NEWTON’S FORWARD

INTERPOLATION &
BACKWARD INTERPOLATION

Prepared by
S. Adilakshmi
Basic Science &Humanities
Forward differences are now defined as follows:
(Zero th order forward difference)

(First order forward difference)

(Second order forward difference)

(Third order forward difference)

(k th order forward difference)

Forward Difference Table
The values inside the boxes of the following difference table are used in
deriving the Newton’s forward difference interpolation formula.

x , x ,............, xn
0 1

• The order of the differences that can be computed depend on how many total data
points x0, x1,............, xn are available.
Deriving Newton Forward Interpolation on
Equi - spaced Points
NEWTON’S FORWARD INTERPOLATION

Formula of Newton’s Forward Interpolation

Here

which is(Gregory)-Newton’s forward difference interpolation formula and is

useful for interpolation near the beginning of a set of tabular values and is useful
for extrapolating the values of y(to the left of y0).

The first two terms of Newton’s forward formula give the first
three terms give a parabolic interpolation and so on.
Examples
1. Find Solution using Newton's Forward Difference formula
x 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931
f(x) 46 66 81 93 101

x = 1895
Solution:
The value of table for x and y
x 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931
y 46 66 81 93 101

The value of x at you want to find the f(x):x=1895

h=x1-x0=1901-1891=10
p=(x-x0)/h=(1895-1891)/10=0.4
 Newton's forward difference table is
x y Δy Δ2y Δ3y Δ4y
1891 46
20
1901 66 -5
15 2
1911 81 -3 -3
12 -1
1921 93 -4
8
1931 101

Newton's forward difference interpolation formula is

Solution of Newton's forward interpolation method
y(1895)=54.8528
Newton backward interpolation is essentially the same as Newton forward
interpolation except that backward differences are used

Backward differences are defined as:

 Newton’s Backward Difference formula:

where

which is(Gregory)-Newton’s backward difference interpolation formula

and is useful for interpolation near the end of a set of tabular values and is
useful for extrapolating the values of y(to the right of yn).
Example1: Find Solution using Newton's Backward Difference formula when
x=4 x 0 1 2 3
y 1 0 1 10
Solution: The value of table for x and y
x 0 1 2 3
y 1 0 1 10
Newton's backward difference table is
x y ∇y ∇2y ∇3y
0 1
-1
1 0 2
1 6
2 1 8
9
3 10
The value of x at you want to find the f(x):x=4

Solution of Newton's backward interpolation method

y(4)=33
Example2: In an examination the number of candidates who secured
marks between certain interval were as follows:

Estimate the number of candidates whose marks are less than 70.

Given

MARKS 0-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-99

No. Of. 41 62 65 50 17
Candidates
This can be written as

Marks <19 <39 <59 <79 <99

No.of. 41 41+62=103 103+65=168 168+50=218 218+17
candidates =235

The cumulative frequency table is

Since we have to find below 70, use Newton’s backward interpolation
formula

x  x 70  99
p 0 1.45
h 20

y 70
 235 1.45(17) 
(1.45)(1.451)
2
(33) 
(1.45)(1.451)(1.45 2)
6
(18)

=235-24.65-10.76625-1.076625

= 198.5

Hence , the number of students who have scored below 70 are 198
approximately.
Example3: Find Solution using Newton's Backward Difference formula
when x=1925

x 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931

y 46 66 81 93 101

Solution: The value of table for x and y

x 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931

y 46 66 81 93 101

Newton's backward difference interpolation method to find solution

Newton's backward difference table is

x y ∇y ∇2y ∇3y ∇4y

1891 46
20
1901 66 -5
15 2
1911 81 -3 -3
12 -1
1921 93 -4
8
1931 101

The value of x at you want to find the y(x):x=1925

Newton's backward difference interpolation formula is

Solution of Newton's backward interpolation method

y(1925)=96.8368
Exercise:

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. Given
f(x) 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512
Estimate f(7.5) using Newton-Gregory Backward difference interpolation
formula.

2. Given
x 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
ln x 0.0 0.6931 1.0986 1.3863

Estimate ln(3.5) using Newton-Gregory Backward difference interpolation

formula.
3. Use the following table
X 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
tan(X) 0.1003 0.1511 0.2027 0.2553 0.3073

Find (1) tan 0.12    (2) tan 0.26 z

4. The population of a town in decimal census was as given below. Estimate

population for the year 1895.

Year 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931

Population
(in Thousand) 46 66 81 93 101