PSYCHOLOGICAL

DISORDER
(SCHIZOPHRENIA)

Submitted By: Farah Bashir

Bs Economics& Finance (Morning)
Roll NO. 02
Submitted To: Sir Mureed Hussain
 Psychological Disorder:
 A psychological disorder is a condition
characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings
and behaviors.
 Psychopathology:
psychopathology is the study of
psychological disorder. It can also refer to the
manifestation of psychological disorder.
 Difference btw Psychosis& Neurosis:
Psychosis:
 A severe mental illness
characterized by loss of
contact with reality and
relationship with other
people causing social mal
adaptation.
 Affects personality.
 Higher risk of self-harm.
 Hallucinations and delusions
are not present
Neurosis:
Neuro-psychical
disorders that confirm
themselves in specific
clinical phenomena in the
absence of psychical
phenomena.
 Doesn’t affect personality.
 Lower risk of self-harm
 Hallucinations and
delusions are present
 SCHIZOPHRENIA:
 Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe mental
disorder that affects the way a person thinks,
acts, expresses emotions, perceives reality and
relates to other.
 Schizophrenia involves a psychosis, a type of

mental illness in which a person can not tell

what’s real from what’s imagined.
 At times people with psychotic disorder lose

touch with reality.

Positive Symptoms:
 In this Case, the word positive does not mean
good. It refers to added thoughts or actions
that are not based in reality. some of which are
following:
 Disorganized Speech:
This means the person might start talking
quickly or slowly . The things he say might
not make sense to other people. The person
may switch topics without any obvious link.
This is sometimes known as “ Word Salad”.
 Hallucination:
 These involves sensations that are not real or
other people don not experience.
 Hallucination can effect all of your senses

which are:
 Auditory( Sound)

 Visual(sight)

 Tactile( Touch)

 Gustatory( taste)

 Olfactory(Smell)
 Hallucination:
 Hearing voices is the most common
hallucination in people with schizophrenia.
 These voices may comment on the person

behavior, insult them, or give command.

 Less common types include seeing things that

are not there, smelling strange odors and

feeling sensation on skin even though nothing
is touching person’s body.
 Delusions:
 These are false, mixed and sometimes strange
beliefs that are not based in reality and that
person refuses to give up, even when shown
the facts.
 Types of Delusion:
 Grandiose
 Persecution

 Reference
Delusion of Grandiose:

 In grandiose delusion, individuals believe they

have extraordinary talent, fame, wealth or
power despite lack of evidence.

 He/she may believe that he/she is God or

some other type of deity.
Delusion of Persecution:
 Individuals with persecutory delusions believe
they are spied on, drugged, followed,
slandered, cheated on, or somehow mistreated.

 When schizophrenics experience this type,

they may feel very frightened or paranoid. As
a result, they will often do things to protect
themselves from the persecutor.
Delusion of Reference:
 This is when person believes, for example that
things written in a newspaper or stated in a
newscast, passage found in a book, or the
words in a song are about him/her.

 The person takes references from everything.

 Negative symptoms:
 This does not mean that are good versus bad
symptoms.
 Negatives symptoms refers to the symptoms that

are lacking or decreased in people with

schizophrenia.
 Types of Negative symptoms:
 Alogia
 Avolition

 Flat Affect

 Anhedonia
 Alogia:
 Decrease in verbal output or verbal
expressiveness is called alogia.
 It is also known as poverty of speech.

 Alogia can make it nearly impossible to

communicate your thoughts and carry on a

conversation.
 People with alogia may answer a

monosyllabis yes or No when responding to

questions and delays in getting the words out.
 Avolition:
 Avolition is a form of behavior or behavioral
paralysis that can diminish your drive to
participate in social activities and meet goals as
well as your ability to complete daily tasks.

 In case of schizophrenia, avolition causes a

pervasive lack of enthusiasm coupled with a
striking lack of concern for both for minor and
major matters.
 Flat Affect:
 Flat affect, in which a person has an extremely
limited range of emotions;
 For instance, not even being able to crack a

smile or laugh during a time of joy.

 Flat affect is more severe than Blunted affect.

 Blunt affect , this limits a person’s ability to

convey his emotions, causing diminishing

facial and emotional expressions.
 Anhedonia:
 Anhedonia is a state of where person is unable
to feel pleasure.
 In Greek, An means “Without” and hedone

means “pleasure”.
 For people with schizophrenia, this can mean

a lack of enthusiasm for activities, hobbies,

passions, and pleasures once enjoyed.
Types of Schizophrenia:
Paranoid

Disorganized
Residua
l
Catatonic

Undifferentiated
 Paranoid Schizophrenia:
 It is characterized by positive symptoms of
schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations.
These debilitating symptoms blur the line between
what is real and what isn’t, making it difficult for the
person to lead a typical life.
 Warning signs that psychosis may be imminent include:
 Seeing, hearing, or tasting things that others do not.
 Suspiciousness and a general fear of others’ intentions.
 Persistent, unusual thoughts or beliefs.
 Difficulty thinking clearly.
Disorganized Schizophrenia:
 It is characterized by disorganized behavior
and speech and includes disturbance in
emotional expression. Hallucinations and
delusions are less pronounced
with disorganized schizophrenia, though
there is evidence of these symptoms occurring.
 Disorganized schizophrenia, also referred to as

hebephrenic schizophrenia.
 Catatonic Schizophrenia:
 Catatonic schizophrenia is one feature of a
serious mental illness called schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia prevents you from separating what's real
from what's not, a state of mind called
a psychosis. Catatonic schizophrenia affects the way
you move in extreme ways.
 Common symptoms include:
 Not moving
 Not talking
 Sluggish response
 Staring
 Undifferentiated Schizophrenia:
 Undifferentiated Schizophrenia is a classification
used when a person exhibits behaviors which fit into
two or more of the other types of schizophrenia,
including symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech or behavior, catatonic behavior.

 . An imbalance of certain neurotransmitters in the

brain, which would potentially contribute to abnormal
brain function, may be involved. Various factors can
trigger the onset of the condition, including alcohol or
drugs.
 Residual Schizophrenia:
 When a person has a past history of at least one
episode of schizophrenia, but the currently has no
symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized
speech or behavior) they are considered to have
residual-type schizophrenia.

 Residual schizophrenia is considered the least

severe type of schizophrenia, and patients can
very well live a normal life.
Risk Factors of schizophrenia:
 The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown.
Research suggests
 a combination of physical,
 genetic, psychological and
 environmental factors 
 Neurotransmitters can make a person more likely
to develop the condition. Some people may be
prone to schizophrenia, and a stressful or
emotional life event might trigger a psychotic
episode.
Treatment of Schizophrenia:
 Medication:
 Medications for schizophrenia include antipsychotic
drugs. In severe cases, a person diagnosed with
schizophrenia may need to be hospitalized for
stabilization or safety.
 Medications for the disorder will help to reduce

disordered thinking and improve functioning. Some

people may also be prescribed antidepressants, mood
stabilizers, or anti-anxiety medication alongside
tipsychotics for symptoms of schizophrenia.
 Therapy:
 Talk therapy, such as cognitive behavioral
therapy (CBT) can be used in the treatment of
schizophrenia to target specific life problems and
help the person to develop coping strategies to
deal with those problems.

Learning to regulate emotions by examining

thought processes is one helpful strategy that can
be developed through CBT.
Skill Training & Family support:

 Skills training might be used to help people with

disorganized schizophrenia find a job, further their
education, or learn how to better communicate with others
despite their symptoms.
 Family Support:
 While not a treatment per se, support from family plays a
large role in how well those with schizophrenia will fare.
Family members need to learn about and understand the
disorder, as well as learn how best to support their loved
one.
THANK YOU!