PYTHON

BY Kannan Moudgalya

Presented By Priya Bisht

Course BCA (B)
Roll no. 1021639 (29)
Course Overview

 Python is a general-purpose, high-level, remarkably powerful dynamic programming

language that is used in a wide variety of application domains. Python supports multiple
programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional
programming styles.
 FOSSEE Project, IIT Bombay promotes Python for scientific computing through various
activities like Python Textbook Companion, creation of spoken tutorials & courses like
SDES.
About the instructor

 Prof Kannan Moudgalya

is a professor at the
Chemical Engg. Dept. of
IIT Bombay.  He is a
LaTeXenthusiast and a
Kannan Moudgalya free and open source
software promoter.  He
is the PI of the Spoken
Tutorial Project, IIT
Bombay. 
Introduction to Python

 A high-level programming language  Open source and community driven

 Standard Distribution includes many modules
 Dynamic typed; Automatic Memory management
 Basically interpreted, but source can be compiled
 Easy to learn, yet powerful
 Robust support for OO programming
 Can integrate well with other languages
 Most popular for Data Analytics
Compiling and Interpreting
 Python Scripts
 Code is interpreted
 You see the result immediately on the shell window.
 If a statement is in error, execution stops and error message is displayed.
 The interpretation does not guarantee display of all errors. Errors are reported only when encountered,
it stops on the first error
 A Code Sample (in IDLE)
 x = 34 - 23 # A comment.
 y = "Hello" # Another one.
 z = 3.45
 if z == 3.45 or y == "Hello":
 x = x + 1 y = y + " World “ # String concat
 print (x)
 print (y)
Data in Python

 Everything in Python is an object.

 All objects in Python can be either mutable or immutable.
 A mutable object can be changed after it is created, and an immutable object can’t.
 Objects of built-in types like (int, float, bool, str, tuple, unicode) are immutable. Objects of
built-in types like (list, set, dict) are mutable
Basic Datatypes
  Numbers
  Strings
  List
  Tuple
Data structures
  Set
  Dictionary

Mutable / Immutable
 Mutable: meaning you can change their content without
changing their identity

 Immutable: are objects that can not be changed

Modules & Packages

 Similar to libraries, called Modules

 It can be used (referenced) in standard python code. Include the modules in the code.
 Usually a File containing python code
 Can define functions, classes, variables
 Multiple modules make up a Package, usually a directory of python files.
 Official packages are listed in a directory (PyPI) from where one can download / install
 pip is the tool to download and install packages
Basic Datatypes

 Integers (default for numbers) z = 5 / 2 # Answer 2.5, real division

 Floats x = 3.456
 Strings
 Can use " " or ' ' to specify with "abc" == 'abc'
 Unmatched can occur within the string: "matt's"
 Use triple quotes for multi-line strings or strings than contain both ‘ and “ inside of them:
"""a'b"c"""
Data Structures

 List : An unordered collection of data items

[35,23.15,"Hello", [2,3,'a','b']]
 Can be used as a stack, queue
 mutable
 Tuple : An unordered collection of data items used to capture an entity’s data
(25, 5.5, "My Data", ['a','b'], (1,2,3))  immutable
 Set : An unordered set of values ( no duplicates allowed)
{2,3,"hello"}
 Dictionary : unordered collection of data items, each data item is a <key, value> pair
{'name': 'John', 1: [2, 4, 3]}
Standard Operators
Control Structures

  if ..
  if ..else
  if .. elif
  while
  while .. else
  for
  break
  continue
Functions & Classes

 def fname (abc) : … … return(rval)

 class cname(pclass): …
EXAMPLE:
def fact(x): """Returns the factorial of its argument, assumed to be a posint"""
if x == 0: return 1 return x * fact(x - 1)
print
print ("N fact(N)")
print ("---------")
for n in range(10):
print (n, " factorial is : ", fact(n))
Class definitions

 Class ClassName :
< statement - 1 > ...
< statement - N >
 must be executed
 can be executed conditionally
 creates new namespace
Class objects

 obj.name references (plus module!):

 class MyClass:
 "A simple example class" i = 123
 def f(self): return 'hello world‘
 >>> MyClass.i
 123
MyClass.f is method object
Files

 Files are manipulated by creating a file object

 f = open("points.txt", "r")
 The file object then has new methods
 print f.readline() # prints line from file
 Files can be accessed to read or write
 f = open("output.txt", "w")
 f.write("Important Output!")
 Files are iterable objects, like lists
Error Capture

 Check for type assignment errors, items not in a list, etc.

 Try & Except try: a block of code that might have an error except: code to execute if an
error occurs in "try"
 Allows for graceful failure – important for applications which use system resources
Popular Modules
 Cryptograpgy
M2Crypto, OpenSSL
 GUI
PyGTK, TKInter, PyQt
 Networking
RPyC, HTTPLib2
 Plotting
Matplotlib, plotly, SciPy
 Scientific
Numpy, SciPy,
 Threading
Threadpool
 Web development
Django, web2py
Thankyou