GOVERNMENT

of the
PHILIPPINES
in
TRANSITION
Pre-spanish government
the society was made up of
three classes: nobles (made
up of the datu and their
families), mahadlika or
maharlika (freemen) and
the alipin (dependents)
members of the nobility
were addressed with the
title Gat or Lakan among
the Tagalogs
 alipin or dependents acquired their
status by inheritance, captivity,
purchase, failure to settle debts, or
by committing a crime
 there were two kinds of
dependents: aliping namamahay
and aliping sagigilid
 in the Visayas,
dependents
were of three
kinds : tumataban,
tumarampok, and
the ayuey
Government
unit of government was the barangay, which
consisted of from 30 to 100 families. The
term came from the Malay word balangay,
meaning boat
barangays were headed by chieftains called
datu
the subjects served their chieftain during
wars, voyages, planting and harvest, and
when his house needs to be built or repaired;
they also paid tributes called buwis
Spanish Period
 Spain’s title to the philippines
 Spanish colonial government
 Government in the philippines unitary
 The Governor Heneral
 Judiciary
 Evaluation of Spanish government in
the philippines
REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1896-1898,1901)
Katipunan Government
 Emilio Aguinaldo
Filipino general, politician, and
independence leader
First president of the Philippines
Played an instrumental role in Philippine
Revolution against Spain
Philippine American War
TEJEROS CONVENTION (March 22, 1897)

Decision: Katipunan was replaced by a new

government – First Republic of the Philippines.

Bonifacio’s election as Director of Interior was

questioned by DanielTirona (a katipunero), which
resulted to his nonrecognition of the existence of the
First Philippine Republic.
BIAK na BATO REPUBLIC (Nov. 1, 1897)
First Philippine Republic transition from a
revolutionary government to a republican
government in a place called Biak na Bato, San
Miguel, Bulacan .

TRUCE of BIAK na BATO

Ceasefire agreement between the Spanish
colonial government and the Filipino
revolutionaries.
The revolutionary leaders agreed to go on a
voluntary exile to Hongkong from the Payment
of 800,000 Pesos.
The leaders left the Philippines on December
27, 1897.
Dictatorial Government
 Birthof the
Republic of the
Philippines
AMERICAN PERIOD
The Military Government
1898 – 1941, 1945-1946
The American troops went to a war towards establishing the military
government in August 1898 in the Philippines.

The power of every Governor-General who served under this government

came directly from the President of the United States, as the military’s
Commander-in-Chief.

They organized the civilian courts, including the Supreme Court Justice.
They also appointed the first Filipino Supreme Court Justice.

The American military government established a local government in every

town and province that their troops had invaded. They called an election,
but those who were educated and well-off could vote and get elected.
The Civil Government
Even as the American troops were still fighting the Filipino revolutionaries, Pres.
McKinley had sent two Philippine Commissions tasked to establish a civil
government. The first failed to achieve anything significant, but the second was more
successful.

The Philippine Commission composed mostly of American civilians and military

personnel, performed the executive and legislative functions.

Dr. T.H. Pardo Tavera, Felipe Buencamino and Dr. Pedro Paterno among others
founded the first political party in the country, the Partido Liberal, which called for
collaboration with the U.S. In 1901, the Americans installed some of the party’s
members in the Philippine Commission.

The Philippine Commission passed the Sedition Act, which imposed imprisonment
and the death penalty to anyone advocating freedom or separation from the U.S.
even through peaceful means.
Commonwealth of the Philippines
First election - September 1935
Quezon and Osmeῆa joined forces against the
Nationalist Socialist Party and Republican Party
= victory
Commonwealth Government was inaugurated in
Manila
Sec. George Dern (Secretary of War) read the
proclamation under the Jones Law:
 Ending the US government in the Phil.
 Start of Phil. Commonwealth
Changes During the Commonwealth Period
Filipinos oversaw the affairs of
the gov’t but still, all major
decisions had to be approved
first by the U.S.
Economic set-up was retained.
Free trade was extended until
Dec. 31, 1960
Intensification of production and
Phil. consumption from the U.S.
Philippine trade increased.
Development of mining industry
Revision of taxation system
Establishment of Phil. Congress
 Senate
 House of Representatives
Quezon reorganized gov’t bureaucracy – new
departments formed:
 Finance, Interior, Justice, Defense, Commerce, etc.
Court of Appeals & Court of Industrial Relations
were added.
 Increase in judges’ salaries
National
Defense Act – first law passed by
Commonwealth
 JAPANESE PERIOD (1941 – 1945)
The Japanese occupation of the
Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945,
when the Empire of Japan occupied
the Commonwealth of the
Philippines during World War II.
The Philippine Executive
Commission or PEC was established on
January 1942 with Jorge B. Vargas as its first
Chairman. The PEC was created as the
temporary care-taker government of the
Greater Manila area and eventually of the
The PEC formally abolished all political parties on
December 8, 1942, by virtue of Proclamation No.
109 creating the "Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa
Bagong Pilipinas"(Organization in the Service of
the New Philippines) or better known then as
the "KALIBAPI."
The "KALIBAPI" was established to aim at the
mental education, moral regeneration, physical
invigoration, and economic rehabilitation of the
Philippines under the guidance of the Japanese
Military Administration. It was tasked to foster
strong cooperation with the Japanese as part of the
Order Great East Asia that promotes the lifting of
the "great Oriental race." The "KALIBAPI" was
appointed as a strong right arm of the Japanese
Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic
The Second Philippine Republic, officially known as
the Republic of the Philippines (Japanese:  , Filipino:Republika
ng Pilipinas, Spanish: República de Filipinas), or known in the
Philippines as Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, was
a puppet state established on October 14, 1943, during
the Japanese occupation.
President Manuel L. Quezon declared the national
capital Manila an "open city", and left it under the rule of Jorge
B. Vargas, as mayor. The Japanese entered the city on January
2, 1942, and established it as the capital. Japan fully captured
the Philippines on May 6, 1942, after the Battle of Corregidor.
 The previous Philippines republic
The Philippine Republic (Spanish: República
Filipina, Filipino: Republikang Pilipino), more
commonly known as the First Philippine Republic or
the Malolos Republic, was a nascent revolutionary
government in the Philippines. It was formally
established with the proclamation of the Malolos
Constitution on January 23, 1899,
in Malolos, Bulacan,[Note 1] and endured until the
capture and surrender of Emilio Aguinaldo to
the American forces on March 23, 1901,
in Palanan, Isabela, which effectively dissolved the
First Republic.
The provisional government of 1986

A provisional government also called

an interim or transitional government is an
emergency governmental authority set up to
manage a political transition, generally in
the cases of new nations, or following the
collapse of the previous governing
administration. Provisional governments are
generally appointed, and frequently arise
either during or after civil or foreign wars.
 Revolutionary
De jure/de facto
 Constitutional and transitory
 Democratic
 Powers
 Provisional Constitution