Discovering Computers 2016: Programs and Apps

Discovering Computers 2016
Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology
Chapter 4
Programs and Apps
Operating Systems
• An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that

coordinate all the activities among computer or mobile
device hardware
Start and shut down
Provide a user
a computer or Manage programs Manage memory Coordinate tasks
interface
mobile device
Provide file
Monitor Establish an management and Updating operating
Configure devices
performance Internet connection other device or system software
media-related tasks
Control a network Administer security
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

Page 410 or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, 2
in whole or in part.
Operating Systems

Figure 9-1 in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions
• Starting Computers and Mobile Devices

– If a computer or mobile device is off, you press a
power button to turn it on

• An operating system includes various power

options
Sleep mode saves any open Hibernate mode saves any

documents running programs open documents and running
or apps to RAM, turns off all programs or apps to an
unneeded functions, and then internal hard drive before
places the computer in a low- removing power from the
power state computer or device

• A user interface (UI)
controls how you
enter data and
instructions and how
information is
displayed on the
screen
• With a graphical user
interface (GUI), you
interact with menus
and visual images

Pages 413– 414 6
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 9-3
• In a command-line interface, a user types

commands represented by short keywords or
abbreviations or presses special keys on the
keyboard to enter data and instructions

Pages 414 - 415 or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, 7
• How an operating system handles programs

directly affects your productivity
Single tasking Foreground

Single user
and and
and multiuser
multitasking background


• Memory management optimizes the use of the computer

or device’s internal memory
• Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium
functioning as additional RAM

• The operating system determines the order in

which tasks are processed

Pages 418 – 419 or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, 11
A driver is a small Plug and Play

program that tells the automatically
operating system how configures new devices
to communicate with a as you install or
specific device connect them

• A performance monitor is a program that

assesses and reports information about various
computer resources and devices

• Operating systems typically provide a means to

establish Internet connections

• Many programs, including operating systems,

include an automatic update feature that
regularly provides new features or corrections to
the program

• Operating systems often provide users with a

variety of tools related to managing a computer,
its devices, or its programs
File Manager Search Image Viewer Uninstaller Disk Cleanup
Disk File PC Backup and

Screen Saver
Defragmenter Compression Maintenance Restore

• Some operating systems • A network

are designed to work administrator uses the
with a server on a server operating system
network to:
• These multiuser – Add and remove users,
operating systems allow computers, and other
devices
multiple users to share
– Configure the network,
a printer, Internet
install software and
access, files, and administer network
programs security
Page 423 17
• A user account enables

a use to sign in to, or
access resources on, a
network or computer
– A user name, or user ID,
identifies a specific user
– A password is a private
combination of
characters associated
with the user name

Pages 423 - 424 18
Figure 9-13
Types of Operating Systems

Table 9-2 in whole or in part.
Desktop Operating Systems
• A desktop operating system is a complete

operating system that works on desktops, laptops,
and some tablets
Windows Mac OS UNIX
Chrome
Linux OS
• The latest versions of Windows offer these features

– Uses tiles to access apps
– Includes the desktop interface
– Support for input via touch, mouse, and keyboard
– Email app, calendar app, and browser included
– Photos, files, and settings you can sync with OneDrive
– Enhanced security through an antivirus program, firewall,
and automatic updates
– Windows Store offers additional applications for purchase


• The Macintosh operating system has earned a

reputation for its ease of use
• Latest version is OS X

UNIX is a multitasking
operating system
developed in the early
1970s
Linux is a popular,
multitasking UNIX-based
operating system
Figures 9-14 – 9-15 in whole or in part.
• Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system

designed to work primarily with web apps

Server Operating Systems
Windows OS X
Server Server
UNIX Linux
Mobile Operating Systems
• The operating system on mobile devices and

many consumer electronics is called a mobile
operating system and resides on firmware
Windows
Android iOS Phone

• Android is an open
source, Linux-based
mobile operating
system designed by
Google for smartphones
and tablets

Page 434 28
Figure 9-17
• iOS, developed by
Apple, is a proprietary
mobile operating
system specifically
made for Apple’s mobile
devices

Page 434 29
Figure 9-18
• Windows Phone,
developed by Microsoft,
is a proprietary mobile
operating system that
runs on some
smartphones

Page 435 30
Figure 9-19
Discovering Computers 2016
Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology
Chapter 4
Programs and Apps
Programs and Apps
• A program, or software, consists of a series of related

instructions, organized for a common purpose, that tells the
computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them
• An application, or app, sometimes called application
software, consists of programs designed to make users more
productive and/or assist them with personal tasks
• An operating system is a set of programs that coordinates all
the activities among computer or mobile device hardware
– Tools and activities
– System software

Programs and Apps

Programs and Apps

Programs and Apps
• Software is available in a variety of forms:
Retail Custom Web app
Mobile Mobile
app web app Shareware
Open Public
Freeware
source domain
Productivity Applications
• Productivity applications can assist you in

becoming more effective and efficient while
performing daily activities at work, school, and
home
Word
Presentation Spreadsheet Database Note taking
processing
Calendar and
Project Personal
contact Accounting Legal
management finance
management
Tax Document Enterprise

preparation management computing
• With productivity applications, users often:
Distribut
Create a Edit a Format a Save a
ea
project project project project
project

• Word processing
software allows users to
create and manipulate
documents
• A major advantage of
using word processing
software is that it
enables users to change
their written words
easily
Page 167 38
Figure 4-5
• Presentation software
allows users to create
visual aids for
presentations to
communicate ideas,
messages, and other
information to a group

Page 168 39
Figure 4-6
• Spreadsheet software allows users to organize data in

columns and rows and perform calculations on the data

• A database is a collection of data organized in a manner

that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data
– Database software allows users to create, access, and manage
a database

• Note taking software is an application that enables users

to enter typed text, handwritten comments, drawings,
sketches, photos, and links anywhere on a page

• Calendar and contact management software is

an application that helps you organize your
calendar, keep track of contacts, and share this
information with other users

• A software suite is a collection of individual related

applications available together as a unit
• Project management software is an application that
allows a user to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the
events, resources, and costs of a project

• Accounting software is an application that helps

businesses of all sizes record and report their
financial transactions

• Personal finance software is a simplified accounting application
that helps home users and small/home office users balance their
checkbooks, pay bills, track personal income and expenses, verify
account balances, transfer funds, track investments, and evaluate
financial plans

• Legal software is an application that assists in the

preparation of legal documents and provides legal
information to individuals, families, and small
businesses

• Tax preparation software is an application that

can guide individuals, families, or small businesses
through the process of filing federal and state
taxes

• Document management software is an application that

provides a means for sharing, distributing, and searching
through documents by converting them into a format
that can be viewed by any user

• A large organization, commonly referred to as an

enterprise, requires special computing solutions
because of its size and geographic distribution
Engineering or
Human resources Accounting product Manufacturing
Marketing software
software software development software
software
Software for
Distribution Customer service
Sales software information
software software
technology staff

Graphics and Media Software
Computer-aided design
(CAD) software
Desktop publishing
software
Paint/Image editing
software
Photo editing and

photo management
software
Video and audio

editing software
• Multimedia authoring
software allows users to
combine text, graphics,
audio, video, and animation
in an interactive application
• Website authoring software
helps users of all skill levels
create webpages that
include graphics, video,
audio, animation, and
special effects with
interactive content
Page 184 53
Figure 4-22
• A media player is a program
that allows you to view
images and animations,
listen to audio, and watch
video files on your
computer or mobile device
• Disc burning software
writes text, graphics, audio,
and video files on a
recordable or rewritable
disc

Page 185 54
Figure 4-23
Personal Interest Applications
Lifestyle Medical Entertainment

applications applications applications
Convenience Education
applications applications

Communications Applications
Online
Blog Browsing Chat Discussion
Instant
Email File Transfer Internet Phone
Messaging
Mobile
Videoconference Web Feeds
Messaging

Security Tools
• A personal firewall is a security tool that detects

and protects a personal computer and its data
from unauthorized intrusions

Security Tools
• An antivirus program protects a computer against

viruses by identifying and removing any computer
viruses found in memory, on storage media, or on
incoming files

Security Tools
• Spyware is a type of program placed on a computer

or mobile device without the user’s knowledge
that secretly collects information about the user
and then communicates the information it collects
to some outside source while the user is online
• Adware is a type of program that displays an online
advertisement in a banner or pop-up or pop-under
window on webpages, email messages, or other
Internet services
Security Tools
A spyware remover is a type of

program that detects and deletes
spyware and similar programs
An adware remover is a program that

detects and deletes adware
Security Tools
Anti-spam Web filtering

programs software
Pop-up and
Phishing
pop-under
filters
blockers
File, Disk, and System Management Tools
• A file manager is a tool that performs functions

related to file management

• A search tool is a
program, usually
included with an
operating system, that
attempts to locate a file,
contact, calendar event,
app, or any other item
stored on your computer
or mobile device based
on criteria you specify

Page 195 63
Figure 4-28
• An image viewer is a tool

that allows users to
display, copy, and print
the contents of a
graphics file, such as a
photo
• An uninstaller is a tool
that removes a program,
as well as any associated
entries in the system files

Page 195 64
Figure 4-29
• A disk cleanup tool searches for and removes

unnecessary files

• A disk defragmenter is a tool that reorganizes the files

and unused space on a computer’s hard disk so that the
operating system accesses data more quickly and
programs run faster
– Defragmenting

A screen saver is a tool that causes a display device’s screen to show

a moving image or blank screen if no keyboard or mouse activity
occurs for a specified time
A file compression tool shrinks the size of a file(s)
A PC maintenance tool is a program that identifies and fixes

operating system problems, detects and repairs drive problems, and
includes the capability of improving a computer’s performance

• A backup tool allows

users to copy, or back
up, selected files or the
contents of an entire
storage medium to
another storage location
• A restore tool reverses
the process and returns
backed up files to their
original form
Page 198 68
Figure 4-32

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Discovering Computers 2016

Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology

• An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that

Control a network Administer security

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• Starting Computers and Mobile Devices

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• An operating system includes various power

Sleep mode saves any open Hibernate mode saves any

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• In a command-line interface, a user types

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• How an operating system handles programs

Single tasking Foreground

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• Memory management optimizes the use of the computer

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• The operating system determines the order in

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

A driver is a small Plug and Play

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• A performance monitor is a program that

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• Operating systems typically provide a means to

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• Many programs, including operating systems,

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• Operating systems often provide users with a

File Manager Search Image Viewer Uninstaller Disk Cleanup

Disk File PC Backup and

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• Some operating systems • A network

• A user account enables

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• A desktop operating system is a complete

Windows Mac OS UNIX

• The latest versions of Windows offer these features

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• The Macintosh operating system has earned a

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• The operating system on mobile devices and

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• A program, or software, consists of a series of related

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

• Software is available in a variety of forms:

Retail Custom Web app

• Productivity applications can assist you in

Tax Document Enterprise

• With productivity applications, users often:

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied