8 A
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Understanding the bottleneck effect
– Can increase understanding of how human
activity affects other species
Figure 23.8 B
• Quantitative characters
– Vary along a continuum within a population
• Phenotypic polymorphism
– Describes a population in which two or more
distinct morphs for a character are each
represented in high enough frequencies to be
readily noticeable
• Genetic polymorphisms
– Are the heritable components of characters
that occur along a continuum in a population
• Population geneticists
– Measure the number of polymorphisms in a
population by determining the amount of
heterozygosity at the gene level and the
molecular level
• Average heterozygosity
– Measures the average percent of loci that are
heterozygous in a population
Figure 23.11
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A Closer Look at Natural Selection
• From the range of variations available in a
population
– Natural selection increases the frequencies of
certain genotypes, fitting organisms to their
environment over generations
• Reproductive success
– Is generally more subtle and depends on many
factors
• Relative fitness
– Is the contribution of a genotype to the next
generation as compared to the contributions of
alternative genotypes for the same locus
– Disruptive
– Stabilizing
• Disruptive selection
– Favors individuals at both extremes of the
phenotypic range
• Stabilizing selection
– Favors intermediate variants and acts against
extreme phenotypes
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The three modes of selection
Frequency of individuals
Original population
(a) Directional selection shifts the overall (b) Disruptive selection favors variants (c) Stabilizing selection removes
makeup of the population by favoring at both ends of the distribution. These extreme variants from the population
variants at one extreme of the mice have colonized a patchy habitat and preserves intermediate types. If
distribution. In this case, darker mice are made up of light and dark rocks, with the the environment consists of rocks of
favored because they live among dark result that mice of an intermediate color are an intermediate color, both light and
rocks and a darker fur color conceals them at a disadvantage. dark mice will be selected against.
from predators.
• Natural selection
– Will tend to maintain two or more alleles at that
locus
Frequencies of the
sickle-cell allele
0–2.5%
2.5–5.0%
Distribution of 5.0–7.5%
malaria caused by 7.5–10.0%
Plasmodium falciparum 10.0–12.5%
(a protozoan)
>12.5%
Figure 23.13
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Frequency-Dependent Selection
• In frequency-dependent selection
– The fitness of any morph declines if it becomes
too common in the population
Phenotypic diversity
0.05
0.04
Frequency-
0.03
independent control
0.02
0 20 40 60 80 100
Generation number
Plain background Patterned background
Figure 23.14
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neutral Variation
• Neutral variation
– Is genetic variation that appears to confer no
selective advantage
Figure 23.15
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Evolutionary Enigma of Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction
– Produces fewer reproductive offspring than asexual
reproduction, a so-called reproductive handicap
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
Female Generation 1
Female
Generation 2
Male
Generation 3
Generation 4
Figure 23.16
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• If sexual reproduction is a handicap, why has it
persisted?
– It produces genetic variation that may aid in
disease resistance