Paraphrasing and

Documentation
Marks
• [DOCUMENTATION] IN-TEXT CITATION
• PARAPHRASE & LANGUAGE
2 tasks in 6 questions
• Paraphrase and document the following information to show
emphasis on the author. – 3 questions

• Paraphrase and document the following text to show

emphasis on the information. – 3 questions  
In text citation
• The questions will provide you with a reference list. You just
need to look at the name(s) of the author(s) and the year.
• For Western name – only take the family name. Do not include
their initial:
• White, J. (2008) change to White (2008)

• For Malay or Arabic name - please include all names and omit
bin/binti. If the names are not given in full, just state the name
as it is in the reference list without the initials:
• Nadiah binti Zainal Abidin (2008) change to Nadiah Zainal Abidin
(2008)
• Nadiah, Z. (2008) change to Nadiah (2008)
• If the authors name is 5 and below, you need to write ALL of
their names with the use of commas and &.
• You need to write all of their names for the first citation and
you can use et al. for the subsequent citations:
• White & Brown (2008)
• White, Brown & Black (2008)

• If the authors name is more than 5, you can use et al.

• White et al. (2008).
 Number of authors First text citation (either Subsequent text citations
parenthetical or narrative) (all)
One or two Palmer & Roy (2008) Palmer & Roy (2008)
Three, four, or five Sharp, Aarons, Wittenberg, Sharp et al. (2007)
& Gittens (2007)
Six or more Mendelsohn et al. (2010) Mendelsohn et al. (2010)
Emphasis on the AUTHOR
• The author(s) is the highlight in the text.
• Examples:
• Jones (2004) said …
• According to Jones (2004), …
• As noted by Jones (2004), …
• Jones (2004) points out that …
Emphasis on the INFORMATION.
• The information is the highlight in the text.
• Example :

• ……………………………………… (White, 2010).

• Marry had a little lamb (White, 2010).
Paraphrase
• In a paraphrase you use your own words, but another author’s ideas.
You don’t use quotation marks.

• “An extra 2000 students entered tertiary education in

2006”(Dawkins,2008,p34).
Paraphrase to
• University students numbers swelled by over 2000 in 2006
(Dawkins, 2008).
• There is an additional of 2000 students who enrolled to university in
2006 (Dawkins, 2008) – information
• Dawkins (2008) stated that university students numbers swelled by
over 2000 in 2006 - author
You can paraphrase by:
• Changing the sentence from active to passive or passive to
active.
• Using synonym.
• Combining or splitting the sentences.
Reminder
• You cannot do direct quotation as the questions tested your
ability in paraphrasing.
• Use APA citation.
• No lifting – you should read the sentences – get the main idea-
write them back in your own words.
Tips
1. Do in text citation first.
2. Find the synonym of the words in the sentences (make sure
that it is appropriate to the context).
3. Try to rearrange the ideas in the sentences (if possible).